1
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Omole A, Affonso de Oliveira JF, Sutorus L, Steinmetz NF. Pharmacology of a Plant Virus Immunotherapy Candidate for Peritoneal Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:445-455. [PMID: 38357279 PMCID: PMC10863429 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence of cancer, there is a need to develop new platforms that can combat this disease. Cancer immunotherapy is a platform that takes advantage of the immune system to recognize and eradicate tumors and metastases. Our lab has identified a plant virus nanoparticle, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. When administered intratumorally, CPMV relieves the immune system of tumor-induced immunosuppression and reprograms the tumor microenvironment into an activated state to launch systemic antitumor immunity. The efficacy of CPMV has been tested in many tumor models and in canine cancer patients with promising results: tumor shrinkage, systemic efficacy (abscopal effect), and immune memory to prevent recurrence. To translate this drug candidate from the bench to the clinic, studies that investigate the safety, pharmacology, and toxicity are needed. In this work, we describe the efficacy of CPMV against a metastatic ovarian tumor model and investigate the biodistribution of CPMV after single or repeated intraperitoneal administration in tumor-bearing and healthy mice. CPMV shows good retention in the tumor nodules and broad bioavailability with no apparent organ toxicity based on histopathology. Data indicate persistence of the viral RNA, which remains detectable 2 weeks post final administration, a phenomenon also observed with some mammalian viral infections. Lastly, while protein was not detected in stool or urine, RNA was shed through excretion from mice; however, there was no evidence that RNA was infectious to plants. Taken together, the data indicate that systemic administration results in broad bioavailability with no apparent toxicity. While RNA is shed from the subjects, data suggest agronomical safety. This data is consistent with prior reports and provides support for translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony
O. Omole
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United
States
- Shu
and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0403, United States
- Moores
Cancer Center, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jessica Fernanda Affonso de Oliveira
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United
States
- Shu
and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0403, United States
- Moores
Cancer Center, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lucas Sutorus
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United
States
- Shu
and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0403, United States
- Moores
Cancer Center, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0021, United
States
- Shu
and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center
for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0403, United States
- Moores
Cancer Center, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92122, United States
- Institute
for Materials Discovery and Design, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center
for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Nkanga CI, Steinmetz NF. The pharmacology of plant virus nanoparticles. Virology 2021; 556:39-61. [PMID: 33545555 PMCID: PMC7974633 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticles for medical purposes has made enormous strides in providing new solutions to health problems. The observation that plant virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can be repurposed and engineered as smart bio-vehicles for targeted drug delivery and imaging has launched extensive research for improving the therapeutic and diagnostic management of various diseases. There is evidence that VNPs are promising high value nanocarriers with potential for translational development. This is mainly due to their unique features, encompassing structural uniformity, ease of manufacture and functionalization by means of expression, chemical biology and self-assembly. While the development pipeline is moving rapidly, with many reports focusing on engineering and manufacturing aspects to tailor the properties and efficacy of VNPs, fewer studies have focused on gaining insights into the nanotoxicity of this novel platform nanotechnology. Herein, we discuss the pharmacology of VNPs as a function of formulation and route of administration. VNPs are reviewed in the context of their application as therapeutic adjuvants or nanocarrier excipients to initiate, enhance, attenuate or impede the formulation's toxicity. The summary of the data however also underlines the need for meticulous VNP structure-nanotoxicity studies to improve our understanding of their in vivo fates and pharmacological profiles to pave the way for translation of VNP-based formulations into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, Center for NanoImmunoEngineering, Moores Cancer Center, Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States.
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3
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Intravital Optical Imaging to Monitor Anti-Tumor Immunological Response in Preclinical Models. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78338-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Shukla S, Hu H, Cai H, Chan SK, Boone CE, Beiss V, Chariou PL, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viruses and Bacteriophage-Based Reagents for Diagnosis and Therapy. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:559-587. [PMID: 32991265 PMCID: PMC8018517 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-052252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology exploits the prefabricated nanostructures of viruses, which are already abundant in nature. With well-defined molecular architectures, viral nanocarriers offer unprecedented opportunities for precise structural and functional manipulation using genetic engineering and/or bio-orthogonal chemistries. In this manner, they can be loaded with diverse molecular payloads for targeted delivery. Mammalian viruses are already established in the clinic for gene therapy and immunotherapy, and inactivated viruses or virus-like particles have long been used as vaccines. More recently, plant viruses and bacteriophages have been developed as nanocarriers for diagnostic imaging, vaccine and drug delivery, and combined diagnosis/therapy (theranostics). The first wave of these novel virus-based tools has completed clinical development and is poised to make an impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - He Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Soo-Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul L Chariou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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5
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Chung YH, Cai H, Steinmetz NF. Viral nanoparticles for drug delivery, imaging, immunotherapy, and theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:214-235. [PMID: 32603813 PMCID: PMC7320870 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and development of VNPs and their genome-free versions, the virus-like particles (VLPs), for nanomedicine is a rapidly growing. VLPs can encapsulate a wide range of active ingredients as well as be genetically or chemically conjugated to targeting ligands to achieve tissue specificity. VLPs are manufactured through scalable fermentation or molecular farming, and the materials are biocompatible and biodegradable. These properties have led to a wide range of applications, including cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines, antimicrobial therapies, cardiovascular therapies, gene therapies, as well as imaging and theranostics. The use of VLPs as drug delivery agents is evolving, and sufficient research must continuously be undertaken to translate these therapies to the clinic. This review highlights some of the novel research efforts currently underway in the VNP drug delivery field in achieving this greater goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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6
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7
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Hu H, Masarapu H, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Yu X, Steinmetz NF. Physalis Mottle Virus-like Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18213-18223. [PMID: 31074602 PMCID: PMC7060085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in nanomedicine is the low efficiency with which nanoparticles are delivered to lesions such as tumors in vivo. Here, we show that Physalis mottle virus (PhMV)-like nanoparticles can be developed as bimodal contrast agents to achieve long circulation, specific targeting capability, and efficient delivery to tumors in vivo. The self-assembling coat protein nanostructure offers various opportunities to modify the internal and external surfaces separately. After loading the internal cavity of the particles with the fluorescent dye Cy5.5 and paramagnetic Gd(III) complexes, we modified the outer surface by PEGylation and conjugation with targeting peptides. Using this combined approach, we were able to monitor a human prostate tumor model for up to 10 days by near-infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging, with up to 6% of the injection dose remaining. Our results show that PhMV-like nanoparticles provide a promising and innovative platform for the development of next-generation diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Hema Masarapu
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yuning Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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8
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Balke I, Zeltins A. Use of plant viruses and virus-like particles for the creation of novel vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:119-129. [PMID: 30172923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the development of plant virology and genetic engineering techniques has resulted in the construction of plant virus-based vaccines for protection against different infectious agents, cancers and autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals. Interaction studies between plant viruses and mammalian organisms have suggested that plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are safe and noninfectious to humans and animals. Plant viruses with introduced antigens are powerful vaccine components due to their strongly organized, repetitive spatial structure; they can elicit strong immune responses similar to those observed with infectious mammalian viruses. The analysis of published data demonstrated that at least 73 experimental vaccines, including 61 prophylactic and 12 therapeutic vaccines, have been constructed using plant viruses as a carrier structure for presentation of different antigens. This information clearly demonstrates that noninfectious viruses are also applicable as vaccine carriers. Moreover, several plant viruses have been used for platform development, and corresponding vaccines are currently being tested in human and veterinary clinical trials. This review therefore discusses the main principles of plant VLP vaccine construction, emphasizing the physical, chemical, genetic and immunological aspects. Results of the latest studies suggest that several plant virus-based vaccines will join the list of approved human and animal vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
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9
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Timmermans SBPE, Vervoort DFM, Schoonen L, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Self-Assembly and Stabilization of Hybrid Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus Particles under Nearly Physiological Conditions. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3518-3525. [PMID: 29975459 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Capsids of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) hold great promise for use as nanocarriers in vivo. A major drawback, however, is the lack of stability of the empty wild-type virus particles under physiological conditions. Herein, the assembly behavior and stability under nearly physiological conditions of protein-based block copolymers composed of the CCMV capsid protein and two hydrophobic elastin-like polypeptides are reported. UV/Vis spectroscopy studies, dynamic light-scattering analysis, and TEM measurements demonstrate that both hybrid variants form stable capsids at pH 7.5, physiological NaCl concentration, and 37 °C. The more hydrophobic variant also remains stable in a cell culture medium. These engineered, hybrid CCMV capsid particles can therefore be regarded as suitable candidates for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry research group, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan F M Vervoort
- Bio-Organic Chemistry research group, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Schoonen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry research group, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J M Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry research group, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Systemic Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X Nanoparticles Presenting a Fluorescent iLOV Polypeptide Fused Directly to the Coat Protein. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9328671. [PMID: 29662905 PMCID: PMC5831704 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9328671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus-based nanoparticles can be produced in plants on a large scale and are easily modified to introduce new functions, making them suitable for applications such as vaccination and drug delivery, tissue engineering, and in vivo imaging. The latter is often achieved using green fluorescent protein and its derivatives, but the monovalent fluorescent protein iLOV is smaller and more robust. Here, we fused the iLOV polypeptide to the N-terminus of the Potato virus X (PVX) coat protein, directly or via the Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A sequence, for expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Direct fusion of the iLOV polypeptide did not prevent the assembly or systemic spread of the virus and we verified the presence of fusion proteins and iLOV hybrid virus particles in leaf extracts. Compared to wild-type PVX virions, the PVX particles displaying the iLOV peptide showed an atypical, intertwined morphology. Our results confirm that a direct fusion of the iLOV fluorescent protein to filamentous PVX nanoparticles offers a promising tool for imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52072 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Su Y, Wang L, Liang K, Liu M, Liu X, Song Y, Deng Y. The accelerated blood clearance phenomenon of PEGylated nanoemulsion upon cross administration with nanoemulsions modified with polyglycerin. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:44-53. [PMID: 32104377 PMCID: PMC7032119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For investigating the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon of polyglycerin modified nanoemulsions upon cross administration with polyethylene glycol (PEG) covered nanoemulsion, we used the 1,2-distea-royl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-polyglycerine-610 and the 1,2-distearoyl-n-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[me-thoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] as modify materials, the dialkylcarbocyanines as fluorescence indicator. Exhausted macrophages rat model was established and new material containing polycarboxyl structure was synthesized. The microplate reader and the in vivo optical imaging system were applied to measure the concentration of nanoemulsions in tissues. The results show that the first dose of polyglycerin modified nanoemulsion can induce the ABC phenomenon of the second dose of PEGylated nanoemulsion. With the increase in the amount of the surface polyglycerin, the extent of the ABC phenomenon decreases. Liver accumulation has positive relationship with the ABC phenomenon. Furthermore, kupffer cells in liver can get more immune information from polyhydroxy structure than polycarboxyl group in the modify compound. The results of our work imply that the polycarboxyl structure has advantages to eliminate the ABC phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Su
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Kaifan Liang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.85, Hongliu Road, Benxi 117004, China
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12
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Bludau H, Czapar AE, Pitek AS, Shukla S, Jordan R, Steinmetz NF. POxylation as an alternative stealth coating for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2017; 88:679-688. [PMID: 28713172 PMCID: PMC5510027 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers are currently used in a variety of medical formulations to reduce toxicity, minimize immune interactions and improve pharmacokinetics. Despite its widespread use however, the presence of anti-PEG antibodies indicates that this polymer has the potential to be immunogenic and antigenic. Here we present an alternative polymer, poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) for stealth applications, specifically shielding of a proteinaceous nanoparticle from recognition by the immune system. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was used as our testbed due to its potential for use as a nanocarrier for drug delivery and molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdis Bludau
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische
Unversität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna E. Czapar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
OH 44106, United States
| | - Andrzej S. Pitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, School of Science, Technische
Unversität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
OH 44106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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