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Raut S, Azheruddin M, Kumar R, Singh S, Giram PS, Datta D. Lecithin Organogel: A Promising Carrier for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9865-9885. [PMID: 38463343 PMCID: PMC10918684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, as it protects the body from the external environment. Nowadays, skin diseases and skin problems are more common, and millions of people are affected daily. Skin diseases are due to numerous infectious pathogens or inflammatory conditions. The increasing demand for theoretical research and practical applications has led to the rising prominence of gel as a semisolid material. To this end, organogels has been widely explored due to their unique composition, which includes organic solvents and mineral or vegetable oils, among others. Organogels can be described as semisolid systems wherein an organic liquid phase is confined within a three-dimensional framework consisting of self-assembled, cross-linked, or entangled gelator fibers. These gels have the ability to undergo significant expansion and retain substantial amounts of the liquid phase, reaching up to 99% swelling capacity. Furthermore, they respond to a range of physical and chemical stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, and mechanical deformation. Notably, due to their distinctive properties, they have aroused significant interest in a variety of practical applications. Organogels favor the significant encapsulation and enhanced permeation of hydrophobic molecules when compared with hydrogels. Accordingly, organogels are characterized into lecithin organogels, pluronic lecithin organogels, sorbitan monostearate-based organogels, and eudragit organogels, among others, based on the nature of their network and the solvent system. Lecithin organogels contain lecithin (natural and safe as a living cell component) as an organogelator. It acts as a good penetration enhancer. In this review, first we have summarized the fundamental concepts related to the elemental structure of organogels, including their various forms, distinctive features, methods of manufacture, and diverse applications. Nonetheless, this review also sheds light on the delivery of therapeutic molecules entrapped in the lecithin organogel system into deep tissue for the management of skin diseases and provides a synopsis of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Raut
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Mohammed Azheruddin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Prabhanjan S. Giram
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at
Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Deepanjan Datta
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Nikam AN, Roy A, Raychaudhuri R, Navti PD, Soman S, Kulkarni S, Shirur KS, Pandey A, Mutalik S. Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:489-518. [PMID: 38757691 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279479231231092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Amrita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Prerana D Navti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krishnaraj Somayaji Shirur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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Ru M, Hai AM, Wang L, Yan S, Zhang Q. Recent progress in silk-based biosensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:422-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang W, Qiu L, Shea KJ, Fan J, Liu Y, Zheng W, Xue M, Liu W, Xu Z, E XTF, Dong X, Qiao Y, Meng Z. Quantitative Analysis of Structure Color of Photonic Crystal Sensors Based on HSB Color Space. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35010-35019. [PMID: 35856715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photonic crystals (PhCs) have a bright structural color, but their angular dependence and naked-eye observation subjectivity only apply for qualitative analysis. The HSB color space is a three-channel color analysis technology based on hue (H)-saturation (S)-brightness (B). We use the HSB color space to analyze the structural color of the AM/NIPAM PhCs hydrogel sensor in response to temperature and organic solvents. We proved that the structural color analysis based on the hue value (H) could achieve an analysis accuracy close to the spectrum analysis. In addition, we have obtained stimulus-responsive PhCs structure color images from references and quantitatively analyzed them through the HSB color space. The results show that the H of the structural color can establish a high correlation with the specified target. In some cases, its best fitness exceeds traditional spectroscopy methods. This analysis method will provide a general and quantitative analysis technology for the structural color of PhCs by consumer-grade computers and smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Kenneth J Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Wenxiang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Xiu-Tian-Feng E
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- School of Art and Design, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
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5
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Qin M, Li J, Song Y. Toward High Sensitivity: Perspective on Colorimetric Photonic Crystal Sensors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9497-9507. [PMID: 35759455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of colorimetric photonic crystal (PC) sensors have been significantly improved with the advancement of deformable structural color materials, structures design, sensing signal analysis methods, and fabrication strategies. In this perspective, the strategies toward high-sensitivity colorimetric PC sensors are discussed, from the perspectives of molecular design, single sensor construction, and multisensor assembly, which include incorporation of flexible polymer chains, construction of strong sensor-analyte interactions, incorporation of more soft materials, construction of stimuli-angle/orientation relationship, design of colorimetric sensors in series, and assembly of colorimetric PC sensors in parallel. Based on these strategies, progress of high-sensitivity colorimetric PC sensors in recent years is summarized, in terms of mechano-sensors and chemo-/biosensors. Specifically, PC based optical-electrical dual-signal sensing devices are included. Finally, the future development and challenges of high-sensitivity colorimetric PC sensors are presented, in regards to deformable properties, optical properties, analysis methods, and fabrication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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6
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Catastrophic phase inversion of bigels characterized by fluorescence intensity-based 3D modeling and the formability for decorating and 3D printing. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Zhang H, Zheng Q, Li F. Comparison of Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers between Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome and Kawasaki Disease without Shock: A Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:1486089. [PMID: 34966519 PMCID: PMC8712158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1486089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the shock is not a common symptom of KD, it is often misdiagnosed at the beginning of the pathogenesis of KDSS. The language searched was only Chinese and English. Data from the articles were screened and extracted for meta-analysis using Stata16.0 software. A total of 9 cohort studies, including 1231 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis showed that the age of the children in the KDSS group was higher than that in the KD group without shock, and the difference was statistically significant (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI (0.52, 1.78), P < 0.05); the CRP content in the KDSS group was higher than that in the KD group without shock, and the difference was statistically significant (SMD = 1.99, 95% CI (0.72, 3.26), P < 0.05); the albumin content in the KDSS group was lower than that in the KD group without shock, and the difference was statistically significant (SMD = -1.26, 95% CI (-1.85,-0.67), P < 0.05); the AST content in the KDSS group was higher than that in the KD group without shock, and the difference was statistically significant (WMD = 25.95, 95% CI (15.14, 36.75), P < 0.05); the difference had statistical significance (RR = 3.50, 95% CI (2.30, 5.32), P < 0.05); meta-analysis results of type of KD, fever duration, WBC count, ESR, ALT, and other outcome measures showed that there was no significant difference between KDSS and KD without shock (P > 0.05). Compared with KD without shock, children with KDSS are older and have a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, serum CRP, and AST, but albumin is lower than KD without shock. According to these characteristics, it may be helpful for the early identification of KDSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Central Hospital of Jiangjin, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Central Hospital of Jiangjin, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Central Hospital of Jiangjin, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, Jiangjin, Chongqing, China
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8
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Tan T, Shen Z, Wang Y, Guo Z, Hu J, Zhang Y. Self-assembly of pentapeptides in ethanol to develop organogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10567-10573. [PMID: 33079116 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organogels have a wide variety of applications in the fields of chemistry, electricity, biomedicine and environmental engineering, which call for robust strategies for designing and developing novel organogelators. Here, we reported a pentapeptide, ECAYF, which was capable of forming a self-healing ethanol gel exhibiting viscoelastic and solid-like properties. The ethanol gel of ECAYF was stable for at least several months, suggesting strong non-covalent interactions between ethanol and the peptide in the gel. In the ethanol gel, self-assembled peptide fibrils were found to immobilize the ethanol molecules for gelation. Results also suggested that the EAF-5 peptide adopted H-bonding β-sheet secondary structures, which further assembled into fibrils. Meanwhile, the self-assembly of the ECAYF peptide in mixtures of differently fractioned ethanol and H2O was observed, which clearly indicated that ethanol promoted the assembly of ECAYF in the solutions. These findings are helpful in understanding the roles of organic solvents as well as the complicated interactions between the solvent and gelator molecules in gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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9
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Perera MM, Chimala P, Elhusain-Elnegres A, Heaton P, Ayres N. Reversibly Softening and Stiffening Organogels Using a Wavelength-Controlled Disulfide-Diselenide Exchange. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1552-1557. [PMID: 35617082 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength-dependent light-responsive seleno-sulfide dynamic covalent bonds were used to prepare organogels with reversible changes in stiffness. The disulfide cross-link organogels prepared from norbornene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-diNB) and poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate-stat-mercaptoethyl acrylate) (PEG-diNB-poly(HPMA-stat-MEMA)) polymers underwent exchange reactions with 5,5'-diselenide-bis(2-aminobenzoic acid) upon irradiation with UV light. Following irradiation with visible light, the seleno-sulfide bonds were cleaved, reforming disulfide cross-links and the 5,5'-diselenide-bis(2-aminobenzoic acid). Reduction in G' with disulfide-diselenide exchange was consistent with that observed following a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. Recovery of G' upon disulfide bond formation was 85-95% of the initial value in the as-prepared gel over five cycles of bond cleaving and reformation. This initial study shows the potential of the wavelength-controlled disulfide-diselenide chemistry to develop light-responsive reversible organogels. These organogels have the potential to be used in functional materials such as polymeric actuators or biomimetic soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mario Perera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Prathyusha Chimala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Abdul Elhusain-Elnegres
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Paul Heaton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Neil Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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10
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Zhang T, Chang G, Guo Q. Thermoreversible Polymer Gels in DMF Formed from Charge- and Crystallization-Induced Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2056. [PMID: 32927632 PMCID: PMC7570139 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer organogels formed through dynamic interactions are interesting for various applications. The fabrication of polymer organogels in polar solvents through ionic interaction is rare, although such organogels in non-polar organic solvents have been well studied. Herein, polymer organogels in a polar solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) were fabricated from a triblock copolymer, poly(4-vinyl pyridine)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (4VPm-EGn-4VPm), and a fluorinated surfactant, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and their microphase separation and properties were studied. Ordered microphase separation and the crystalline structures were revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), respectively. All the 4VPm-EGn-4VPm/PFOA organogels are sensitive to temperature, and the ratio of PFOA to pyridine groups reversibly. The polymer organogels are also responsive to triethylamine and triethylammonium acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia;
| | - Guangtao Chang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qipeng Guo
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia;
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Dai M, Bai L, Zhang H, Ma Q, Luo R, Lei F, Fei Q, He N. A novel flunarizine hydrochloride-loaded organogel for intraocular drug delivery in situ: Design, physicochemical characteristics and inspection. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119027. [PMID: 31953090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We developed a safe and efficacious drug delivery system for treatment of brain diseases. A novel in-situ gel system was prepared using soybean oil, stearic acid and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) (10:1:3, v/w/v). This system had low viscosity as a sol in vitro and turned into a solid or semi-solid gel in situ after administration. The poorly water-soluble drug flunarizine hydrochloride (FNZ) was incorporated into this "organogel" system. Organogel-FNZ was characterized by light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology. Drug release in vitro was investigated. The initial "burst" effect did not occur in organogel-FNZ, which is different from other gels formed in situ. Pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in rats using gel administration (14 mg kg-1), intravenous administration (5 mg kg-1) and administration using drops (14 mg kg-1). Organogel-FNZ could reduce the clearance rate and prolong the duration of action, in the plasma and brain tissues of rats. The peak serum concentration, area under the curve and absolute bioavailability of the organogel-FNZ group were higher than those of the intraocular- drops group. Organogel-FNZ is a promising drug-delivery system for treatment of brain diseases by intraocular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyu Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Fei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Smith NL, Coukouma AE, Jakubek RS, Asher SA. Mechanisms by Which Organic Solvent Exchange Transforms Responsive Pure Protein Hydrogels into Responsive Organogels. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:839-853. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lynn Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Andrew Eagle Coukouma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan S. Jakubek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sanford A. Asher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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