1
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Han WK, Liu X, Zhu RM, Fu JX, Liu Y, Zhang J, Pang H, Gu ZG. Panchromatic Light-Harvesting Three-Dimensional Metal Covalent Organic Frameworks for Boosting Photocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38691148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Constructing artificial photocatalysts with panchromatic solar energy utilization remains an appealing challenge. Herein, two complementary photosensitizers, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and porphyrin dyes, have been cosensitized in metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), resulting in the MCOFs with strong light absorption covering the full visible spectrum. Under panchromatic light irradiation, the cosensitized MCOFs exhibited remarkable photocatalytic H2 evolution with an optimum rate of up to 33.02 mmol g-1 h-1. Even when exposed to deep-red light (λ = 700 ± 10 nm), a commendable H2 production (0.79 mmol g-1 h-1) was still obtained. Theoretical calculation demonstrated that the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and porphyrin modules in our MCOFs have a synergistic effect to trigger an interesting dual-channel photosensitization pathway for efficient light-harvesting and energy conversion. This work highlights the potential of combining multiple PSs in MCOFs for panchromatic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Kang Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruo-Meng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia-Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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2
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Liu Y, Yang L, Hou Y, Zhang Z, Xiao X, Yue H, Liu X. 2-Pyran-4-Ylidene Malononitrile Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Metal-Free Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Organic Synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400083. [PMID: 38537692 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Photoactive conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as heterogeneous photocatalysts provide a sustainable alternative to classical metal-based semiconductor photosensitizers. However, previously reported CMPs are typically synthesized through metal catalyzed coupling reactions, which bears product separation, but also increases the price of materials. Herein, a new type of sp2 carbon linked DCM-CMPs are successfully designed and synthesized by organic base catalyzed Knoevenagel reaction using 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene-malononitrile and aromatic polyaldehydes as monomers. The new polymers feature inherent porosity, excellent stability, and fully π-conjugated skeleton with broad visible-light absorption. They effectively induce the synthesis of benzimidazole compounds under light irradiation, and exhibit wide substrate adaptability with outstanding recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liuliu Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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3
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Sun M, Feng J, Feng Y, Xin X, Ding Y, Feng J. Core-shell silica@pyridyl conjugated microporous polymer as a stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1292:342258. [PMID: 38309855 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the advantages of good selectivity, high sensitivity, and fast analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the modern analytical techniques in wide application range, such as biological analysis, environmental detection, pharmaceutical and food inspection, agriculture and other fields. The stationary phase greatly decides the chromatographic separation performance, so the development of novel stationary phase is most important for HPLC. RESULTS Pyridyl conjugated microporous polymers (P-CMP) with one to four layers were modified on the surface of amino silica to obtain a novel core-shell material (SiO2@P-CMP) by the layer-by-layer assembly strategy and Chichibabin reaction. The relationship between the structure of SiO2@P-CMP and chromatographic performance was carefully investigated, and the retention mechanism was revealed. The interactions including π-π stacking, hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond gradually enhanced with the increase of P-CMP layers on the silica surface. Compared with C18 column, SiO2@P-CMP columns displayed better separation selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to the relative retention values (α), the separation performance of SiO2@P-CMP columns (α = 1.144-1.884) for PAH isomers and other analytes was obviously better than that of C18 column (α = 0.998-1.487). Furthermore, the SiO2@P-CMP column with four layers was selected to separate different types of analytes (eight PAHs, four bisphenols, four estrogens and nine phthalates), and the peak order of analytes was different from that on the C18 column due to the influence of hydrogen-bonding and π-π interactions. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) of retention time and peak area on SiO2@P-CMP column were between 0.28 % and 1.98 %. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Pyridyl conjugated microporous polymer was introduced as the stationary phase for the first time in HPLC. The proposed column displayed better separation characteristics compared to Zorbax SB-C18 column. It provided a new idea for the separation of small molecules and the development of chromatographic packing or extraction material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Jiaqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xubo Xin
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yali Ding
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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4
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Jaiswal S, Giri A, Mandal D, Sarkar M, Patra A. UV-to-NIR Harvesting Conjugated Porous Polymer Nanocomposite: Upconversion and Plasmon Expedited Thioether Photooxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312910. [PMID: 37823846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysts capable of harvesting a broad range of the solar spectrum are essential for sustainable chemical transformations and environmental remediation. Herein, we have integrated NIR-absorbing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) with UV-Vis absorbing conjugated porous organic polymer (POP) through the in situ multicomponent C-C coupling to fabricate a UC-POP nanocomposite. The light-harvesting ability of UC-POP is further augmented by loading plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNP) into UC-POP. A three-times enhancement in the upconversion luminescence is observed upon the incorporation of AuNP in UC-POP, subsequently boosting the photocatalytic activity of UC-POP-Au. The spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical investigations infer the enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of thioethers, including mustard gas simulant by UC-POP-Au compared to POP and UC-POP due to the facile electron-hole pair generation, suppressed exciton recombination, and efficient charge carrier migration. Thus, the unique design strategy of combining plasmonic and upconversion nanoparticles with a conjugated porous organic polymer opens up new vistas towards artificial light harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arkaprabha Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dipendranath Mandal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Madhurima Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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5
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Paul R, Kalita P, Dao DQ, Mondal I, Boro B, Mondal J. Linker Independent Regioselective Protonation Triggered Detoxification of Sulfur Mustards with Smart Porous Organic Photopolymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302045. [PMID: 37165579 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient metal-free photocatalysts for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for sulfur mustard (HD) decontamination can play a vital role against the stockpiling of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Herein, one novel concept is conceived by smartly choosing a specific ionic monomer and a donor tritopic aldehyde, which can trigger linker-independent regioselective protonation/deprotonation in the polymeric backbone. In this context, the newly developed vinylene-linked ionic polymers (TPA/TPD-Ionic) are further explored for visible-light-assisted detoxification of HD simulants. Time-resolved-photoluminescence (TRPL) study reveals the protonation effect in the polymeric backbone by significantly enhancing the life span of photoexcited electrons. In terms of catalytic performance, TPA-Ionic outperformed TPD-Ionic because of its enhanced excitons formation and charge carrier abilities caused by the donor-acceptor (D-A) backbone and protonation effects. Moreover, the formation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) species is confirmed via in-situ Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) analysis, which explained the crucial role of solvents in the reaction medium to regulate the (1 O2 ) formation. This study creates a new avenue for developing novel porous photocatalysts and highlights the crucial roles of sacrificial electron donors and solvents in the reaction medium to establish the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Paul
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Kalita
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Indranil Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bishal Boro
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - John Mondal
- Department of Catalysis & Fine Chemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Couzon N, Dhainaut J, Campagne C, Royer S, Loiseau T, Volkringer C. Porous textile composites (PTCs) for the removal and the decomposition of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) – A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Wang Q, Liu J, Cao M, Hu J, Pang R, Wang S, Asad M, Wei Y, Zang S. Aminal‐Linked Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Framework for Rapid Photocatalytic Decontamination of Mustard‐Gas Simulant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207130. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Man Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jia‐Hua Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Rui Pang
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yong‐Li Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shuang‐Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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8
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Wang Q, Liu J, Cao M, Hu J, Pang R, Wang S, Asad M, Wei Y, Zang S. Aminal‐Linked Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Framework for Rapid Photocatalytic Decontamination of Mustard‐Gas Simulant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Man Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jia‐Hua Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Rui Pang
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yong‐Li Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shuang‐Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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9
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Ding J, Tang Q, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Hu J, Li T, Zhong Q, Fan M, Kung HH. Core-Shell Covalently Linked Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Melamine-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Microsphere Polymers for Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Methanol. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9576-9585. [PMID: 35623060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with light and H2O to form CH3OH is a promising route to mitigate carbon emissions and climate changes. Although semiconducting metal oxides are potential photocatalysts for this reaction, low photon efficiency and leaching of environmentally unfriendly toxic metals limit their applicability. Here, we report metal-free, core-shell photocatalysts consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) covalently linked to melamine-resorcinol-formaldehyde (MRF) microsphere polymers for this reaction. Covalent linkage enabled efficient separation of photo-generated carriers and photocatalysis. Using 100 mg of a photocatalyst containing 15 wt % CN, a CH3OH yield of 0.99 μmol·h-1 was achieved at a reaction temperature of 80 °C and 0.5 MPa with external quantum efficiencies ranging from 5.5% at 380 nm to 1.7% at 550 nm. The yield was about 20 and 10 times higher than that of its components CN and MRF, respectively. Characterization with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and bulk and surface elemental analyses supported the formation of a core-shell structure and the charge transfer in the C-N bond at the CN-MRF interface between the methoxy group in the 2,4-dihydroxylmethyl-1,3-diphenol part of MRF and the terminal amino groups in CN. This enhanced ligand-to-ligand charge transfer resulted in 67% of the photo-excited internal charge transferred from CN to the hydroxymethylamino group in MRF, whose amino group was the catalytic site for the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to CH3OH. This study provides a series of new metal-free photocatalyst designs and insights into the molecular-level structure-mediated photocatalytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Qingli Tang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yanghe Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, PR China
| | - Juanmin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Qin Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, PR China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States.,School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Harold H Kung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Dong X, Xu H, Hao H, Sheng W, Lang X. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of sulfides with dioxygen over carbazole-fluorene conjugated microporous polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:882-892. [PMID: 34785463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One sustainable concept emerges to implement the selective oxidation of sulfides with dioxygen (O2) at ambient conditions and has received increasing attention. As such, three donor-acceptor (D-A) type conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) were connected via robust CC bonds prepared from FeCl3-promoted polymerization of monomers of 3,6-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-fluorene with the 9H position of the fluorene moiety occupied by 1,1'-biphenyl-, difluoro-, or keto- group, furnishing 9,9'-(9,9'-spirobi[fluorene]-2,7-diyl)-bis-9H-carbazole-CMP (SFC-CMP), 9,9'-(9,9-difluoro-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(9H-carbazole)-CMP (FFC-CMP), and 2,7-di(carbazol-9-yl)-fluoren-9-one-CMP (OFC-CMP), respectively. These three carbazole-fluorene CMPs could implement blue light-driven highly selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides with O2 in methanol (CH3OH). Intriguingly, the SFC-CMP imparted the best photocatalytic activity for selective oxidation of sulfides in a broad scope. Besides, the SFC-CMP photocatalyst could be fully recovered even outperforming the fresh one. This work highlights that the properties of CMPs could be regulated by the D-A units like carbazole-fluorene to execute selective chemical transformations ambiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Dong
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huimin Hao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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11
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Gan S, Zeng Y, Liu J, Nie J, Lu C, Ma C, Wang F, Yang G. Click-based conjugated microporous polymers as efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for organic transformations. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Click-based conjugated microporous polymers were found to be highly efficient photocatalysts for the Ugi reaction and α-oxidation of N-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Gan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Cuifen Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Guichun Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
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12
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Han X, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Zhao J, Ming S, Zhang J. Effect of the cross-linker length of thiophene units on photocatalytic hydrogen production of triazine-based conjugated microporous polymers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:708-718. [PMID: 35425110 PMCID: PMC8978623 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been investigated in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production because of their extended π-conjugation, tunable chemical structure and excellent thermal stability. Herein, we construct three CMPs based on thiophenes and triazine, and prove the effect of cross-linker length on photocatalytic activity of CMPs. BTPT-CMP1 exhibits blue-shifted optical absorption compared to BTPT-CMP2 and BTPT-CMP3 with long cross-linkers, however, possesses higher photocurrent because of the large specific surface area and small interface charge transfer resistance of BTPT-CMP1. It was found that BTPT-CMP1 (5561.87 μmol g−1 h−1) with short cross-linkers exhibits better photocatalytic performance compared to BTPT-CMP2 (1840.86 μmol g−1 h−1) and BTPT-CMP3 (1600.48 μmol g−1 h−1). Also, BTPT-CMP1 possesses a higher hydrogen evolution rate than most reported 1,3,5-triazine based conjugated polymers. These results demonstrate that the cross-linker length has great influence on the photocatalytic properties of conjugated microporous polymers, which offers theoretical direction for designing high-performance CMPs. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been investigated in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production because of their extended π-conjugation, tunable chemical structure and excellent thermal stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - YunYun Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, PR China
| | - Shouli Ming
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang W, Peng Q, Yang H, Fang Z, Deng J, Yu G, Liao Y, Liao S, Liu Q. Modulating Carrier Transfer over Carbazolic Conjugated Microporous Polymers via Donor Structural Design for Functionalization of Thiophenols. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60072-60083. [PMID: 34882401 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing photocatalysts to steer conversion of solar energy toward high-value-added fine chemicals represents a potentially viable approach to address the energy crisis and environmental issues. However, enablement of this conversion is usually impeded by the sluggish kinetic process for proton-coupled electron transfer and rapid recombination of photogenerated excitons. Herein, we report a simple and general structural expansion strategy to facilitate charge transfer in conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) via engineering the donor surrounding the trifluoromethylphenyl core. The resulting CMPs combine high surface area, strong light-harvesting capabilities, and tunable optical properties endowed by extended π-conjugation; the optimized compound CbzCMP-5 generated from 9,9',9″-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(9H-carbazole) remarkably enhanced the photogenerated carrier transfer efficiency, enabling the functionalization of thiophenols toward thiocarbamates and 3-sulfenylindoles with high photocatalytic efficiency. Most importantly, the in-depth insights into the carrier-transfer processes open up new prospects on further optimization and rational design of photoactive polymers for efficient charge-transfer-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, Changsha 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Recycling, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hao Y, Papazyan EK, Ba Y, Liu Y. Mechanism-Guided Design of Metal–Organic Framework Composites for Selective Photooxidation of a Mustard Gas Simulant under Solvent-Free Conditions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Edgar K. Papazyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Yong Ba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032-8202, United States
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15
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Yan Z, Zhang F, Liu X, Liu L, Si Y, Yu J, Zhang P, Ding B. Molecular Cage-Mediated Radial Gradient Porous Sponge Nanofiber for Selective Adsorption of a Mustard Gas Simulant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47835-47844. [PMID: 34559509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poisons and poisonous weapons in armed conflict, especially chemical warfare agents (CWAs), pose serious threats to global security. Porous materials have recently been regarded as promising candidates to defend personnel in a CWA-contaminated environment, but challenges remain for integrating these materials into protective garments without sacrificing the intrinsic flexibility of fibers. Here, we report a rigid-flexible coupling hypercross-linking methodology to create flexible sponge-like nanofibers featuring hierarchical radial gradient porous nanoarchitectures, in which the inner structure is a mesoporous multichambered network, and the outer structure is a dense domain with a microporous network structure. Experimental and computational evidence supports the contention that sponge nanofibers with distinctive pore topology and robust bendability can be designed by manipulating the flexibility of building blocks. The resulting heterogeneous nanofibers exhibit integrated properties of spatially selective superstructures, abundant micropores, interconnected mesopores, a high surface area (579 m2 g-1), remarkable flexibility, and exceptional CWA affinity, which are extraordinarily effective for adsorptive performance (498 mg g-1). The successful synthesis of these materials might inspire the development of chemical protective materials in an efficient, self-standing, and structurally adaptive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Yan
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yang Si
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Center for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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16
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Metal-free Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Xiao G, Li W, Chen T, Hu W, Yang H, Liu YA, Wen K. Application of Electron‐Rich Covalent Organic Frameworks COF‐JLU25 for Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids to Phenols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Xiao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Wei‐Bo Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Yahu A. Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry ChemBridge Research Laboratories San Diego CA 92127 USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P.R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
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18
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Donor–Acceptor Type Conjugated Microporous Polymer as a Metal-Free Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Amines. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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New Approach in the Application of Conjugated Polymers: The Light-Activated Source of Versatile Singlet Oxygen Molecule. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051098. [PMID: 33652904 PMCID: PMC7956640 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For many years, the research on conjugated polymers (CPs) has been mainly focused on their application in organic electronics. Recent works, however, show that due to the unique optical and photophysical properties of CPs, such as high absorption in UV–Vis or even near-infrared (NIR) region and efficient intra-/intermolecular energy transfer, which can be relatively easily optimized, CPs can be considered as an effective light-activated source of versatile and highly reactive singlet oxygen for medical or catalytic use. The aim of this short review is to present the novel possibilities that lie dormant in those exceptional polymers with the extended system of π-conjugated bonds.
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20
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Beldjoudi Y, Atilgan A, Weber JA, Roy I, Young RM, Yu J, Deria P, Enciso AE, Wasielewski MR, Hupp JT, Stoddart JF. Supramolecular Porous Organic Nanocomposites for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001592. [PMID: 32602131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient heterogeneous photosensitizing materials require both large accessible surface areas and excitons of suitable energies and with well-defined spin structures. Confinement of the tetracationic cyclophane (ExBox4+ ) within a nonporous anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) matrix leads to a surface area increase of up to 225 m2 g-1 in ExBox•PSS. Efficient intersystem crossing is achieved by combining the spin-orbit coupling associated to Br heavy atoms in 1,3,5,8-tetrabromopyrene (TBP), and the photoinduced electron transfer in a TBP⊂ExBox4+ supramolecular dyad. The TBP⊂ExBox4+ complex displays a charge transfer band at 450 nm and an exciplex emission at 520 nm, indicating the formation of new mixed-electronic states. The lowest triplet state (T1 , 1.89 eV) is localized on the TBP and is close in energy with the charge separated state (CT, 2.14 eV). The homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic activities of the TBP⊂ExBox4+ , for the elimination of a sulfur mustard simulant, has proved to be significantly more efficient than TBP and ExBox+4 , confirming the importance of the newly formed excited-state manifold in TBP⊂ExBox4+ for the population of the low-lying T1 state. The high stability, facile preparation, and high performance of the TBP⊂ExBox•PSS nanocomposites augur well for the future development of new supramolecular heterogeneous photosensitizers using host-guest chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jacob A Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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21
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Zhi Y, Wang Z, Zhang HL, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in Metal-Free Covalent Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001070. [PMID: 32419332 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), connecting different organic units into one system through covalent bonds, are crystalline organic porous materials with 2D or 3D networks. Compared with conventional porous materials such as inorganic zeolite, active carbon, and metal-organic frameworks, COFs are a new type of porous materials with well-designed pore structure, high surface area, outstanding stability, and easy functionalization at the molecular level, which have attracted extensive attention in various fields, such as energy storage, gas separation, sensing, photoluminescence, proton conduction, magnetic properties, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, the recent advances in metal-free COFs as a versatile platform for heterogeneous catalysis in a wide range of chemical reactions are presented and the synthetic strategy and promising catalytic applications of COF-based catalysts (including photocatalysis) are summarized. According to the types of catalytic reactions, this review is divided into the following five parts for discussion: achiral organic catalysis, chiral organic conversion, photocatalytic organic reactions, photocatalytic energy conversion (including water splitting and the reduction of carbon dioxide), and photocatalytic pollutant degradation. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and prospects of COFs as heterogeneous catalysts are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zongrui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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22
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Fang D, Li X, Zou M, Guo X, Zhang A. Carbazole-functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymers for CO 2 uptake based on Friedel-Crafts polymerization on 9-phenylcarbazole. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2856-2863. [PMID: 31839831 PMCID: PMC6902873 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To systematically explore the effects of the synthesis conditions on the porosity of hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs), a series of 9-phenylcarbazole (9-PCz) HCPs (P1-P11) has been made by changing the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer, the reaction temperature T 1, the used amount of catalyst and the concentration of reactants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the structure of the obtained polymers. The TG analysis of the HCPs showed good thermal stability. More importantly, a comparative study on the porosity revealed that: the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer was the main influence factor of the BET specific surface area. Increasing the reaction temperature T 1 or changing the used amount of catalyst could improve the total pore volume greatly but sacrificed a part of the BET specific surface area. Fortunately changing the concentration of reactants could remedy this situation. Slightly changing the concentration of reactants could simultaneously obtain a high surface area and a high total pore volume. The BET specific surface areas of P3 was up to 769 m2 g-1 with narrow pore size distribution and the CO2 adsorption capacity of P11 was up to 52.4 cm3 g-1 (273 K/1.00 bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meishuai Zou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aijuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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