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Sarkar K. Research progress on biodegradable magnesium phosphate ceramics in orthopaedic applications. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39140212 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
To overcome critical size bone defects, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based ceramics have been widely explored. The compositional similarity with bone matrix and degradability are the main reasons for their selection in orthopaedic biomaterials. However, the low solubility rate under in vivo conditions raises concerns about these CaP groups, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics. Therefore, reliable and suitable degradable ceramics for bone defect repair are always an important research direction for researchers. The magnesium phosphate (MgP) group of bioceramics has been studied for orthopaedic applications and is comparatively new compared to traditional CaP ceramics. The role of magnesium in different biochemical processes, such as DNA stabilization, bone density maintenance, regulating Ca and Na ion channels, and cell proliferation and differentiation enhancement, is a key parameter for the development of MgP bioceramics. This article aims to give a comprehensive review of MgP ceramics in bone tissue engineering. Here, we have highlighted several preparation techniques, the existence of porosity, and the impact of metal ion doping on MgP bioceramics. Finally, in vitro and in vivo responses of MgP bioceramics in bone formation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sarkar
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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Rath P, Mandal S, Das P, Sahoo SN, Mandal S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK, Roy M. Effects of the multiscale porosity of decellularized platelet-rich fibrin-loaded zinc-doped magnesium phosphate scaffolds in bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5869-5883. [PMID: 38775079 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02981f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, metallic ion-doped magnesium phosphate (MgP)-based degradable bioceramics have emerged as alternative bone substitute materials owing to their excellent biocompatibility, bone-forming ability, bioactivity, and controlled degradability. Conversely, incorporating a biomolecule such as decellularized platelet-rich fibrin (d-PRF) on scaffolds has certain advantages for bone tissue regeneration, particularly in enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The present study focuses on the impact of d-PRF-loaded multiscale porous zinc-doped magnesium phosphate (Zn-MgP) scaffolds on biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration. Scaffolds were fabricated through the powder-metallurgy route utilizing naphthalene as a porogen (porosity = 5-43%). With the inclusion of a higher porogen, a higher fraction of macro-porosity (>20 μm) and pore interconnectivity were observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the formation of the farringtonite phase. The developed scaffolds exhibited a minimum ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of 8.5 MPa (for 40 Naph), which lies within the range of UCS of the cancellous bone of humans (2-12 MPa). The in vitro assessment via immersion in physiological fluid yielded a higher deposition of the calcium phosphate (CaP) compound in response to increased macro-porosity and interconnectivity (40 Naph). Cytocompatibility assessed using MC3T3-E1 cells showed that the incorporation of d-PRF coupled with increased porosity resulted the highest cell attachment, proliferation, and viability. For further evaluation, the developed scaffolds were implanted in in vivo rabbit femur condylar defects. Radiography, SEM, OTC labelling, and histology analysis after 2 months of implantation revealed the better invasion of mature osteoblastic cells into the scaffolds with enhanced angiogenesis and superior and accelerated healing of bone defects in d-PRF-incorporated higher porosity scaffolds (40 Naph). Finally, it is hypothesized that the combination of d-PRF incorporation with multiscale porosity and increased interconnectivity facilitated better bone-forming ability, good biocompatibility, and controlled degradability within and around the Zn-doped MgP scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Rath
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, India.
| | - Santanu Mandal
- School of Minerals, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, 752050, India
| | - Pratik Das
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, India.
| | - Satyabrata Nigamananda Sahoo
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Samiran Mandal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, India
| | - Debaki Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, India.
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, India.
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Sahoo SN, Mandal S, Khan R, Dutta S, Pal S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK, Roy M. Synergistic Effects of Cerium and Hot Forging on Biodegradation, Antibacterial Properties, and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Microalloyed Mg-Zr-Sr Alloys. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2495-2513. [PMID: 37121911 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based alloys are potential candidates for orthopedic applications. In the present study, we have discussed the effect of cerium (Ce) addition and hot forging on mechanical properties, in vitro-in vivo corrosion, antibacterial activity, and cytocompatibility of microalloyed Mg-0.2Zr-0.1Sr-xCe (x = 0 [MZS], 0.5 wt % [MZS-Ce]) alloys. Addition of 0.5 wt % Ce to forged MZS alloys leads to strengthening of the basal texture as well as formation of a higher fraction of dynamic recrystallized (DRX) grains. Hot forging and addition of cerium to the MZS alloy improve both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the forged MZS-Ce alloy by 1.39 and 1.21 times, respectively, compared to those of the forged MZS alloy. The potentiodynamic polarization test in Hank's solution indicates that the corrosion resistance of the forged MZS alloy improves with addition of 0.5 wt % Ce. Uniform distribution of Mg12Ce precipitates, a higher DRX fraction, strengthened texture, and formation of a compact CeO2 passive layer result in 1.68 times reduction in the immersion corrosion rate of the forged MZS-Ce alloy compared to that of the forged MZS alloy. Addition of Ce to the MZS alloy shows excellent antibacterial activity. The forged MZS-Ce alloy exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy (76.73%). All the alloys show favorable cytocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with MC3T3-E1 cells. The improved corrosion resistance of the forged MZS-Ce alloy (95%) leads to higher cell viability compared to that of the forged MZS alloy (85%). In vivo biodegradation and the ability to generate new bones were analyzed by implanting cylindrical samples in the rabbit femur. Histological analysis showed no adverse effects around the implants. Gradual degradation of the implants and higher new bone formation around the forged MZS-Ce sample were confirmed by micro-CT analysis. Bone regeneration around the implants (58.21%) was validated by flurochrome labeling. After 60 days, the forged MZS-Ce alloy showed controlled corrosion and better bone-implant integration, presenting it as a potential candidate for internal fracture fixation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Nigamananda Sahoo
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Santanu Mandal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rabiul Khan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Sourav Dutta
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Surasree Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology─Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debaki Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Nandi SK, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S. In vivo biocompatibility of SrO and MgO doped brushite cements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:599-609. [PMID: 36254886 PMCID: PMC9852027 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The addition of dopants in biomaterials has emerged as a critical regulator of bone formation and regeneration due to their imminent role in the biological process. The present work evaluated the role of strontium (Sr) and magnesium (Mg) dopants in brushite cement (BrC) on in vivo bone healing performance in a rabbit model. Pure, 1 wt% SrO (Sr-BrC), 1 wt% MgO (Mg-BrC), and a binary composition of 1.0 wt% SrO + 1.0 wt% MgO (Sr + Mg-BrC) BrCs were implanted into critical-sized tibial defects in rabbits for up to 4 months. The in vivo bone healing of three doped and pure BrC samples was examined and compared using sequential radiological examination, histological evaluations, and fluorochrome labeling studies. The results indicated excellent osseous tissue formation for Sr-BrC and Sr + Mg-BrC and moderate bone regeneration for Mg-BrC compared to pure BrC. Our findings indicated that adding small amounts of SrO, MgO, and binary dopants to the BrC can significantly influence new bone formation for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit K. Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and RadiologyWest Bengal University of Animal and Fishery SciencesKolkataIndia
| | - Mangal Roy
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
- Present address:
Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringIIT‐KharagpurKharagpurIndia
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
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Open-porous magnesium-based scaffolds withstand in vitro corrosion under cyclic loading: A mechanistic study. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:406-417. [PMID: 35574056 PMCID: PMC9062748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful application of magnesium (Mg) alloys as biodegradable bone substitutes for critical-sized defects may be comprised by their high degradation rate resulting in a loss of mechanical integrity. This study investigates the degradation pattern of an open-porous fluoride-coated Mg-based scaffold immersed in circulating Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) with and without in situ cyclic compression (30 N/1 Hz). The changes in morphological and mechanical properties have been studied by combining in situ high-resolution X-ray computed tomography mechanics and digital volume correlation. Although in situ cyclic compression induced acceleration of the corrosion rate, probably due to local disruption of the coating layer where fatigue microcracks were formed, no critical failures in the overall scaffold were observed, indicating that the mechanical integrity of the Mg scaffolds was preserved. Structural changes, due to the accumulation of corrosion debris between the scaffold fibres, resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the material volume fraction from 0.52 ± 0.07 to 0.47 ± 0.03 after 14 days of corrosion. However, despite an increase in fibre material loss, the accumulated corrosion products appear to have led to an increase in Young's modulus after 14 days as well as lower third principal strain (εp3) accumulation (−91000 ± 6361 με and −60093 ± 2414 με after 2 and 14 days, respectively). Therefore, this innovative Mg scaffold design and composition provide a bone replacement, capable of sustaining mechanical loads in situ during the postoperative phase allowing new bone formation to be initially supported as the scaffold resorbs. First report on in vitro cyclic loading of MgF2 coated open-porous Mg scaffolds in HBSS simulating 2–3 months in humans. Fluoride-coating slows down corrosion under cyclic loading in vitro. Entangled scaffold structure accumulates local corrosion debris which keeps the mechanical integrity over 14 days in vitro.
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Tang Y, Wang J, Cao Q, Chen F, Wang M, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhu X, Zhang X. Dopamine/DOPAC-assisted immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 loaded Heparin/PEI nanogels onto three-dimentional printed calcium phosphate ceramics for enhanced osteoinductivity and osteogenicity. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 140:213030. [PMID: 36027668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the three-dimensional (3D) printed calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have well-designed geometric structure, but suffer from relative weak osteoinductivity. Surface modification by incorporating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) onto scaffolds is considered as an efficient approach to improve their bioactivity. However, high dose and uncontrolled burst release of BMP2 may cause undesired side effect. In the present study, porous BCP ceramics with inverse face-centred cube structure prepared by digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique were used as the substrates. BMP2 proteins were loaded in the self-assembled Heparin/PEI nanogels (NP/BMP2), and then immobilized onto BCP substrates through the intermediate mussel-derived bioactive dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DA/DOPAC) coating layers to construct functional BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds. Our results showed that Heparin/PEI nanogel was a potent delivery system for BMP2, and BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds exhibited the high loading capacity, controlled release rate, and sustained local delivery of BMP2. In vitro cell experiments with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) found that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could promote cell proliferation, facilitate cell spreading, accelerate cell migration, up-regulate expression of osteogenic genes, and improve synthesis of osteoblast-related proteins. Moreover, the murine intramuscular implantation model suggested that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 had a superior osteoinductive capacity, and the rat femoral condyle defect repair model showed that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could enhance in situ bone repair and regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the incorporation of BMP2 loaded Heparin/PEI nanogels to 3D printed scaffolds holds great promise in fabricating bone graft with a superior biological performance for orthopedic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fuying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yonghao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Bavya Devi K, Lalzawmliana V, Saidivya M, Kumar V, Roy M, Kumar Nandi S. Magnesium Phosphate Bioceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200136. [PMID: 35866502 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium phosphate (MgP) is a family of newly developed resorbable bioceramics for bone tissue engineering. Although calcium phosphates (CaP) are the most commonly used bioceramics, low solubility, and slow degradation, when implanted in vivo, are their main drawbacks. Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element in the human body as it plays important role in bone metabolism, DNA stabilization, and skeletal development. Recent research on magnesium phosphates has established their higher degradability, in vitro, and in vivo biocompatibility. Compared to CaP, very limited research work has been found in the area of MgP. The prime goal of this review is to bring out the importance of magnesium phosphate ceramics for biomedical applications. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis methods, mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of MgP bioceramics. Moreover, we have highlighted the recent developments in metal ion-doped MgPs and MgP scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bavya Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women, 623517, Kilakarai, Ramanathapuram, India
| | - V Lalzawmliana
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, 799008, R. K. Nagar, Tripura West, India
| | - Maktumkari Saidivya
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, 721302, Kharagpur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, pin-221005, Mirzapur, India
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, 721302, Kharagpur, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 700037, Kolkata, India
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Bigham A, Salehi AOM, Rafienia M, Salamat MR, Rahmati S, Raucci MG, Ambrosio L. Zn-substituted Mg 2SiO 4 nanoparticles-incorporated PCL-silk fibroin composite scaffold: A multifunctional platform towards bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112242. [PMID: 34225882 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun porous bone scaffolds are known to imitate the extracellular matrix very well and provide an environment through which the tissue formation is enhanced. Although polymeric scaffolds have a great potential in bone tissue regeneration, their weak bioactivity (bone bonding ability) and mechanical properties have left room for improvement. Therefore, the present study focused on the developing a ternary multifunctional platform composed of polycaprolactone (PCL)/silk fibroin (SF)/Zn-substituted Mg2SiO4 nanoparticles for bone tissue regeneration. This study is composed of two connected sections including synthesis and characterization of Mg(2-x)ZnxSiO4, x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 through surfactant-assisted sol-gel technique followed by incorporation of the nanoparticles into PCL/SF hybrid scaffold via electrospinning technique. The weight ratios of polymers and ceramic nanoparticles were optimized to reach desirable textural-porosity, pore size, and fiber diameter-and mechanical properties. Having optimized the ternary scaffold, it was then undergone different physical, chemical, and biological tests in vitro. A precise comparison study between the ternary (PCL/SF/ceramic nanoparticles), binary (PCL/SF), and pure PCL was made to shed light on the effect of each composition on the applicability of ternary scaffold. The overall results confirmed that the Mg1Zn1SiO4 nanoparticles-incorporated PCL/SF scaffold with fluorescence property was the one yielding the highest Young's modulus and desirable textural properties. The ternary scaffold showed improved biological properties making it a promising candidate for further studies towards bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mohammad Rafienia
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Salamat
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahram Rahmati
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Shuai C, Xue L, Gao C, Peng S, Zhao Z. Rod-like Eutectic Structure in Biodegradable Zn-Al-Sn Alloy Exhibiting Enhanced Mechanical Strength. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3821-3831. [PMID: 33463313 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zn alloy is recognized as a promising biodegradable metal for bone implant applications because of its good biocompatibility and moderate degradation rate. Nevertheless, the insufficient strength limits its applications. In this study, a rod-like eutectic structure was fabricated in Zn-Al-Sn alloy with the addition of Sn via selective laser melting. It was found that the Al-enriched phase nucleated primarily during cooling and caused the rapid precipitation of Zn. This inevitably consumed the liquid Zn and increased the ratio of Sn to Zn in the liquid phase, resulting in the formation of the eutectic, which was composed of the Sn-enriched phase and the Zn-enriched phase. More importantly, the coupled growth of the Sn-enriched and Zn-enriched phases and their volume differences together led to a rod-like morphology of the eutectic according to the volume fraction theory. Consequently, the yield and ultimate compressive strengths were enhanced to 180 ± 18.8 and 325 ± 29.6 MPa for the Zn-Al-2Sn alloy, respectively. This could be attributed to the pinning effect of the rod-like eutectic, which could block dislocation motion and result in dislocation pile-up, thereby conducing to the mechanical reinforcement. In addition, the Zn-Al-Sn alloy also exhibited good biocompatibility and increased degradation rate because of the enhanced galvanic corrosion. This study showed the potential of rod-like eutectic for the mechanical enhancement of the biodegradable Zn alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.,Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lianfeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- Institute of Bioadditive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
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