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Bellott E, Li Y, Gunter C, Kovaleski S, Maschmann MR. Investigating the Electromechanical Sensitivity of Carbon-Nanotube-Coated Microfibers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115190. [PMID: 37299915 DOI: 10.3390/s23115190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistance of carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated microfibers is examined using diametric compression. Diverse CNT forest morphologies were studied by changing the CNT length, diameter, and areal density via synthesis time and fiber surface treatment prior to CNT synthesis. Large-diameter (30-60 nm) and relatively low-density CNTs were synthesized on as-received glass fibers. Small-diameter (5-30 nm) and-high density CNTs were synthesized on glass fibers coated with 10 nm of alumina. The CNT length was controlled by adjusting synthesis time. Electromechanical compression was performed by measuring the electrical resistance in the axial direction during diametric compression. Gauge factors exceeding three were measured for small-diameter (<25 μm) coated fibers, corresponding to as much as 35% resistance change per micrometer of compression. The gauge factor for high-density, small-diameter CNT forests was generally greater than those for low-density, large-diameter forests. A finite element simulation shows that the piezoresistive response originates from both the contact resistance and intrinsic resistance of the forest itself. The change in contact and intrinsic resistance are balanced for relatively short CNT forests, while the response is dominated by CNT electrode contact resistance for taller CNT forests. These results are expected to guide the design of piezoresistive flow and tactile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bellott
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yushan Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Connor Gunter
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Scott Kovaleski
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- MU Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kaiser AL, Acauan LH, Vanderhout AR, Zaman A, Lidston DL, Stein IY, Wardle BL. Selectively Tuning the Substrate Adhesion Strength of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays via Thermal Postgrowth Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17029-17044. [PMID: 36958023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The excellent intrinsic properties of aligned nanofibers, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their ability to be easily formed into multifunctional 3D architectures motivate their use for a variety of commercial applications, such as batteries, chemical sensors for environmental monitoring, and energy harvesting devices. While controlling nanofiber adhesion to the growth substrate is essential for bulk-scale manufacturing and device performance, experimental approaches and models to date have not addressed tuning the CNT array-substrate adhesion strength with thermal processing conditions. In this work, facile "one-pot" thermal postgrowth processing (at temperatures Tp = 700-950 °C) is used to study CNT-substrate pull-off strength for millimeter-tall aligned CNT arrays. CNT array pull-off from the flat growth substrate (Fe/Al2O3/SiO2/Si wafers) via tensile testing shows that the array fails progressively, similar to the response of brittle microfiber bundles in tension. The pull-off strength evolves nonmonotonically with Tp in three regimes, first increasing by 10 times through Tp = 800 °C due to graphitization of disordered carbon at the CNT-catalyst interface, and then decreasing back to a weak interface through Tp = 950 °C due to diffusion of the Fe catalyst into the substrate, Al2O3 crystallization, and substrate cracking. Failure is observed to occur at the CNT-catalyst interface below 750 °C, and the CNTs themselves break during pull-off after higher Tp processing, leaving residual CNTs on the substrate. Morphological and chemical analyses indicate that the Fe catalyst remains on the substrate after pull-off in all regimes. This work provides new insights into the interfacial interactions responsible for nanofiber-substrate adhesion and allows tuning to increase or decrease array strength for applications such as advanced sensors, energy devices, and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kaiser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luiz H Acauan
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amy R Vanderhout
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Azreen Zaman
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dale L Lidston
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Itai Y Stein
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Kohls A, Maurer Ditty M, Dehghandehnavi F, Zheng SY. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as a Unique Material for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6287-6306. [PMID: 35090107 PMCID: PMC9254017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs), a unique classification of CNT, highly oriented and normal to the respective substrate, have been heavily researched over the last two decades. Unlike randomly oriented CNT, VACNTs have demonstrated numerous advantages making it an extremely desirable nanomaterial for many biomedical applications. These advantages include better spatial uniformity, increased surface area, greater susceptibility to functionalization, improved electrocatalytic activity, faster electron transfer, higher resolution in sensing, and more. This Review discusses VACNT and its utilization in biomedical applications particularly for sensing, biomolecule filtration systems, cell stimulation, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and bacteria inhibition. Furthermore, comparisons are made between VACNT and its traditionally nonaligned, randomly oriented counterpart. Thus, we aim to provide a better understanding of VACNT and its potential applications within the community and encourage its utilization in the future.
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Qin J, Wang C, Yao Z, Ma Z, Cui X, Gao Q, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wei H. Influencing factors and growth kinetics analysis of carbon nanotube growth on the surface of continuous fibers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:285702. [PMID: 33823501 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf50f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were continuously grown on the surface of the moving carbon fiber by chemical vapor deposition method using a custom-designed production line to prepare composite reinforcements on a large-scale. The systematic study of different parameters affecting the CNT growth revealed simple growth kinetics, which helps to control the surface morphology and structural quality of CNTs. Since hydrogen maintains the activity of the catalyst, it promotes the growth of CNTs in a continuous process. The increase of acetylene partial pressure promotes the accumulation of amorphous or graphite carbon on the catalyst surface, resulting in the decrease of CNT growth rate when acetylene concentration reaches 40%. The growth temperature significantly affects the CNT diameter and structural quality. As the temperature increases, the crystallinity of the tube wall increases obviously, and the CNT diameter increases due to the aggregate growth of the catalyst particles. According to the Arrhenius formula, the apparent activation energy is observed to be 0.67 eV, which proves that both bulk diffusion and surface diffusion exist when activated carbon passes through the catalyst to form CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanhao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, People's Republic of China
- Carbon fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifen Wang
- Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhen Wei
- Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
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Kaiser AL, Lidston DL, Peterson SC, Acauan LH, Steiner SA, Guzman de Villoria R, Vanderhout AR, Stein IY, Wardle BL. Substrate adhesion evolves non-monotonically with processing time in millimeter-scale aligned carbon nanotube arrays. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:261-271. [PMID: 33331843 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advantageous intrinsic and scale-dependent properties of aligned nanofibers (NFs) and their assembly into 3D architectures motivate their use as dry adhesives and shape-engineerable materials. While controlling NF-substrate adhesion is critical for scaled manufacturing and application-specific performance, current understanding of how this property evolves with processing conditions is limited. In this report, we introduce substrate adhesion predictive capabilities by using an exemplary array of NFs, aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), studied as a function of their processing. Substrate adhesion is found to scale non-monotonically with process time in a hydrocarbon environment and is investigated via the tensile pull-off of mm-scale CNT arrays from their growth substrate. CNT synthesis follows two regimes: Mode I ('Growth') and Mode II ('Post-Growth'), separated by growth termination. Within 10 minutes of post-growth, experiments and modeling indicate an order-of-magnitude increase in CNT array-substrate adhesion strength (∼40 to 285 kPa) and effective elastic array modulus (∼6 to 47 MPa), and a two-orders-of-magnitude increase in the single CNT-substrate adhesion force (∼0.190 to 12.3 nN) and work of adhesion (∼0.07 to 1.5 J m-2), where the iron catalyst is found to remain on the substrate. Growth number decay in Mode I and carbon accumulation in Mode II contribute to the mechanical response, which may imply a change in the deformation mechanism. Predictive capabilities of the model are assessed for previously studied NF arrays, suggesting that the current framework can enable the future design and manufacture of high-value NF array applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kaiser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Mirza Gheitaghy A, Poelma RH, Sacco L, Vollebregt S, Zhang GQ. Vertically-Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube Pillars with Various Diameters under Compression: Pristine and NbTiN Coated. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061189. [PMID: 32570835 PMCID: PMC7353429 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the compressive stress of pristine and coated vertically-aligned (VA) multi-walled (MW) carbon nanotube (CNT) pillars were investigated using flat-punch nano-indentation. VA-MWCNT pillars of various diameters (30-150 µm) grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on silicon wafer. A conformal brittle coating of niobium-titanium-nitride with high superconductivity temperature was deposited on the VA-MWCNT pillars using atomic layer deposition. The coating together with the pillars could form a superconductive vertical interconnect. The indentation tests showed foam-like behavior of pristine CNTs and ceramic-like fracture of conformal coated CNTs. The compressive strength and the elastic modulus for pristine CNTs could be divided into three regimes of linear elastic, oscillatory plateau, and exponential densification. The elastic modulus of pristine CNTs increased for a smaller pillar diameter. The response of the coated VA-MWCNTs depended on the diffusion depth of the coating in the pillar and their elastic modulus increased with pillar diameter due to the higher sidewall area. Tuning the material properties by conformal coating on various diameter pillars enhanced the mechanical performance and the vertical interconnect access (via) reliability. The results could be useful for quantum computing applications that require high-density superconducting vertical interconnects and reliable operation at reduced temperatures.
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Hines R, Hajilounezhad T, Love-Baker C, Koerner G, Maschmann MR. Growth and Mechanics of Heterogeneous, 3D Carbon Nanotube Forest Microstructures Formed by Sequential Selective-Area Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17893-17900. [PMID: 32208632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) forest microstructures are synthesized using sequenced, site-specific synthesis techniques. Thin-film layers of Al2O3 and Al2O3/Fe are patterned to support film-catalyst and floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in specific areas. Al2O3 regions support only floating-catalyst CVD, whereas regions of layered Al2O3/Fe support both film- and floating-catalyst CNT growth. Sequenced application of the two CVD methods produced heterogeneous 3D CNT forest microstructures, including regions of only film-catalyst CNTs, only floating-catalyst CNTs, and vertically stacked layers of each. The compressive mechanical behavior of the heterogeneous CNT forests was evaluated, with the stacked layers exhibiting two distinct buckling plateaus. Finite element simulation of the stacked layers demonstrated that the relatively soft film-catalyst CNT forests were nearly fully buckled prior to large-scale deformation of the bottom floating-catalyst CNT forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hines
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Taher Hajilounezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Cole Love-Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gordon Koerner
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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