Promise and Perspective of Nanomaterials in Antisenescence Tissue Engineering Applications

Detection and Elimination of Senescent Cells with a Self-Assembled Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase-Activatable Nanophotosensitizer

Senescent cells have become an important therapeutic target for many age-related dysfunctions and diseases. We report herein a novel nanophotosensitizing system that is responsive to the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (β-gal) for selective detection and elimination of these cells. It involves a dimeric zinc(II) phthalocyanine linked to a β-galactose unit via a self-immolative linker. This compound can self-assemble in aqueous media, forming stable nanoscale particles in which the phthalocyanine units are stacked and self-quenched for fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen production. Upon internalization into senescent HeLa cells, these nanoparticles interact with the overproduced senescence-associated β-gal inside the cells to trigger the disassembly process through enzymatic cleavage of the glycosidic bonds, followed by self-immolation to release the photoactive monomeric phthalocyanine units. These senescent cells can then be lit up with fluorescence and eliminated through the photodynamic action upon light irradiation with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.06 μM.

Salivary Gland Bioengineering

Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.

Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines.