1
|
Qin W, Xing T, Ma J, Tang B, Chen W. Decoration with electronegative 2D materials based on chemical transition layers on CFR-PEEK implants for promoting osteogenesis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106436. [PMID: 38325168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Due to the unique lamellar structures, physicochemical and biological properties, electronegative two-dimensional (2D) materials have been explored for surface modification of carbon fibers reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) composite. Deposition of electronegative 2D materials based on a porous surface created by concentrated H2SO4 has been studied to promote osteogenesis of CFR-PEEK. Generally, a porous layer will be pre-built on CFR-PEEK through severe corrosion of concentrated sulfuric acid to help the loading of 2D materials. However, the severe corrosion will greatly reduce surface mechanical strength, especially wear resistance and hardness, which increases the risk of collapse or even peeling of the bioactive coating by external force. Herein, instead of the severe corrosion, a mild corrosion by concentrated HNO3 was applied to modify the surface of CFR-PEEK to pre-create a dense transition layer for the further surface decoration of electronegative 2D materials (graphene oxide (GO) and black phosphorus (BP), representatively). The results indicated that hardness and wear resistance of the dense transition layer were markedly higher than those of the porous layer. Although GO and BP can be both loaded on these two transition layers, -SO3H on the porous transition layer showed moderate cytotoxicity, while -NO2 on the dense transition layer showed good cytocompatibility. The dense transition layer displayed higher mineralized deposition in vitro and new bone formation rate in vivo than the porous transition layer, moreover, GO and BP coatings improved osteogenesis. This work offers inspirations for the construction of electronegative 2D material coating on CFR-PEEK based on chemical transition layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Tong Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Heavy Mechanical, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Xiang Q, Tan X, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Pu J, Sun J, Sun M, Wang Y, Wei Q, Yu H. Functionalized Cortical Bone-Inspired Composites Adapt to the Mechanical and Biological Properties of the Edentulous Area to Resist Fretting Wear. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207255. [PMID: 36775879 PMCID: PMC10104646 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dental implants with long-term success of osseointegration have always been the goal, however, difficulties exist. The accumulation of fretting damage at the implant-bone interface often gets overlooked. Commonly used titanium is approximately 7-fold harder and stiffer than cortical bone. Stress shielding caused by the mismatching of the elastic modulus aggravates fretting at the interface, which is accompanied by the risk of the formation of proinflammatory metal debris and implant loosening. Thus, the authors explore functionalized cortical bone-inspired composites (FCBIC) with a hierarchical structure at multiple scales, that exhibit good mechanical and biological adaptivity with cortical bone. The design is inspired by nature, combining brittle minerals with organic molecules to maintain machinability, which helps to acquire excellent energy-dissipating capability. It therefore has the comparable hardness and elastic modulus, strength, and elastic-plastic deformation to cortical bone. Meanwhile, this cortical bone analogy exhibits excellent osteoinduction and osseointegration abilities. These two properties also facilitate each other to resist fretting wear, and therefore improve the success rate of implantation. Based on these results, the biological-mechanical co-operation coefficient is proposed to describe the coupling between these two factors for designing the optimized dental implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhongYi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - QianRong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesCollege of StomatologyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - YaDong Zhang
- Research and Development DepartmentZhejiang PEKK‐X Advanced Materials Technology Co., Ltd.ShaoxingZhejiang312000China
| | - HaoQi Zhu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of ChinaKowloon999077China
| | - Jian Pu
- School of Mechanical EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan610031China
| | - JiKui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - ManLin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - YingKai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - HaiYang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan B, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Lin H, Yang X, Zhu X, Zhang K, Mikos AG, Zhang X. A unique biomimetic modification endows polyetherketoneketone scaffold with osteoinductivity by activating cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7116. [PMID: 36197987 PMCID: PMC9534509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoinductivity of a biomaterial scaffold can notably enhance the bone healing performance. In this study, we developed a biomimetic and hierarchically porous polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) scaffold with unique osteoinductivity using a combined surface treatment strategy of a sulfonated process and a nano bone-like apatite deposition. In a beagle intramuscular model, the scaffold induced bone formation ectopically after 12-week implantation. The better bone healing ability of the scaffold than the original PEKK was also confirmed in orthotopic sites. After culturing with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the scaffold induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and the new bone formation could be mainly depending on cell signaling through adenylate cyclase 9, which activates the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling cascade pathways. The current work reports a new osteoinductive synthetic polymeric scaffold with its detailed molecular mechanism of action for bone repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu D, Lei X, Zhu H. Modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) physical features to improve osteointegration. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:189-203. [PMID: 35261215 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in orthopedics because of its excellent mechanical properties, radiolucency, and biocompatibility. However, the bioinertness and poor osteointegration of PEEK have greatly limited its further application. Growing evidence proves that physical factors of implants, including their architecture, surface morphology, stiffness, and mechanical stimulation, matter as much as the composition of their surface chemistry. This review focuses on the multiple strategies for the physical modification of PEEK implants through adjusting their architecture, surface morphology, and stiffness. Many research findings show that transforming the architecture and incorporating reinforcing fillers into PEEK can affect both its mechanical strength and cellular responses. Modified PEEK surfaces at the macro scale and micro/nano scale have positive effects on cell-substrate interactions. More investigations are necessary to reach consensus on the optimal design of PEEK implants and to explore the efficiency of various functional implant surfaces. Soft-tissue integration has been ignored, though evidence shows that physical modifications also improve the adhesion of soft tissue. In the future, ideal PEEK implants should have a desirable topological structure with better surface hydrophilicity and optimum surface chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyue Lei
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiyong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Wang T, Hu J, Li Z, Wang B, Wang L, Zhou Z. Surface porous poly-ether-ether-ketone based on three-dimensional printing for load-bearing orthopedic implant. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104561. [PMID: 33965810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) possesses excellent biocompatibility and similar elastic modulus as bones but yet suffers from poor osseointegration. In order to balance PEEK's mechanical and osseointegration properties, a novel surface porous PEEK (SP-PEEK) is successfully fabricated by fused deposition modelling three-dimensional printing (FDM 3DP) and characterized by mechanical and osteogenesis in vitro tests. Moreover, the effects of pore diameter and pore layer number on the mechanical behaviors of SP-PEEK are investigated by theoretical model and numerical simulation. Comparison among experimental, theoretical and simulation results show good agreement. As pore diameter decreases, the equivalent strength and modulus become more sensitive to the decrease of pore layer number. In addition, the SP-PEEK exhibits the mechanical properties within the range of human trabecular bone and cortical bone, and thus can be tailored to mimic human bone by adjusting the pore diameter and pore layer number, which is benefit to mitigate stress shielding. The effects of pore diameter on the cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SP-PEEK are tested by the co-culture of osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) and SP-PEEK round discs. Results showcase that porous surface improves the osteogenesis in vitro, and the SP-PEEK group that the pore diameter is 0.6 mm exhibits optimal-performance osteogenesis in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiqiang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Bing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Lianchao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhengong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu X, Mei S, Wang F, Tang S, Xie D, Ding C, Du W, Zhao J, Yang L, Wu Z, Wei J. A microporous surface containing Si 3N 4/Ta microparticles of PEKK exhibits both antibacterial and osteogenic activity for inducing cellular response and improving osseointegration. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3136-3149. [PMID: 33778194 PMCID: PMC7960946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an implantable biomaterial, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) exhibits good mechanical strength but it is biologically inert while tantalum (Ta) possesses outstanding osteogenic bioactivity but has a high density and elastic modulus. Also, silicon nitride (SN) has osteogenic and antibacterial activity. In this study, a microporous surface containing both SN and Ta microparticles on PEKK (STP) exhibiting excellent osteogenic and antibacterial activity was created by sulfonation. Compared with sulfonated PEKK (SPK) without microparticles, the surface properties (roughness, surface energy, hydrophilicity and protein adsorption) of STP significantly increased due to the SN and Ta particles presence on the microporous surface. In addition, STP also exhibited outstanding antibacterial activity, which inhibited bacterial growth in vitro and prevented bacterial infection in vivo because of the presence of SN particles. Moreover, the microporous surface of STP containing both SN and Ta particles remarkably induced response (e.g., proliferation and differentiation) of rat bone mesenchymal stem (rBMS) cells in vitro. Furthermore, STP significantly improved new bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo. Regarding the induction of cellular response in vitro and improvement of osseointegration in vivo, the microporous surface containing Ta was better than the surface with SN particles. In conclusion, STP with optimized surface properties activated cellular responses in vitro, enhanced osseointegration and prevented infection in vivo. Therefore, STP possessed the dual biofunctions of excellent osteogenic and antibacterial activity, showing great potential as a bone substitute. •Microporous surface containing SN/Ta microparticles on PEKK (STP) was created. •Surface performances (e.g., roughness) of STP were significantly increased. •STP exhibited antibacterial activity in vitro and prevented infection in vivo. •STP remarkably induced response of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. •STP obviously improved bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Songchao Tang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenli Du
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhaoying Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng C, Wu Y, Cao Q, Li X, Zhu X, Zhang X. Effect of Hydrothermal Media on the in-situ Whisker Growth on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:147-159. [PMID: 33456309 PMCID: PMC7804068 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s280130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still a big challenge to achieve a balance between mechanical characteristics and biological properties in biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics. PURPOSE The present study focused on the in-situ whisker growth on BCP ceramics via different hydrothermal treatments and investigated the influences of these whiskers on the mechanical property and biological performance of the ceramics. METHODS Five kinds of BCP ceramics with in-situ whisker growth, ie, BCP-C, BCP-HNO3, BCP-Citric, BCP-NaOH, BCP-CaCl2 and BCP-Na3PO4 were fabricated by different hydrothermal treatments. The phase compositions, morphologies, crystal structures and mechanical strengths of the obtained BCP ceramics were firstly characterized. Then, the in vitro cell adhesion, proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on the BCP ceramics were evaluated. Lastly, the effects of in-situ whisker growth on the bone-like apatite formation abilities of BCP ceramics were also investigated by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF). RESULTS The results demonstrated that the hydrothermal conditions, especially the hydrothermal media, were crucial to determine the phase composition and morphology of the in-situ whisker. Especially among the five media used (HNO3, Citric, NaOH, CaCl2 and Na3PO4), the Na3PO4 treatment resulted in the shortest whisker with a unique hollow structure, and kept the original biphasic composition. All five kinds of whiskers increased the mechanical strength of BCP ceramics to some extent, and showed the good ability of bone-like apatite formation. The in vitro cell study demonstrated that the in-situ whisker growth had no adverse but even positive effect on the adhesion, proliferation and ALP activity of BMSCs. CONCLUSION Due to the growth of in-situ whiskers, the mechanical property and biological performance of the obtained BCP ceramics could increase simultaneously. Therefore, in-situ whiskers growth offers a promising strategy for the expanded application of BCP ceramics to meet the requirements of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan B, Wang L, Zhao R, Yang X, Yang X, Zhu X, Liu L, Zhang K, Song Y, Zhang X. A biomimetically hierarchical polyetherketoneketone scaffold for osteoporotic bone repair. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc4704. [PMID: 33310848 PMCID: PMC7732183 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are prevalent in society, and their incidence appears to be increasing as the worldwide population ages. However, conventional bone repair materials hardly satisfy the requirements for the repair of pathological fractures. Here, we developed a biomimetic polyetherketoneketone scaffold with a functionalized strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite coating for osteoporotic bone defect applications. The scaffold has a hierarchically porous architecture and mechanical strength similar to that of osteoporotic trabecular bone. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the scaffold could promote osteoporotic bone regeneration and delay adjacent bone loss via regulating both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, the correlations between multiple preimplantation and postimplantation parameters were evaluated to determine the potential predictors of in vivo performance of the material. The current work not only develops a promising candidate for osteoporotic bone repair but also provides a viable approach for designing other functional biomaterials and predicting their translational value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linnan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu X, Mei S, Wang F, Qian J, Xie D, Zhao J, Yang L, Wu Z, Wei J. Implantable PEKK/tantalum microparticles composite with improved surface performances for regulating cell behaviors, promoting bone formation and osseointegration. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:928-940. [PMID: 33102936 PMCID: PMC7560583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) exhibits admirable biocompatibility and mechanical performances but bioinert while tantalum (Ta) possesses excellent osteogenesis and osseointegration but high elastic modulus and density, and processing is too difficult and expensive. In the present study, combining of the advantages of both PEKK and Ta, implantable composites of PEKK/Ta were fabricated by blending PEKK with Ta microparticles of 20 v% (PT20) and 40 v% (PT40) content. In comparison with PT20 and PEKK, the surface hydrophilicity, surface energy, roughness and proteins adsorption as well as mechanical performances of PT40 significantly increased because of the higher Ta particles content in PEKK. Furthermore, PT40 exhibited the mechanical performances (e.g., compressive strength and modulus of elasticity) close to the cortical bone of human. Compared with PT20 and PEKK, PT40 with higher Ta content remarkably enhanced the responses (including adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation) of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Moreover, PT40 markedly improved bone formation as well as osseointegration in vivo. In short, incorporation of Ta microparticles into PEKK created implantable composites with improved surface performances, which played key roles in stimulating cell responses/bone formation as well as promoting osseointegration. PT40 might have great potential for bear-loading bone substitute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhaoying Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng Q, Yuan B, Chen X, Yang X, Lin H, Zhu X, Zhang K, Zhang X. Regulation of surface micro/nano structure and composition of polyetheretherketone and their influence on the behavior of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:5713-5724. [PMID: 31482931 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The bio-inertness and inferior osseointegration of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) affect its long-term lifetime in clinical applications, and appropriate surface modification is an effective way to enhance osseointegration of PEEK implants. In the present study, a strategy of combining sulfonation with alkali treatment was proposed to endow PEEK with rapid apatite deposition and thus enhanced bioactivity. After 3 min of sulfonation with 98% H2SO4, the sample (PEEK-S-3) showed an optimized surface microporous network and obviously improved hydrophilicity. Its contact angle reduced from the original 106 ± 2.3° to 88 ± 4.0°. After a further 24 h of NaOH treatment on PEEK-S-3, Na element was introduced into the obtained sample (PEEK-Na-24), which had a similar surface morphology and chemical structure with PEEK-S-3 and had a further reduced contact angle (77.9 ± 2.9°). The in vitro bioactivity tests showed that after only 3 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), PEEK-Na-24 was fully covered with a layer of uniform bone-like apatite. The apatite deposition sharply decreased the contact angle of the sample (PEEK-HA) to 16.6 ± 2.6° and increased its surface roughness to 1.05 ± 0.27 μm, leading to the enhanced adsorption of serum proteins on PEEK-HA. The in vitro cell culture indicated that all the three surface-modified samples (PEEK-S-3, PEEK-Na-24 and PEEK-HA) could promote the adhesion, spreading, proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, and PEEK-HA presented the best effect. Thus, the surface bioactive PEEK resulting from the optimized surface modification, i.e. combination of sulfonation, alkali treatment and biomimetic apatite deposition, could have good potential in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rusakov D, Menner A, Bismarck A. High-Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000110. [PMID: 32363705 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous, low-density polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, and polyetherimide foams are produced using a high-temperature, thermally induced phase separation method. A high-boiling-point solvent, which is suitable to dissolve at least 20 wt% of these high-performance polymers at temperatures above 250 °C, is identified. The foam morphology is controlled by the cooling procedure. The resulting polymer foams have porosities close to 80% with surface areas up to 140 m2 g-1 and elastic moduli up to 97 MPa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Rusakov
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Angelika Menner
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Material Chemistry and Research Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Liu M, Chen F, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Design of hydroxyapatite bioceramics with micro-/nano-topographies to regulate the osteogenic activities of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone marrow stromal cells. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7284-7300. [PMID: 32196048 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicking the nanostructure of natural bone apatite to enhance the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials is an eternal topic in the bone regeneration field. In the present study, we designed four kinds of HA bioceramics with micro- to nanosized grains and investigated the effects of bioceramic topographies on the structures of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and the effects on the responses of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Compared to the samples with submicron-scale crystalline particles, HA bioceramics with grain sizes of 104.6 ± 27.8 nm exhibited increased roughness, improved hydrophilicity and enhanced mechanical properties. The synergistic effects of these surface characteristics could well maintain the conformation of BMP-2, facilitate cell adhesion and spreading, and activate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, SBF immersion and in vivo canine intramuscular implantation confirmed that the HA bioceramics with nanotopography also processed excellent bone-like apatite forming ability and outstanding osteoinductivity. In summary, these findings suggest that the nanotopography of HA bioceramics is a critical factor to enhance their bioactivity and osteoinductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Chen X, Yang X, Guo B, Li D, Zhu X, Zhang X. Positive role of calcium phosphate ceramics regulated inflammation in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1305-1320. [PMID: 32064734 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researches have confirmed the crucial role of inflammatory response in Ca-P ceramic-induced osteogenesis, however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In this study, BCP and β-TCP ceramics were used as material models to investigate the effect of physicochemical properties on inflammatory response in vitro. The results showed that BCP and β-TCP could support macrophages attachment, proliferation, and spreading favorably, as well as promote gene expressions of inflammatory related cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) and growth factors (TGF-β, FGF, PDGF, VEGF, IGF, and EGF). BCP showed a facilitating function on the gene expressions earlier than β-TCP. Further coculture experiments performed in vitro demonstrated that the CMs containing various increased cytokines for macrophages pre-culture could significantly promote MSCs osteogenic differentiation, which was confirmed by the gene expressions of osteogenic specific markers and the intracellular OCN product accumulation under the stimulation of BCP and β-TCP ceramics. Further evidence was found from the formation of mineralized nodules in BCM and TCM. In addition, this study showed a concise relationship between Ca-P ceramic induced inflammation and its osteoinductivity that the increased cytokines and growth factors from macrophages could promote MSCs osteogenic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dai Y, Chu L, Luo Z, Tang T, Wu H, Wang F, Mei S, Wei J, Wang X, Shang X. Effects of a Coating of Nano Silicon Nitride on Porous Polyetheretherketone on Behaviors of MC3T3-E1 Cells in Vitro and Vascularization and Osteogenesis in Vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6425-6435. [PMID: 33417795 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To improve the bioperformances of porous polyetheretherketone (PPK) for bone repair, silicon nitride-coated PPK (CSNPPK) was prepared by a method of suspension coating and melt binding. The results revealed that, as compared with PPK, the surface roughness, compressive strength, and water absorption of CSNPPK increased, while the pore size and porosity of CSNPPK exhibited no obvious changes. In addition, the cellular responses (including attachment, proliferation, and differentiation as well as osteogenically related gene expressions) of the MC3T3-E1 cells to CSNPPK were remarkably promoted compared with PPK and dense polyetheretherketone in vitro. Moreover, in the model of rabbit femoral condyle defects, the results of micro computed tomography and histological and mechanical evaluation revealed that the ingrowth of new vessels and bone tissues into CSNPPK was significantly greater than that into PPK in vivo. Furthermore, the load-displacement and push-out loads for CSNPPK with bone tissues were higher than for PPK, indicating good osseointegration. In short, CSNPPK not only promoted vascularization but also enhanced osteogenesis as well as osseointegration in vivo. Therefore, it can be suggested that CSNPPK with good biocompatibility, osteogenic activity, and vascularization might be a promising candidate as an implant for bone substitute and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, No. 204, East Wangjiang Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Linyang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhengliang Luo
- Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xifu Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei 230001, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dai Y, Guo H, Chu L, He Z, Wang M, Zhang S, Shang X. Promoting osteoblasts responses in vitro and improving osteointegration in vivo through bioactive coating of nanosilicon nitride on polyetheretherketone. J Orthop Translat 2019; 24:198-208. [PMID: 33101971 PMCID: PMC7548345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To enhance the bioactivity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) while maintain its mechanical strengths. Methods Suspension coating and melt bonding. Results Silicon nitride (Si3N4, SN) coating lead to higher surface roughness, hydrophilicity and protein absorption; SN coating could slowly release Si ion into simulated body fluid (SBF), which caused weak alkaline of micro-environment owing to the slight dissolution of SN; SN coating resulted in the improvements of adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and gene expressions of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro; SN coating of PEEK with bioactive SN coating (CSNPK) obviously promoted bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo. Conclusions CSNPK with SN coating as bone implant might be a promising candidate for orthopedic implants. The Translational Potential of this Article The silicon nitride-coated polyetheretherketone (CSNPK) prepared in this article could induce MC3T3-E1 cells adhesion, proliferation and differentiation in vitro; it could also induce bone regeneration in bone defect in vivo, which indicate its good cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. If the raw materials are medical grade, and preparation process as well as production process of this article are further improved, it will have great translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Han Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, 2019 Jialuo Road, Shanghai, 201800, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Linyang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zihao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Minqi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xifu Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhong G, Vaezi M, Mei X, Liu P, Yang S. Strategy for Controlling the Properties of Bioactive Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone/Hydroxyapatite Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19238-19245. [PMID: 31763547 PMCID: PMC6868901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the preparation of bioactive poly-ether-ether-ketone/hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) composites was proposed in this study with the aim of controlling the biological and mechanical properties of different parts of the composites. The strategy integrated solvent-based extrusion freeforming 3D printing technology in order to print high-resolution HA scaffolds and compression molding processes for the production of bioactive PEEK/HA composites. To this end, an optimized model, established using response surface methodology, was employed to optimize the extrusion process parameters on the basis of accurate characterization of the extrusion pressure, and the effects of the filament/pore sizes on the PEEK infiltration depth into the HA scaffold were investigated. The results of scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography analyses revealed that the PEEK/HA composites exhibited a uniform microstructure and a good interface between the HA filaments and the PEEK matrix following the optimization of the process parameters. The HA scaffolds were fully infiltrated by PEEK in both vertical and lateral directions with an infiltration depth of 3 mm while maintaining the HA network structure and uniformity. The biological and mechanical performance test results validated that the PEEK/HA composites possessed excellent biocompatibility as well as yields and compressive strengths within the range of human cortical bone suitable for load-bearing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Zhong
- College
of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China
- Faculty
of Engineering and the Environment, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hampshire, U.K.
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Mohammad Vaezi
- Faculty
of Engineering and the Environment, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hampshire, U.K.
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani
University of Technology, Babol 4714871167, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Xinliang Mei
- College
of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College
of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shoufeng Yang
- College
of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, Jiangsu, China
- Faculty
of Engineering and the Environment, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hampshire, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chu L, Li R, Liao Z, Yang Y, Dai J, Zhang K, Zhang F, Xie Y, Wei J, Zhao J, Yu Z, Tang T. Highly Effective Bone Fusion Induced by the Interbody Cage Made of Calcium Silicate/Polyetheretherketone in a Goat Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2409-2416. [PMID: 33405749 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interbody fusion surgery is often used to settle matters such as degenerative disc disease or disc herniation in clinical orthopedics. Considering the deficiencies of the current treatment methods, we developed an interbody fusion cage made of calcium silicate (CS)/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and hoped that the bioactive cage could exhibit great fusion ability and maintain stable mechanical function. In the goat model of cervical interbody fusion, the CS/PEEK cage showed stronger interbody fusion at 12 and 26 weeks compared with pure PEEK cage based on the X-ray analysis. The micro-CT scanning and analysis indicated that the CS/PEEK cage induced more new bone ingrowth than the PEEK cage and led to nearly complete interbody fusion at 26 weeks. Moreover, the CS/PEEK group showed excellent mechanical stability and stiffness as evaluated by the spine kinematic assay at the time points. The histological assessment showed the rapid osseointegration and mineralized bone formation around the CS/PEEK cage. This study confirmed that the bioactive CS/PEEK cage is capable of inducing highly effective bone fusion and has high potential to be used in the clinics of spine surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liao
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Youzhuan Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu H, Yang L, Qian J, Wang D, Pan Y, Wang X, Nabanita S, Tang T, Zhao J, Wei J. Microporous Coatings of PEKK/SN Composites Integration with PEKK Exhibiting Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activity, and Promotion of Osseointegration for Bone Substitutes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1290-1301. [PMID: 33405647 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve the antibacterial and osteogenic activities of poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) suspension with silicon nitride (SN) microparticle was utilized to modify PEKK surface. Through sulfonation reaction, microporous coatings of PEKK/SN composites were created on PEKK surface, which were integrated with PEKK substrate. The results showed that the content of SN in the microporous coatings increased with the increase of SN content in H2SO4 suspension (PKS without SN, PKSC5 and PKSC10 with 5 and 10 wt % SN content in H2SO4) and that the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of microporous coatings on PEKK were significantly improved with the SN content increasing. In addition, the microporous coating of PKSC10 with high SN content exhibited excellent antibacterial activity due to the synergistic action of the presence of amino (-NH2) and sulfonic acid (-SO3H) groups as well as the improvement of protein absorption. Moreover, the microporous coating of PKSC10 obviously stimulated adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, histological and push-out load evaluation indicated that the microporous coating of PKSC10 significantly promoted osteogenesis and osseointegration in vivo. The results suggested that the microporous coating of PKSC10 with high SN content display good biocompatibility, antibacterial and osteogenic activities, and osseointegration ability, which would have great potential for bone substitutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongkang Pan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Saha Nabanita
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University, Tr T Bati 5678, Zlin, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, Song T, Chen X, Wang M, Yang X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Osteoinductivity of Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Spheres with Nanocrystalline and Their Efficacy in Guiding Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3722-3736. [PMID: 30629405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics are facing many challenges to meet the demands of regenerative medicine, and their biological properties are limited to a large extent due to the large grain size in comparison with nanocrystalline of natural bone mineral. Herein, this study aimed to fabricate porous BCP ceramic spheres with nanocrystalline (BCP-N) by combining alginate gelatinizing with microwave hybrid sintering methods and investigated their in vitro and in vivo combinational osteogenesis potential. For comparison, spherical BCP granules with microcrystalline (BCP-G) and commercially irregular BCP granules (BAM, BCP-I) were selected as control. The obtained BCP-N with specific nanotopography could well initiate and regulate in vitro biological response, such as degradation, protein adsorption, bone-like apatite formation, cell behaviors, and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo canine intramuscular implantation and rabbit mandible critical-sized bone defect repair further confirmed that nanotopography in BCP-N might be responsible for the stronger osteoinductivity and bone regenerative ability than BCP-G and BCP-I. Collectedly, due to nanotopographic similarities with nature bone apatite, BCP-N has excellent efficacy in guiding bone regeneration and holds great potential to become a potential alternative to standard bone grafts in bone defect filling applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Tao Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin Y, Umebayashi M, Abdallah MN, Dong G, Roskies MG, Zhao YF, Murshed M, Zhang Z, Tran SD. Combination of polyetherketoneketone scaffold and human mesenchymal stem cells from temporomandibular joint synovial fluid enhances bone regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:472. [PMID: 30679553 PMCID: PMC6345789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds are a promising strategy for bone grafting. But the harvest of MSCs still remains invasive for patients. Human synovial fluid MSCs (hSF-MSCs), which can be obtained by a minimally invasive needle-aspiration procedure, have been used for cartilage repair. However, little is known of hSF-MSCs in bone regeneration. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is an attractive bone scaffold due to its mechanical properties comparable to bone. In this study, 3D-printed PEKK scaffolds were fabricated using laser sintering technique. hSF-MSCs were characterized and cultured on PEKK to evaluate their cell attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic potential. Rabbit calvarial critical-sized bone defects were created to test the bone regenerative effect of PEKK with hSF-MSCs. In vitro results showed that hSF-MSCs attached, proliferated, and were osteogenic on PEKK. In vivo results indicated that PEKK seeded with hSF-MSCs regenerated twice the amount of newly formed bone when compared to PEKK seeded with osteogenically-induced hSF-MSCs or PEKK scaffolds alone. These results suggested that there was no need to induce hSF-MSCs into osteoblasts prior to their transplantations in vivo. In conclusion, the combined use of PEKK and hSF-MSCs was effective in regenerating critical-sized bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mayumi Umebayashi
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guoying Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael G Roskies
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Fiona Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Simon D Tran
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tomoglu S, Caner G, Arabaci A, Mutlu I. Production and sulfonation of bioactive polyetheretherketone foam for bone substitute applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1539985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saitali Tomoglu
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulnihal Caner
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aliye Arabaci
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilven Mutlu
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yuan B, Cheng Q, Zhao R, Zhu X, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang K, Song Y, Zhang X. Comparison of osteointegration property between PEKK and PEEK: Effects of surface structure and chemistry. Biomaterials 2018; 170:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Li Y, Guo Y, Niu W, Chen M, Xue Y, Ge J, Ma PX, Lei B. Biodegradable Multifunctional Bioactive Glass-Based Nanocomposite Elastomers with Controlled Biomineralization Activity, Real-Time Bioimaging Tracking, and Decreased Inflammatory Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:17722-17731. [PMID: 29737839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled biomineralization activity of biomaterials is rather important in bone regeneration and osseointegration avoiding the formation of fibrous capsule. However, most of conventional biodegradable elastomeric biomaterials for bone regeneration do not possess biomineralization ability and inherent multifunctional properties. Herein, we report a multifunctional bioactive glass (BG)-based hybrid poly(citrate-siloxane) (PCS) elastomer with intrinsical biomineralization activity and photoluminescent properties for potential bone tissue regeneration. Monodispersed BG nanoparticles (BGNs) were used to control the elastomeric behavior, biomineralization activity, photoluminescent ability, and osteogenic cellular response of PCS elastomers. BGNs significantly enhanced the elastomeric modulus of PCS from 20 to 200 MPa (10 times improvement) and the hydrophilicity (from 82° to 28° in water contact angle). The photoluminescent properties of PCS elastomers were also tailored through the incorporation of BGNs. The in vivo degradation of PCS-BGN nanocomposites could be efficiently tracked through noninvasively monitoring their fluorescent change. PCS-BGN nanocomposites enhanced the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and decreased the in vivo inflammatory response. This study provided a novel tactics for designing the bioactive elastomeric biomaterials with multifunctional properties for bone regeneration medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Deng Y, Wang M, Chen X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Stabilization of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite in biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics by adding alginate to enhance their biological performances. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:84-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is of significance to further improve the bioactivity of existing calcium phosphate (Ca–P) biomaterials to satisfy the needs of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yanglong Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deng Y, Liu M, Chen X, Wang M, Li X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Enhanced osteoinductivity of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic beads with high content of strontium-incorporated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6572-6584. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01637b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Further biomimicking natural bone and enhancing osteoinductivity to meet the requirements of regenerative medicine is the key development direction of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanglong Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Minjun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yabutsuka T, Fukushima K, Hiruta T, Takai S, Yao T. Effect of pores formation process and oxygen plasma treatment to hydroxyapatite formation on bioactive PEEK prepared by incorporation of precursor of apatite. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Yabutsuka T, Fukushima K, Hiruta T, Takai S, Yao T. Fabrication of Bioactive Fiber-reinforced PEEK and MXD6 by Incorporation of Precursor of Apatite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2254-2265. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yabutsuka
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science; Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Keito Fukushima
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science; Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoko Hiruta
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science; Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeomi Takai
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science; Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yao
- National Institute of Technology, Kagawa College, 355, Chokushi-cho; Takamatsu Kagawa 761-8058 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li X, Wang M, Deng Y, Chen X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Fabrication and Properties of Ca-P Bioceramic Spherical Granules with Interconnected Porous Structure. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1557-1566. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yanglong Deng
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Miyazaki T, Matsunami C, Shirosaki Y. Bioactive carbon–PEEK composites prepared by chemical surface treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:71-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|