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Clarke BR, Witt CL, Ilton M, Crosby AJ, Watkins JJ, Tew GN. Bottlebrush Networks: A Primer for Advanced Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318220. [PMID: 38588310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush networks (BBNs) are an exciting new class of materials with interesting physical properties derived from their unique architecture. While great strides have been made in our fundamental understanding of bottlebrush polymers and networks, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for the field to accelerate advancements. This review aims to act as a primer to BBN chemistry and physics for both new and current members of the community. In addition to providing an overview of contemporary BBN synthetic methods, we developed a workflow and desktop application (LengthScale), enabling bottlebrush physics to be more approachable. We conclude by addressing several topical issues and asking a series of pointed questions to stimulate conversation within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Clarke
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Connor L Witt
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - James J Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
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2
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Porpora F, Dei L, Duncan TT, Olivadese F, London S, Berrie BH, Weiss RG, Carretti E. Non-Aqueous Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Organogel Sponges for Controlled Solvent Release: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in the Cleaning of Artworks. Gels 2023; 9:985. [PMID: 38131971 PMCID: PMC10742450 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) organogel sponges were prepared and studied in order to understand the role of pore size in an elastomeric network on the ability to uptake and release organic solvents. PDMS organogel sponges have been produced according to sugar leaching techniques by adding two sugar templates of different forms and grain sizes (a sugar cube template and a powdered sugar template), in order to obtain materials differing in porosity, pore size distribution, and solvent absorption and liquid retention capability. These materials were compared to PDMS organogel slabs that do not contain pores. The sponges were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and compared with PDMS slabs that do not contain pores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided information about their morphology. X-ray micro-tomography (XMT) allowed us to ascertain how the form of the sugar templating agent influences the porosity of the systems: when templated with sugar cubes, the porosity was 77% and the mean size of the pores was ca. 300 μm; when templated with powdered sugar, the porosity decreased to ca. 10% and the mean pore size was reduced to ca. 75 μm. These materials, porous organic polymers (POPs), can absorb many solvents in different proportions as a function of their polarity. Absorption capacity, as measured by swelling with eight solvents covering a wide range of polarities, was investigated. Rheology data established that solvent absorption did not have an appreciable impact on the gel-like properties of the sponges, suggesting their potential for applications in cultural heritage conservation. Application tests were conducted on the surfaces of two different lab mock-ups that simulate real painted works of art. They demonstrated further that PDMS sponges are a potential innovative support for controlled and selective cleaning of works of art surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Porpora
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.P.); (L.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Luigi Dei
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.P.); (L.D.); (F.O.)
| | | | - Fedora Olivadese
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.P.); (L.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Shae London
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (S.L.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Barbara H. Berrie
- Department of Scientific Research, National Gallery of Art, 2000 South Club Drive, Landover, MD 20785, USA;
| | - Richard G. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (S.L.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Emiliano Carretti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” & CSGI Consortium, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.P.); (L.D.); (F.O.)
- National Research Council—National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
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3
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Conductive and elastic bottlebrush elastomers for ultrasoft electronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:623. [PMID: 36739447 PMCID: PMC9899285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding biological systems and mimicking their functions require electronic tools that can interact with biological tissues with matched softness. These tools involve biointerfacing materials that should concurrently match the softness of biological tissue and exhibit suitable electrical conductivities for recording and reading bioelectronic signals. However, commonly employed intrinsically soft and stretchable materials usually contain solvents that limit stability for long-term use or possess low electronic conductivity. To date, an ultrasoft (i.e., Young's modulus <30 kPa), conductive, and solvent-free elastomer does not exist. Additionally, integrating such ultrasoft and conductive materials into electronic devices is poorly explored. This article reports a solvent-free, ultrasoft and conductive PDMS bottlebrush elastomer (BBE) composite with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as conductive fillers. The conductive SWCNT/BBE with a filler concentration of 0.4 - 0.6 wt% reveals an ultralow Young's modulus (<11 kPa) and satisfactory conductivity (>2 S/m) as well as adhesion property. Furthermore, we fabricate ultrasoft electronics based on laser cutting and 3D printing of conductive and non-conductive BBEs and demonstrate their potential applications in wearable sensing, soft robotics, and electrophysiological recording.
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Dashtimoghadam E, Maw M, Keith AN, Vashahi F, Kempkes V, Gordievskaya YD, Kramarenko EY, Bersenev EA, Nikitina EA, Ivanov DA, Tian Y, Dobrynin AV, Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, Sheiko SS. Super-soft, firm, and strong elastomers toward replication of tissue viscoelastic response. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3022-3030. [PMID: 36128881 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00844k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric networks are commonly used for various biomedical applications, from reconstructive surgery to wearable electronics. Some materials may be soft, firm, strong, or damping however, implementing all four properties into a single material to replicate the mechanical properties of tissue has been inaccessible. Herein, we present the A-g-B brush-like graft copolymer platform as a framework for fabrication of materials with independently tunable softness and firmness, capable of reaching a strength of ∼10 MPa on par with stress-supporting tissues such as blood vessel, muscle, and skin. These properties are maintained by architectural control, therefore diverse mechanical phenotypes are attainable for a variety of different chemistries. Utilizing this attribute, we demonstrate the capability of the A-g-B platform to enhance specific characteristics such as tackiness, damping, and moldability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Dashtimoghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Mitchell Maw
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Andrew N Keith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Foad Vashahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Verena Kempkes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Yulia D Gordievskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Yu Kramarenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Egor A Bersenev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniia A Nikitina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dimitri A Ivanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, 15, rue Jean Starcky, F-68057 Mulhouse, France.
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | | | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Yang Y, Lian X, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Self-Shaping Microemulsion Gels for Cultural Relic Cleaning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11474-11483. [PMID: 34554765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning is a foundational and essential operation of protection and restoration of cultural relics, which is also the key step of follow-up works. To overcome the problems of uncontrollable diffusion of cleaning solvents and poor coverage of the cleaning solvent carriers on rough surfaces, here, we propose a strategy of using a self-shaping microemulsion gel that is prepared via emulsifying oleophilic solvents into the specific shear-thinning hydrogel structures. The gel can adaptively cover rough surfaces during the cleaning process coupled with avoidance of unnecessary diffusion of the cleaning solvents, and the mechanical reinforcement of in situ polymerized double-network gels enables its easy peeling off from the surfaces without leaving determinable residues. As a representative demonstration, Paraloid B72, a widely used material for the repair and reinforcement of cultural relics, is employed as a model discolored coating, which can be effectively removed from the rough surface of simulated cultural relics after treatment with the resulting gels. Convincingly, the strategy of constructing agarose/polyacrylamide hybrid double-network gels with shear-thinning and self-shaping performances for the cleaning of cultural relics not only improves the convenience and accuracy of operation but also exhibits an efficient cleaning effect, which will greatly expand the application of microemulsion gels in the cleaning of rough surfaces of cultural relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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D’Andrea A, Severini L, Domenici F, Dabagov S, Guglielmotti V, Hampai D, Micheli L, Placidi E, Titubante M, Mazzuca C, Paradossi G, Palleschi A. Ultrasound-Stimulated PVA Microbubbles for Adhesive Removal from Cellulose-Based Materials: A Groundbreaking Low-Impact Methodology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24207-24217. [PMID: 33988378 PMCID: PMC8289177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we shed new light on ultrasound contrast agents applied to the field of cultural heritage as an invaluable fine-tune cleaning tool for paper artworks. In this context, one of the primary and challenging issues is the removal of modern adhesives from paper artifacts. Modern adhesives are synthetic polymers whose presence enhances paper degradation and worsens its optical features. A thorough analytical and high-spatial-resolution combined study was successfully performed to test the capability of poly(vinyl alcohol)-based microbubbles stimulated by a proper noninvasive 1 MHz ultrasound field exposure in removing these adhesives from paper surfaces, in the absence of volatile invasive and toxic chemicals and without damaging paper and/or leaving residues. We demonstrate that poly(vinyl alcohol)-shelled microbubbles are suitable for interacting with paper surfaces, targeting and boosting in a few minutes the nondamaging removal of adhesive particles from paper samples thanks to their peculiar shell composition together with their ultrasound dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D’Andrea
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Severini
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Domenici
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sultan Dabagov
- INFN-LNF, XLab Frascati
Via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
- RAS
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky pr 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National
Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe Sh. 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Guglielmotti
- INFN-LNF, XLab Frascati
Via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
- University
Guglielmo Marconi, Via
Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Dariush Hampai
- INFN-LNF, XLab Frascati
Via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Titubante
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaio Paradossi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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7
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8
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Jia Y, Sciutto G, Mazzeo R, Samorì C, Focarete ML, Prati S, Gualandi C. Organogel Coupled with Microstructured Electrospun Polymeric Nonwovens for the Effective Cleaning of Sensitive Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39620-39629. [PMID: 32820898 PMCID: PMC8009474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels and organogels are widely used as cleaning materials, especially when a controlled solvent release is necessary to prevent substrate damage. This situation is often encountered in the personal care and electronic components fields and represents a challenge in restoration, where the removal of a thin layer of aged varnish from a painting may compromise the integrity of the painting itself. There is an urgent need for new and effective cleaning materials capable of controlling and limiting the use of solvents, achieving at the same time high cleaning efficacy. In this paper, new sandwich-like composites that fully address these requirements are developed by using an organogel (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) + γ-valerolactone) in the core and two external layers of electrospun nonwovens made of continuous submicrometric fibers produced by electrospinning (either poly(vinyl alcohol) or polyamide 6,6). The new composite materials exhibit an extremely efficient cleaning action that results in the complete elimination of the varnish layer with a minimal amount of solvent adsorbed by the painting layer after the treatment. This demonstrates that the combined materials exert a superficial action that is of utmost importance to safeguard the painting. Moreover, we found that the electrospun nonwoven layers act as mechanically reinforcement components, greatly improving the bending resistance of organogels and their handling. The characterization of these innovative cleaning materials allowed us to propose a mechanism to explain their action: electrospun fibers play the leading role by slowing down the diffusion of the solvent and by conferring to the entire composite a microstructured rough superficial morphology, enabling to achieve outstanding cleaning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jia
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Microchemistry and Microscopy
Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University
of Bologna, Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
- Chongqing
Cultural Heritage Research Institute, 400013 Chongqing, China
| | - Giorgia Sciutto
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Microchemistry and Microscopy
Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University
of Bologna, Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rocco Mazzeo
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Microchemistry and Microscopy
Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University
of Bologna, Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Chiara Samorì
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Sant’Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Health
Sciences & Technologies (HST) CIRI, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Prati
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Microchemistry and Microscopy
Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), University
of Bologna, Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician” and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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