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Kumar K, Thakur D. Overview of imidazole-based fluorescent materials with hybridized local and charge transfer and hot-exciton pathway characteristics in excited states. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1669-1688. [PMID: 38315555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss an imidazole-based molecular framework, which can successfully transform triplet excitons present in high triplet levels into singlet states. We explain the working mechanisms of different methods for collecting triplet excitons, including hot excitons or HLCT states. After the development of an hot exciton material by Ma and Yang, many studies have demonstrated that the organic conjugated molecules having imidazole core have possibilities to show high efficiencies via hot exciton pathways. Finally, we provide a detailed investigation of recently published hot exciton luminogens based on imidazole molecular frameworks. This review provides an overview of the molecular structures, frontier molecular orbital information, and glass transition temperature of developed luminogens as well as the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
| | - Diksha Thakur
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
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2
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Ludwig P, Mayer J, Ahrens L, Rominger F, Ligorio G, Hermerschmidt F, List-Kratochvil EJW, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Doubly Bridged Anthracenes: Blue Emitters for OLEDs. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303037. [PMID: 37916673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The photooxidative stability of a series of doubly bridged anthracenes was evaluated after their preparation via twofold macrocyclization of a bis(resorcinyl)anthracene. Lightfastness correlates with the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), resulting in superior stability of the tetraesters compared to the tetraethers. The lengths and steric demand of the linker only plays a minor role for the ester-based compounds, which can be prepared in reasonable yields and thus tested in proof-of-concept organic light-emitting diodes. Double ester-bridging allows deep blue electro-luminescence, highlighting the importance of the choice of the functional groups used for macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ludwig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob Mayer
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS-Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Ahrens
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Ligorio
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS-Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Hermerschmidt
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS-Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS-Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Feng X, Wang X, Redshaw C, Tang BZ. Aggregation behaviour of pyrene-based luminescent materials, from molecular design and optical properties to application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6715-6753. [PMID: 37694728 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular aggregates are self-assembled from multiple molecules via weak intermolecular interactions, and new chemical and physical properties can emerge compared to their individual molecule. With the development of aggregate science, much research has focused on the study of the luminescence behaviour of aggregates rather than single molecules. Pyrene as a classical fluorophore has attracted great attention due to its diverse luminescence behavior depending on the solution state, molecular packing pattern as well as morphology, resulting in wide potential applications. For example, pyrene prefers to emit monomer emission in dilute solution but tends to form a dimer via π-π stacking in the aggregation state, resulting in red-shifted emission with quenched fluorescence and quantum yield. Over the past two decades, much effort has been devoted to developing novel pyrene-based fluorescent molecules and determining the luminescence mechanism for potential applications. Since the concept of "aggregation-induced emission (AIE)" was proposed by Tang et al. in 2001, aggregate science has been established, and the aggregated luminescence behaviour of pyrene-based materials has been extensively investigated. New pyrene-based emitters have been designed and synthesized not only to investigate the relationships between the molecular structure and properties and advanced applications but also to examine the effect of the aggregate morphology on their optical and electronic properties. Indeed, new aggregated pyrene-based molecules have emerged with unique properties, such as circularly polarized luminescence, excellent fluorescence and phosphorescence and electroluminescence, ultra-high mobility, etc. These properties are independent of their molecular constituents and allow for a number of cutting-edge technological applications, such as chemosensors, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field effect transistors, organic solar cells, Li-batteries, etc. Reviews published to-date have mainly concentrated on summarizing the molecular design and multi-functional applications of pyrene-based fluorophores, whereas the aggregation behaviour of pyrene-based luminescent materials has received very little attention. The majority of the multi-functional applications of pyrene molecules are not only closely related to their molecular structures, but also to the packing model they adopt in the aggregated state. In this review, we will summarize the intriguing optoelectronic properties of pyrene-based luminescent materials boosted by aggregation behaviour, and systematically establish the relationship between the molecular structure, aggregation states, and optoelectronic properties. This review will provide a new perspective for understanding the luminescence and electronic transition mechanism of pyrene-based materials and will facilitate further development of pyrene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, China.
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4
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Park SW, Kim D, Rhee YM. Overcoming the Limitation of Spin Statistics in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Hot Exciton Mechanism and Its Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12362. [PMID: 37569740 PMCID: PMC10418923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet harvesting processes are essential for enhancing efficiencies of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Besides more conventional thermally activated delayed fluorescence and triplet-triplet annihilation, the hot exciton mechanism has been recently noticed because it helps reduce the efficiency roll-off and improve device stability. Hot exciton materials enable the conversion of triplet excitons to singlet ones via reverse inter-system crossing from high-lying triplet states and thereby the depopulation of long-lived triplet excitons that are prone to chemical and/or efficiency degradation. Although their anti-Kasha characteristics have not been clearly explained, numerous molecules with behaviors assigned to the hot exciton mechanism have been reported. Indeed, the related developments appear to have just passed the stage of infancy now, and there will likely be more roles that computational elucidations can play. With this perspective in mind, we review some selected experimental studies on the mechanism and the related designs and then on computational studies. On the computational side, we examine what has been found and what is still missing with regard to properly understanding this interesting mechanism. We further discuss potential future points of computational interests toward aiming for eventually presenting in silico design guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Wan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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5
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Lian M, Ye Z, Mu Y, Hu D, Liu Y, Zhang H, Ji S, Huo Y. Progress on Blue-Emitting Hot Exciton Materials. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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6
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De J, Sarkar I, Yadav RAK, Bala I, Gupta SP, Siddiqui I, Jou JH, Pal SK. Luminescent columnar discotics as highly efficient emitters in pure deep-blue OLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 4.7. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4214-4219. [PMID: 34935025 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01558c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of materials that serve as efficient blue emitters in solution-processable OLEDs is challenging. In this study, we report three derivatives of C3-symmetric 1,3,5-tris(thien-2-yl)benzene-based highly luminescent room temperature columnar discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) suitable as solid-state emitters in OLED devices. When employed in solution-processed OLEDs, one of the derivatives having the highest photoluminescence quantum yield exhibited a maximum EQE of 4.7% and CIE chromaticity of (0.16, 0.05) corresponding to the ultra deep-blue emission. The finding is sufficiently significant in the field of DLC-based deep blue emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Ishan Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Rohit Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | | | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
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7
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Bai X, Wu SX, Duan YC, Pan QQ, Gao FW, Kan YH, Su ZM. Turning conventional non-TADF units into high-lying reverse intersystem crossing TADF emitters: different symmetric D–A–D-type modified donor units. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02484e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to turn conventional non-TADF units into high-lying reverse intersystem crossing D–A–D-type TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shui-xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ying-chen Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing-qing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 618 Liangjiang Avenue, Longxing Town, Yubei District, Chongqing City 401135, China
| | - Yu-he Kan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Zhong-min Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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8
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Nathusius M, Sleeman D, Pan J, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Kinetic Stabilization of Blue-Emissive Anthracenes: Phenylene Bridging Works Best. Chemistry 2021; 27:16606-16610. [PMID: 34519387 PMCID: PMC9293334 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In attempts at kinetically stabilizing blue-emissive anthracenes, a series of 9,10-diaryl substituted derivatives were tested for their photochemical and photooxidative persistence. A major breakthrough in light fastness comes from a new bis-meta-terphenylyl substituted anthracene which is much superior to industrially relevant 9,10-biarylated anthracenes. The key issue is the steric shielding of the anthracene core. Further, intramolecular ring closure via Yamamoto coupling furnished a doubly bridged anthracene as a "self-encapsulated" sky-blue emitter which is most resistant to photodegradation. The improved stabilization was corroborated by time-resolved irradiation experiments and rationalized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Nathusius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- InnovationLabSpeyerer Str. 469115HeidelbergGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Daniel Sleeman
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Junyou Pan
- Brilliant Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd.Yongda Rd. 148318020TaizhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- InnovationLabSpeyerer Str. 469115HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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9
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Zheng XH, Huang TT, Yang GX, Lin AQ, Chen K, Chen X, Li JY, Tong QX. Constructing Highly Efficient Blue OLEDs with External Quantum Efficiencies up to 7.5 % Based on Anthracene Derivatives. Chemistry 2021; 27:16181-16188. [PMID: 34554619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring desirable device performance with deep-blue color purity that fulfills practical application requirements is still a challenge. Bipolar fluorescent emitters with hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) state may serve to address this issue. Herein, by inserting anthracene core in the deep-blue building blocks, the authors successfully developed two highly twisted D-π-A fluorescent emitters, ICz-An-PPI and IP-An-PPI, featuring different acceptor groups. Both exhibited superb thermal stabilities, high photo luminescent quantum yields and excellent bipolar transport capabilities. The non-doped OLEDs using ICz-An-PPI and IP-An-PPI as the emitting layers showed efficient blue emission with an external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 4.32 % and 5.41 %, and the CIE coordinates of (0.147, 0.180) and (0.149, 0.150), respectively. In addition, the deep blue doped device based on ICz-An-PPI was achieved with an excellent CEmax of 5.83 cd A-1 , EQEmax of 4.6 % and the CIE coordinate of (0.148, 0.078), which is extremely close to the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standard. Particularly, IP-An-PPI-based doped device had better performance, with an EQEmax of 7.51 % and the CIE coordinate of (0.150, 0.118), which was very impressive among the recently reported deep-blue OLEDs with the CIEy <0.12. Such high performance may be attributed to the hot exciton HLCT mechanism via T7 to S2 . Our work may provide a new approach for designing high-efficiency deep-blue materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Guo-Xi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - An-Qi Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jiu-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered, Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
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10
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Chawanpunyawat T, Chasing P, Nalaoh P, Maitarad P, Sudyodsuk T, Promarak V. Rational Design of Chrysene-Based Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer Molecules as Efficient Non-Doped Deep-Blue Emitters for Simple-Structured Electroluminescent Devices. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:4145-4154. [PMID: 34716663 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a molecular design of chrysene-based deep-blue emissive materials (TC, TpPC, TpXC, and TmPC), in which chrysene as a core is functionalized with different triphenylamine moieties to realize a fine-tuning deep-blue fluorescence with superior electroluminescent (EL) performance. The photophysical analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that TC, TpPC, and TpXC possess HLCT characteristics with intense deep-blue emission in the solid-state, good hole-transporting ability, and high thermal and electrochemical stabilities. They are successfully employed as non-doped emitters in simple structured OLEDs (ITO/PEDOT : PSS : NF/emitter/TPBi/LiF : Al). In particular, TC-based device emits a deep-blue light with an emission peak at 446 nm and CIE color coordinates of (0.148, 0.096), a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 4.31%, and a low turn-on voltage of 2.8 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyarat Chawanpunyawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Phattananawee Nalaoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Phornphimon Maitarad
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Taweesak Sudyodsuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy School of Molecular Science and Engineering Department, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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11
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Schleper AL, Goushi K, Bannwarth C, Haehnle B, Welscher PJ, Adachi C, Kuehne AJC. Hot exciplexes in U-shaped TADF molecules with emission from locally excited states. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6179. [PMID: 34702836 PMCID: PMC8548444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast emission and high color purity are essential characteristics of modern opto-electronic devices, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). These properties are currently not met by the latest generation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Here, we present an approach, called "hot exciplexes" that enables access to both attributes at the same time. Hot exciplexes are produced by coupling facing donor and acceptor moieties to an anthracene bridge, yielding an exciplex with large T1 to T2 spacing. The hot exciplex model is investigated using optical spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations. Reverse intersystem crossing is found to occur preferentially from the T3 to the S1 state within only a few nanoseconds. Application and practicality of the model are shown by fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes with up to 32 % hot exciplex contribution and low efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lennart Schleper
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kenichi Goushi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bastian Haehnle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp J Welscher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Deng J, Wang Y, Gu C, Ma Y. Highly sensitive detecting system to precisely evaluate the emission spectra and quantum efficiency of organic crystal light-emitting transistors. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3296-3299. [PMID: 34197440 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a reliable and sensitive measure system has strongly hindered the progress of organic single-crystal light-emitting transistors, since their emission spectra and absolute intensity were rather difficult to be measured as a consequence of small area and weak emission, as well as their edge emission feature. Hence, a tailor-made detecting system was set up by combining a semiconductor analyzer and a rotatable microscope coupling with a highly sensitive grating spectrometer. The detecting system solved the important issue of quantitatively characterizing the optoelectronic properties of organic transistors, especially those based on single crystals. With organic lamellar single crystals, we confirmed that the measurement system was reliable and had enough sensitivity to precisely evaluate the performance of light-emitting transistors corresponding to the emission spectra.
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13
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Niknam E, Mahmoodi A, Panahi F, Heydari Dokoohaki M, Zolghadr AR, Khalafi-Nezhad A. Synthesis of some new distyrylbenzene derivatives using immobilized Pd on an NHC-functionalized MIL-101(Cr) catalyst: photophysical property evaluation, DFT and TD-DFT calculations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12374-12380. [PMID: 35423731 PMCID: PMC8696979 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the catalytic application of a heterogeneous Pd-catalyst system based on metal organic framework [Pd-NHC-MIL-101(Cr)] was investigated in the synthesis of distyrylbenzene derivatives using the Heck reaction. The Pd-NHC-MIL-101(Cr) catalyst showed high efficiency in the synthesis of these π-conjugated materials and products were obtained in high yields with low Pd-contamination based on ICP analysis. The photophysical behaviors for some of the synthesized distyrylbenzene derivatives were evaluated. The DFT and TD-DFT methods were employed to determine the optimized molecular geometry, band gap energy, and the electronic absorption and emission wavelengths of the new synthesized donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) molecules in the gas phase and in various solvents using the chemical model B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Niknam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoodi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Farhad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | | | - Amin Reza Zolghadr
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - Ali Khalafi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
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14
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Xu Y, Xu P, Hu D, Ma Y. Recent progress in hot exciton materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:1030-1069. [PMID: 33231588 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to Kasha's rule, high-lying excited states usually have little effect on fluorescence. However, in some molecular systems, the high-lying excited states partly or even mainly contribute to the photophysical properties, especially in the process of harvesting triplet excitons in organic electroluminescent devices. In the current review, we focus on a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials called "hot exciton" materials, which can effectively harness the non-radiative triplet excitons via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from high-lying triplet states to singlet states (Tn→ Sm; n≥ 2, m≥ 1). Since Ma and Yang proposed the hot exciton mechanism for OLED material design in 2012, there have been many reports aiming at the design and synthesis of novel hot exciton luminogens. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the recent progress in hot exciton materials. The developments of the hot exciton mechanism are reviewed, the fundamental principles regarding molecular design are discussed, and representative reported hot exciton luminogens are summarized and analyzed, along with their structure-property relationships and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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15
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Zheng XH, Zhao JW, Chen X, Cai R, Yang GX, Zhu JJ, Tang SS, Lin ZH, Tao SL, Tong QX. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine as an Electron Acceptor to Construct High-Performance Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Negligible Efficiency Roll-Off. Chemistry 2020; 26:8588-8596. [PMID: 32187750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two novel bipolar deep-blue fluorescent emitters, IP-PPI and IP-DPPI, featuring different lengths of the phenyl bridge, were designed and synthesized, in which imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (IP) and phenanthroimidazole (PI) were proposed as an electron acceptor and an electron donor, respectively. Both of them exhibit outstanding thermal stability and high emission quantum yields. All the devices based on these two materials showed negligible efficiency roll-off with increasing current density. Impressively, non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on IP-PPI and IP-DPPI exhibited external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 4.85 % and 4.74 % with CIE coordinates of (0.153, 0.097) and (0.154, 0.114) at 10000 cd m-2 , respectively. In addition, the 40 wt % IP-PPI doped device maintained a high EQE of 5.23 % with CIE coordinates of (0.154, 0.077) at 10000 cd m-2 . The doped device based on 20 wt % IP-DPPI exhibited a higher deep-blue electroluminescence (EL) performance with a maximum EQE of up to 6.13 % at CIE of (0.153, 0.078) and maintained an EQE of 5.07 % at 10000 cd m-2 . To the best of our knowledge, these performances are among the state-of-the art devices with CIEy ≤0.08 at a high brightness of 10000 cd m-2 . Furthermore, by doping a red phosphorescent dye Ir(MDQ)2 (MDQ=2-methyldibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline) into the IP-PPI and IP-DPPI hosts, high-performance red phosphorescent OLEDs with EQEs of 20.8 % and 19.1 % were achieved, respectively. This work may provide a new approach for designing highly efficient deep-blue emitters with negligible roll-off for OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jue-Wen Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ruoke Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ji Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shun Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Si-Lu Tao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
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16
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Liu Y, Liu H, Bai Q, Du C, Shang A, Jiang D, Tang X, Lu P. Pyrene[4,5- d]imidazole-Based Derivatives with Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer State for Highly Efficient Blue and White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Low Efficiency Roll-Off. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:16715-16725. [PMID: 32180398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A family of pyrene[4,5-d]imidazole derivatives, PyPA, PyPPA, PyPPAC, and PyPAC, with different excited states are successfully developed. Among them, PyPPA and PyPPAC possess hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) state, endowing them with pure blue fluorescence as well as high quantum yields. The nondoped organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based on PyPPA displays Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.14, 0.13) and achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.47%, which are among the highest value reported to date for nondoped blue HLCT OLEDs. The nondoped OLED based on PyPPAC exhibits a maximum luminance of 50,046 cd m-2 located in the blue region with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.21) and an EQE of 6.74% even when the luminance reached over 10,000 cd m-2. In addition, they both reveal ultimate exciton utilizing efficiencies of nearly 100%. The potential of a blue emitter of PyPPA with an HLCT character for application in white OLED (WOLED) is further tested. The efficient two-color hybrid warm WOLED is successfully achieved, which provides the total EQE, power efficiency, and current efficiency of up to 21.19%, 61.46 lm W-1, and 62.13 cd A-1, respectively. The nondoped blue OLEDs and hybrid WOLEDs present good color stabilities with low efficiency roll-offs. Our results prove that taking advantage of the HLCT state, nondoped blue OLEDs as well as hybrid WOLEDs with high performance could be realized, which have a promising prospect for the displays and lightings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunya Du
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Anqi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dongyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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17
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Lin J, Guo X, Lv Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Highly Efficient Microcavity Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Narrow-Band Pure UV Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10717-10726. [PMID: 32030973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet organic light-emitting devices (UVOLEDs) may combine the tunability properties of organic materials through modifying the molecular structure and the advantages such as large-area, low-cost, and facile to realize high-performance UV sources. In the state-of-the-art UVOLEDs, the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) are more than 3%, but only a few have achieved pure UV emission and could not compromise the durability and irradiance at the same time. Portable compact UV sources with a narrow band made significant achievements in biomedical science and forensic appraisal. The microcavity effect is useful for achieving the desired narrow peak emission. In this study, asymmetric structural design with a specific distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure was employed to achieve narrow-band pure UV emission microcavity UVOLEDs (μC UVOLEDs). These μC UVOLEDs can realize tunable wavelength from 366 to 400 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 9.95-15.2 nm and a maximum irradiance of 2.79-5.63 mW/cm2. Also, the durability of the μC UVOLED has been considered, which presents a lifetime of 63.2 h under an irradiance of 0.016 mW/cm2. Moreover, the ability to identify 100 RMB with an efficient μC UVOLED has also been demonstrated. This investigation not only demonstrates the encouraging potential of narrow-band pure UVOLEDs but also provides a feasible strategy for the optimal design of μC UVOLEDs by utilizing the asymmetric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supra molecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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18
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Jin P, Han Y, Tian F, Wang L, Zhao X, Zhang C, Xiao J. Electron‐Rich Twistacene‐Modified Arylboron Donor–Acceptor Systems: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electroluminescence with Hot Exciton Response. Chemistry 2020; 26:3113-3118. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceKey Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of EducationHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of PhysicsHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institution National–Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of, New Energy Photovoltaic DevicesCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
| | - Lijiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceKey Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of EducationHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Institution National–Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of, New Energy Photovoltaic DevicesCollege of Physics Science and TechnologyHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceKey Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of EducationHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei ProvinceKey Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of EducationHebei University Baoding 071002 P.R. China
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19
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Xu Y, Wang C, Zhou X, Zhou J, Guo X, Liang X, Hu D, Li F, Ma D, Ma Y. Fine Modulation of the Higher-Order Excitonic States toward More Efficient Conversion from Upper-Level Triplet to Singlet. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6878-6884. [PMID: 31612720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hot exciton luminogens capable of harvesting nonemissive triplet excitons via reverse intersystem crossing from high-order triplet (hRISC) to singlet have great potential in high-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Although spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is regarded as a key factor affecting the RISC process, its effects on hot exciton materials are poorly understood. Herein, we design and synthesize two blue-emitting hot exciton luminogens, PABP and PAIDO, to study this issue by modulating the excited-state properties. Theoretical and experimental research contributions demonstrate that a stronger SOC between energetically close S1 (π-π*) and Tn (T3, n-π*) of PAIDO gives rise to faster and more efficient hRISC in comparison to that of PABP, leading to a higher external quantum efficiency and a higher exciton utilization efficiency. Crucially, the experimentally measured hRISC rate (khRISC) of hot exciton materials is on the order of 107 s-1, which is much faster than that of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xuehong Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
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