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Li Y, Pu X, Ge K, Yi L, Ren D, Gu Y, Wang S. Engineering an Antifouling Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on an All-in-One Peptide and a Hierarchical β-Bi 2O 3-Au Microsphere for Vancomycin Detection in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19866-19878. [PMID: 38032067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Challenges associated with interference aroused by nonspecific attachment of foulants in the food matrix steered the development of sensor surfaces capable of antifouling capacity. In this study, an antifouling electrochemical sensing platform based on an all-in-one peptide (DOPA3-PPPPEKDQDKKaa) with anchoring, antifouling, and recognition functions and a hierarchical β-Bi2O3-Au microsphere was proposed for vancomycin (Van) detection in food. The β-Bi2O3-Au with excellent conductivity was synthesized and introduced as an electrode modifier to accelerate electron transfer on the sensor surface, enhancing sensing response. Mussel organism-inspired oligo DOPA, that is, oligo 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, was employed as the anchoring segment of the all-in-one peptide, which is versatile for surfaces with different materials. PPPPEKDQDK and Kaa as antifouling and recognition segments confer abilities to resist nonspecific adsorption of foulants and specifically bind Van on the sensor surface, respectively. Notably, the excellent antifouling performance of the proposed sensor has been verified in protein solutions, carbohydrate solutions, and even in diluted milk and honey. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to explain the antifouling mechanism of the all-in-one peptide. The proposed sensor can detect Van sensitively and selectively with a relatively wide linear range (0.1-100 ng mL-1) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.038 ng mL-1 and support the quantification of Van in milk, milk powder, and honey samples with satisfactory recoveries within 105.3-110.8%. This antifouling electrochemical sensing platform offers a feasible strategy to reduce matrix interference, which guarantees the accurate detection of Van in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xujun Pu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kun Ge
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dabing Ren
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Mearaj S, Ajaz AM, Kim TM, Choi JW. Bioactive and Hemocompatible PLA/Lignin Bio-Composites: Assessment of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3648-3660. [PMID: 37584640 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acetylated soda lignin (ASL) and non-acetylated soda lignin (SL) were extruded with PLA in different concentrations to fabricate antioxidant polylactic acid (PLA)/lignin composites for potential biomedical applications. After lignin acetylation, good compatibility was observed between PLA and lignin in scanning electron microscopy images. All the PLA/ASL composites displayed higher mechanical properties than PLA/SL composites. PLA/ASL5 displayed the highest mechanical characteristics with elongation at break of 10% and tensile strength of 57 MPa, while PLA/SL15 and PLA/SL20 demonstrated superior UV-blocking potential with UV transmittance less than 10%. Addition of ASL in PLA lead to an increase in the hydrophobic character, with all the PLA/ASL displaying a higher water contact angle. The antioxidant test using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showed that PLA/SL composites rendered superior radical scavenging activity (RSA), with PLA/SL20 composites displaying an RSA of 80%. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytocompatibility were analyzed using human colon cancer cells (HCT-15) and gastric epithelial cells (NCC-24). In vitro antioxidant activity, evaluated by H2O2 exposure was confirmed by a live/dead assay. PLA/SL composites protected both types of cells from oxidative stress. In addition, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites promoted cell proliferation compared to PLA. PLA/SL5 and PLA/SL10 displayed the highest cell proliferation of all composites. Lastly, all PLA/SL and PLA/ASL composites had a hemoglobin release less than 2%. The antioxidant properties, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of lignin/PLA demonstrated in our study indicate that these lignin/PLA composites possess the desirable attributes for potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Mearaj
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Ahmed Muhammad Ajaz
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Department of Green Eco System Engineering, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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Hu X, Wang T, Li F, Mao X. Surface modifications of biomaterials in different applied fields. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20495-20511. [PMID: 37435384 PMCID: PMC10331796 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial implantation into the human body plays a key role in the medical field and biological applications. Increasing the life expectancy of biomaterial implants, reducing the rejection reaction inside the human body and reducing the risk of infection are the problems in this field that need to be solved urgently. The surface modification of biomaterials can change the original physical, chemical and biological properties and improve the function of materials. This review focuses on the application of surface modification techniques in various fields of biomaterials reported in the past few years. The surface modification techniques include film and coating synthesis, covalent grafting, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), plasma surface modification and other strategies. First, a brief introduction to these surface modification techniques for biomaterials is given. Subsequently, the review focuses on how these techniques change the properties of biomaterials, and evaluates the effects of modification on the cytocompatibility, antibacterial, antifouling and surface hydrophobic properties of biomaterials. In addition, the implications for the design of biomaterials with different functions are discussed. Finally, based on this review, it is expected that the biomaterials have development prospects in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Faqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
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Douglass M, Garren M, Devine R, Mondal A, Handa H. Bio-inspired hemocompatible surface modifications for biomedical applications. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 130:100997. [PMID: 36660552 PMCID: PMC9844968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When blood first encounters the artificial surface of a medical device, a complex series of biochemical reactions is triggered, potentially resulting in clinical complications such as embolism/occlusion, inflammation, or device failure. Preventing thrombus formation on the surface of blood-contacting devices is crucial for maintaining device functionality and patient safety. As the number of patients reliant on blood-contacting devices continues to grow, minimizing the risk associated with these devices is vital towards lowering healthcare-associated morbidity and mortality. The current standard clinical practice primarily requires the systemic administration of anticoagulants such as heparin, which can result in serious complications such as post-operative bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Due to these complications, the administration of antithrombotic agents remains one of the leading causes of clinical drug-related deaths. To reduce the side effects spurred by systemic anticoagulation, researchers have been inspired by the hemocompatibility exhibited by natural phenomena, and thus have begun developing medical-grade surfaces which aim to exhibit total hemocompatibility via biomimicry. This review paper aims to address different bio-inspired surface modifications that increase hemocompatibility, discuss the limitations of each method, and explore the future direction for hemocompatible surface research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Douglass
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Garren
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ryan Devine
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Arnab Mondal
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zheng H, Chen R, Ma C, Zhang G. Multifunctional Hard Yet Flexible Coatings Fabricated Using a Universal Step-by-Step Strategy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200268. [PMID: 35274481 PMCID: PMC9109054 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hard yet flexible coatings with multi-functionalities are useful for foldable displays and marine industries but rare. In this study, a highly cross-linked multifunctional hybrid coating with ceramic-like hardness and polymer-like flexibility is reported. The coating is prepared via a step-by-step strategy, where two types of epoxy-oligosiloxane nanoclusters are first synthesized by sol-gel chemistry, and amine-terminated curing agents are used to cross-link them at room temperature. The coating is highly transparent (>92% transmittance), hard (6-7H), and flexible (10 mm bending diameter) because of the unique combination of siloxane nanoclusters and polymer networks. Meanwhile, since the coating contains fouling-resistant telomer and low-surface-tension liquid lubricant polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), it exhibits excellent anti-biofouling and self-cleaning properties. The results indicate that the mechanical and antifouling properties of the coating can be easily tuned and prove that the step-by-step strategy is a promising and universal method. The novel coatings can meet the needs of applications in foldable displays, marine industries, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Zixin Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Runze Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
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Zhao CL, Gao YZ, Wu MY, Zhang HT, Wu YX. Biocompatible, Hemocompatible and Antibacterial Acylated Dextran-g-polyisobutylene Graft Copolymers with Silver Nanoparticles. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ashcraft M, Douglass M, Chen Y, Handa H. Combination strategies for antithrombotic biomaterials: an emerging trend towards hemocompatibility. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2413-2423. [PMID: 33599226 PMCID: PMC8035307 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface-induced thrombosis is a frequent, critical issue for blood-contacting medical devices that poses a serious threat to patient safety and device functionality. Antithrombotic material design strategies including the immobilization of anticoagulants, alterations in surface chemistries and morphology, and the release of antithrombotic compounds have made great strides in the field with the ultimate goal of circumventing the need for systemic anticoagulation, but have yet to achieve the same hemocompatibility as the native endothelium. Given that the endothelium achieves this state through the use of many mechanisms of action, there is a rising trend in combining these established design strategies for improved antithrombotic actions. Here, we describe this emerging paradigm, highlighting the apparent advantages of multiple antithrombotic mechanisms of action and discussing the demonstrated potential of this new direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ashcraft
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Muhammad K, Zhao J, Gao B, Feng Y. Polymeric nano-carriers for on-demand delivery of genes via specific responses to stimuli. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:9621-9641. [PMID: 32955058 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01675f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nano-carriers have been developed as a most capable and feasible technology platform for gene therapy. As vehicles, polymeric nano-carriers are obliged to possess high gene loading capability, low immunogenicity, safety, and the ability to transfer various genetic materials into specific sites of target cells to express therapeutic proteins or block a process of gene expression. To this end, various types of polymeric nano-carriers have been prepared to release genes in response to stimuli such as pH, redox, enzymes, light and temperature. These stimulus-responsive nano-carriers exhibit high gene transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. In particular, dual- and multi-stimulus-responsive polymeric nano-carriers can respond to a combination of signals. Markedly, these combined responses take place either simultaneously or in a sequential manner. These dual-stimulus-responsive polymeric nano-carriers can control gene delivery with high gene transfection both in vitro and in vivo. In this review paper, we highlight the recent exciting developments in stimulus-responsive polymeric nano-carriers for gene delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Muhammad
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Zhao J, Feng Y. Surface Engineering of Cardiovascular Devices for Improved Hemocompatibility and Rapid Endothelialization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000920. [PMID: 32833323 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular devices have been widely applied in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, poor hemocompatibility and slow endothelialization on their surface still exist. Numerous surface engineering strategies have mainly sought to modify the device surface through physical, chemical, and biological approaches to improve surface hemocompatibility and endothelialization. The alteration of physical characteristics and pattern topographies brings some hopeful outcomes and plays a notable role in this respect. The chemical and biological approaches can provide potential signs of success in the endothelialization of vascular device surfaces. They usually involve therapeutic drugs, specific peptides, adhesive proteins, antibodies, growth factors and nitric oxide (NO) donors. The gene engineering can enhance the proliferation, growth, and migration of vascular cells, thus boosting the endothelialization. In this review, the surface engineering strategies are highlighted and summarized to improve hemocompatibility and rapid endothelialization on the cardiovascular devices. The potential outlook is also briefly discussed to help guide endothelialization strategies and inspire further innovations. It is hoped that this review can assist with the surface engineering of cardiovascular devices and promote future advancements in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin) Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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10
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Anticoagulant dialyzer with enhanced Ca2+ chelation and hydrophilicity for heparin free hemodialysis. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Shi Y, Liu K, Zhang Z, Tao X, Chen HY, Kingshott P, Wang PY. Decoration of Material Surfaces with Complex Physicochemical Signals for Biointerface Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1836-1851. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Xuelian Tao
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Ngo BKD, Barry ME, Lim KK, Johnson JC, Luna DJ, Pandian NK, Jain A, Grunlan MA. Thromboresistance of Silicones Modified with PEO-Silane Amphiphiles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2029-2037. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Khai D. Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mikayla E. Barry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kendrick K. Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jessica C. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David J. Luna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Navaneeth K.R. Pandian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Melissa A. Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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