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Lu B, Xia Y, Ren Y, Xie M, Zhou L, Vinai G, Morton SA, Wee ATS, van der Wiel WG, Zhang W, Wong PKJ. When Machine Learning Meets 2D Materials: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305277. [PMID: 38279508 PMCID: PMC10987159 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The availability of an ever-expanding portfolio of 2D materials with rich internal degrees of freedom (spin, excitonic, valley, sublattice, and layer pseudospin) together with the unique ability to tailor heterostructures made layer by layer in a precisely chosen stacking sequence and relative crystallographic alignments, offers an unprecedented platform for realizing materials by design. However, the breadth of multi-dimensional parameter space and massive data sets involved is emblematic of complex, resource-intensive experimentation, which not only challenges the current state of the art but also renders exhaustive sampling untenable. To this end, machine learning, a very powerful data-driven approach and subset of artificial intelligence, is a potential game-changer, enabling a cheaper - yet more efficient - alternative to traditional computational strategies. It is also a new paradigm for autonomous experimentation for accelerated discovery and machine-assisted design of functional 2D materials and heterostructures. Here, the study reviews the recent progress and challenges of such endeavors, and highlight various emerging opportunities in this frontier research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Yuze Xia
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Yuqian Ren
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Liguo Zhou
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
| | - Giovanni Vinai
- Instituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)‐CNRLaboratorio TASCTriesteI‐34149Italy
| | - Simon A. Morton
- Advanced Light Source (ALS)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Andrew T. S. Wee
- Department of Physics and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) and Graphene Research Centre (GRC)National University of SingaporeSingapore117542Singapore
| | - Wilfred G. van der Wiel
- NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and BRAINS Center for Brain‐Inspired Nano SystemsUniversity of TwenteEnschede7500AEThe Netherlands
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Wen Zhang
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
- NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and BRAINS Center for Brain‐Inspired Nano SystemsUniversity of TwenteEnschede7500AEThe Netherlands
| | - Ping Kwan Johnny Wong
- ARTIST Lab for Artificial Electronic Materials and Technologies, School of MicroelectronicsNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityTaicang215400P. R. China
- NPU Chongqing Technology Innovation CenterChongqing400000P. R. China
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Kowalczyk DA, Rogala M, Szałowski K, Belić D, Dąbrowski P, Krukowski P, Lutsyk I, Piskorski M, Nadolska A, Krempiński P, Le Ster M, Kowalczyk PJ. Two-Dimensional Crystals as a Buffer Layer for High Work Function Applications: The Case of Monolayer MoO 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44506-44515. [PMID: 35976059 PMCID: PMC9542700 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose that the crystallinity of two-dimensional (2D) materials is a crucial factor for achieving highly effective work function (WF) modification. A crystalline 2D MoO3 monolayer enhances substrate WF up to 6.4 eV for thicknesses as low as 0.7 nm. Such a high WF makes 2D MoO3 a great candidate for tuning properties of anode materials and for the future design of organic electronic devices, where accurate evaluation of the WF is crucial. We provide a detailed investigation of WF of 2D α-MoO3 directly grown on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, by means of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). This study underlines the importance of a controlled environment and the resulting crystallinity to achieve high WF in MoO3. UPS is proved to be suitable for determining higher WF attributed to 2D islands on a substrate with lower WF, yet only in particular cases of sufficient coverage. KPFM remains a method of choice for nanoscale investigations, especially when conducted under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Our experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations of electrostatic potential, which indicate that oxygen vacancies result in anisotropy of WF at the sides of the MoO3 monolayer. These novel insights into the electronic properties of 2D-MoO3 are promising for the design of electronic devices with high WF monolayer films, preserving the transparency and flexibility of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A. Kowalczyk
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Rogala
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Karol Szałowski
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Domagoj Belić
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University
of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Paweł Dąbrowski
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Krukowski
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Iaroslav Lutsyk
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Piskorski
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nadolska
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Patryk Krempiński
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Maxime Le Ster
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł J. Kowalczyk
- Department
of Solid State Physics (Member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory,
Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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