1
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Bolt RRA, Smallman HR, Leitch JA, Bluck GW, Barreteau F, Iosub AV, Constable D, Dapremont O, Richardson P, Browne DL. Solvent Minimized Synthesis of Amides by Reactive Extrusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408315. [PMID: 39248684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the translation of a small scale ball-milled amidation protocol into a large scale continuous reactive extrusion process. Critical components to the successful translation were: a) understanding how the different operating parameters of a twin-screw extruder should be harnessed to control prolonged continuous operation, and b) consideration of the physical form of the input materials. The amidation reaction is applied to 36 amides spanning a variety of physical form combinations (liquid-liquid, solid-liquid and solid-solid). Following this learning process, we have developed an understanding for the translation of each physical form combination and demonstrated a 7-hour reactive extrusion process for the synthesis of an amide on 500 gram scale (1.3 mols of product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R A Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry R Smallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Andrei V Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - David Constable
- ACS, Green Chemistry Institute, retired (formally 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC-20036, USA
| | | | - Paul Richardson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, 10770 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, California, 92121
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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2
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Lei H, Wang B, Yang Y, Fan S, Wang S, Wei X. Ball-Milling-Enabled Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive 1,4-Alkylarylation of 1,3-Enynes under an Air Atmosphere. Org Lett 2024; 26:7688-7694. [PMID: 39207781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A ball-mill-enabled nickel-catalyzed 1,4-alkylarylation of 1,3-enynes with organic bromides has been developed, offering a versatile method for assembling tetrasubstituted allenes. This approach, the first of ball-milling-based remote radical coupling, overcomes the limitations of traditional solution-phase methods, such as the need for air- and moisture-sensitive reagents, the use of bulk solvents, and prolonged reaction times. Given the outstanding performance of ball-milling-based radical reduction coupling reactions, we anticipate further advancements in sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shu Fan
- Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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3
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Zhao Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Kang Q, Wang B, Wu T, Lei H, Ma P, Su W, Wang S, Wu Z, Huang X, Fan C, Wei X. Mechanochemical Synthesis of α-halo Alkylboronic Esters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404071. [PMID: 38958542 PMCID: PMC11434113 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
α-halo alkylboronic esters, acting as ambiphilic synthons, play a pivotal role as versatile intermediates in fields like pharmaceutical science and organic chemistry. The sequential transformation of carbon-boron and carbon-halogen bonds into a broad range of carbon-X bonds allows for programmable bond formation, facilitating the incorporation of multiple substituents at a single position and streamlining the synthesis of complex molecules. Nevertheless, the synthetic potential of these compounds is constrained by limited reaction patterns. Additionally, the conventional methods often necessitate the use of bulk toxic solvents, exhibit sensitivity to air/moisture, rely on expensive metal catalysts, and involve extended reaction times. In this report, a ball milling technique is introduced that overcomes these limitations, enabling the external catalyst-free multicomponent coupling of aryl diazonium salts, alkenes, and simple metal halides. This approach offers a general and straightforward method for obtaining a diverse array of α-halo alkylboronic esters, thereby paving the way for the extensive utilization of these synthons in the synthesis of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zekun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qinchun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Bobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tianle Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Peile Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Xinsong Huang
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
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4
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Yaragorla S, Sneha Latha D, Kumar R. Mechanochemical Regioselective [3+3] Annulation of 6-Amino Uracil with Propargyl Alcohols Catalyzed by a Brønsted Acid/Hexafluoroisopropanol. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401480. [PMID: 38727792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
A mechanochemistry approach is developed for regioselective synthesis of functionalized dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines by milling propargylic alcohols and 6-aminouracils with HFIP/p-TsOH. In the case of tert-propargyl alcohols, this [3+3] cascade annulation proceeded through allenylation of uracil followed by a 6-endo trig cyclization. With sec-propargyl alcohols, the reaction furnished the propargylation of uracil. This atom economy ball milling reaction allows access to a broad range of dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives in excellent yields. We demonstrated the gram scale synthesis of 3 g and post-synthetic modifications to effect the cyclization of 5 to 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Dandugula Sneha Latha
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Rituraj Kumar
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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5
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Liu R, He X, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Q, Chen X, Lian Z. Organic Reactions Enabled by Mechanical Force-Induced Single Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401376. [PMID: 38887819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions, achieved through milling, grinding, or other mechanical actions, have emerged as a solvent-free alternative to traditional solution-based chemistry. Mechanochemistry not only provides the opportunity to eliminate bulk solvent use, reducing waste generation, but also unveils a new reaction strategy which enables the realization of reactions previously inaccessible in solution. While the majority of organic reactions facilitated by mechanical force traditionally follow two-electron transfer pathways similar to their solution-based counterparts, the field of mechanochemically induced single-electron transfer (SET) reactions has witnessed rapid development. This review outlines examples of mechanochemical reactions facilitated by the SET process, focusing on the reagents that initiate SET, thereby positioning mechanochemistry as a burgeoning field within the realm of single-electron chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaochun He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Tianfen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xinzhou Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
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6
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Wohlgemuth M, Schmidt S, Mayer M, Pickhardt W, Graetz S, Borchardt L. Solid-State Oxidation of Alcohols in Gold-Coated Milling Vessels via Direct Mechanocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405342. [PMID: 38801736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach for the selective oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes through direct mechanocatalysis, employing a gold-coated milling vessel as catalyst and air as the oxidation agent. By adjusting milling frequency, media, and duration, high catalytic efficiencies and selectivities are achieved. Remarkably, yields of up to 99 % are obtained for specific substrates, with a turnover number (TON) of 8200 and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.77 s-1, surpassing existing alternatives. Confirmation of the catalytic reaction indeed occurring on the milling tool surface was achieved through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wohlgemuth
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Mayer
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wilm Pickhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Graetz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Amer MM, Backer L, Buschmann H, Handler N, Scherf-Clavel O, Holzgrabe U, Bolm C. Prediction of Degradation Profiles for Various Sartans under Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Conditions. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39092810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
For the approval of a drug, the stability data must be submitted to regulatory authorities. Such analyses are often time-consuming and cost-intensive. Forced degradation studies are mainly carried out under harsh conditions in the dissolved state, often leading to extraneous degradation profiles for a solid drug. Oxidative mechanochemical degradation offers the possibility of generating realistic degradation profiles. In this study, a sustainable mechanochemical procedure is presented for the degradation of five active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the sartan family: losartan potassium, irbesartan, valsartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and telmisartan. High-resolution mass spectrometry enabled the detection of impurities already present in untreated APIs and allowed the elucidation of degradation products. Significant degradation profiles could already be obtained after 15-60 min of ball milling time. Many of the identified degradation products are described in the literature and pharmacopoeias, emphasizing the significance of our results and the applicability of this approach to predict degradation profiles for drugs in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Laura Backer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Patra S, Nandasana BN, Valsamidou V, Katayev D. Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402970. [PMID: 38829256 PMCID: PMC11304296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Bhargav N. Nandasana
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Valsamidou
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
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9
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Kiani A, Rosaria Acocella M, Auriemma F, Guerra G. Solid-State Reaction of Alkylamines with CO 2 in Ambient Air. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400264. [PMID: 38869009 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores possible procedures to accelerate CO2 capture from ambient air by a crystalline alkylamine surfactant (octadecylamine), leading to the corresponding crystalline ammonium-carbamate. Conversion of the amine to the carbamate, in different conditions, is studied by four different techniques: WAXD, FTIR, TGA, and DSC. The WAXD study also gives relevant information on the crystal structures of both amine and derived carbamate. Kinetics of reactions of the crystalline amine are mainly studied by DSC scans, by evaluating melting enthalpies of residual amine. The kinetics of conversion of the amine in ambient CO2 is strongly accelerated by ball milling with full conversion achieved after only 4 h, while the reaction kinetics of amine powder simply exposed to ambient CO2 is complete only after nearly 103 h. A substantial increase in kinetics of the solid-state amine reaction with ambient CO2 can be also achieved by increasing the temperature up to 50 °C, i. e. at a temperature slightly lower than amine melting. However, the time for full conversion remains much higher than for room-temperature ball-milled amine (roughly 102 h vs 4 h). Hence, suitable ball-milling procedures can lead to complete and relatively fast conversion of the crystalline amine to the crystalline ammonium-carbamate, even with ambient CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kiani
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Acocella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cintia, Complesso Monte Sant'Amgelo 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Gaetano Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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10
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Cortés-Lobo A, Hernández JG. Calcium Carbide (CaC 2) as a C 2-Synthon by Mechanochemistry. Chempluschem 2024:e202400257. [PMID: 38819438 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions by ball milling have opened new avenues in chemical synthesis. Particularly, mechanochemistry has facilitated the reaction of insoluble materials to simplify stablished synthetic protocols and develop new ones. One notable application involves the use of calcium carbide (CaC2) as a C2-synthon through mechanochemistry, which has offered a more practical alternative to incorporate C2-units compared to the conventional use of highly flammable gaseous acetylene. For example, by ball milling, the acetylenic anions [C2]2- found in CaC2 have been harnessed for the synthesis of diverse functional carbon materials as well as discrete organic molecules. This Concept aims to contribute to the conceptualization of this innovative approach while highlighting both its advantages and the challenges inherent in the use of CaC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cortés-Lobo
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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11
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Nallaparaju JV, Satsi R, Merzhyievskyi D, Jarg T, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemical Birch Reduction with Low Reactive Alkaline Earth Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319449. [PMID: 38436590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Birch reduction and similar dissolved metal-type transformations hold significant importance in the organic synthesis toolbox. Historically, the field has been dominated by alkali metal reductants. In this study, we report that largely neglected, low-reactive alkaline earth metals can become powerful and affordable reductants when used in a ball mill under essentially solvent-free conditions, in the presence of ethylenediamine and THF as liquid additives. Calcium can reduce both electron-deficient and electron-rich arenes, with yields of products similar to those obtained with lithium metal. Magnesium reveals enhanced reducing power, enabling the reduction of benzoic acids while keeping electron-rich aromatic moieties intact and allows for chemoselective transformations. The developed mechanochemical approach uses readily available and safer-to-handle metals, operates under air and ambient temperature conditions, and can be used for gram-scale preparations. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed conditions can be used for other dissolved metal-type reductive transformations, including reductive amination, deoxygenation, dehalogenation, alkene and alkyne reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Riin Satsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Danylo Merzhyievskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-containing Heterocyclic Bases, V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tatsiana Jarg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Dzmitry G Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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12
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Sharma A, Singh J, Sharma A. Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Benzothiazoles Using α-Keto Acids under Ball Milling. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5229-5238. [PMID: 38551089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry refers to the initiation of chemical reactions via mechanical forces such as milling, grinding, or shearing to achieve the chemical transformations. As a manifestation of mechanocatalysis, herein, an oxidant-free and solvent-free approach for the synthesis of quinazolinones (23 derivatives) and benzothiazoles (23 derivatives) has been developed through stainless-steel-driven decarboxylative acyl radical generation from α-keto acids. A library of 2-arylquinazolinones and 2-arylbenzothiazoles has been prepared in moderate to good yields at room temperature. Moreover, control experiments and XPS studies supported the reduction (by zerovalent iron) of molecular oxygen through the moderate abrasion of balls, which promoted the generation of a superoxide radical anion via a SET process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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13
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Sil S, Krishnapriya AU, Mandal P, Kuniyil R, Mandal SK. Cross-Coupling Between Aryl Halides and Aryl Alkynes Catalyzed by an Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2024:e202400895. [PMID: 38584581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic cross-coupling between aryl halides and alkynes is considered an extremely important organic transformation (popularly known as the Sonogashira coupling) and it requires a transition metal-based catalyst. Accomplishing such transformation without any transition metal-based catalyst in the absence of any external stimuli such as heat, photoexcitation or cathodic current is highly challenging. This work reports transition-metal-free cross-coupling between aryl halides and alkynes synthesizing a rich library of internal alkynes without any external stimuli. A chemically double-reduced phenalenyl (PLY)-based molecule with the super-reducing property was employed for single electron transfer to activate aryl halides generating reactive aryl radicals, which subsequently react with alkyne. This protocol covers not only various types of aryl, heteroaryl and polyaryl halides but also applies to a large variety of aromatic alkynes at room temperature. With a versatile substrate scope successfully tested on more than 75 entries, this radical-mediated pathway has been explained by several control experiments. All the key reactive intermediates have been characterized with spectroscopic evidence. Detailed DFT calculations have been instrumental in portraying the mechanistic pathway. Furthermore, we have successfully extended this transition-metal-free catalytic strategy for the first time towards solvent-free cross-coupling between solid aryl halide and alkyne substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Sil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Pallabi Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Palakkad, 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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14
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Kondo K, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemistry enabling highly efficient Birch reduction using sodium lumps and d-(+)-glucose. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4452-4457. [PMID: 38516077 PMCID: PMC10952065 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a mechanochemical protocol for highly efficient and ammonia-free sodium-based Birch reduction was developed, leveraging the use of cheap and easy-to-handle sodium lumps. The key to achieving this transformation is the use of d-(+)-glucose as a proton source, which solidifies the reaction mixture in bulk state, enhancing the efficiency of the in situ mechanical activation of sodium lumps through the ball-milling process. Under the developed conditions, a diverse array of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds were selectively reduced to produce the corresponding 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives in high yields within 30 min. Notably, all synthetic operations can be carried out without inert gases or the need for dry or bulk organic solvents. Furthermore, a scaled-up synthesis can be conducted without any yield losses. These results suggest that the present mechanochemical approach offers a more convenient, economically attractive, and sustainable alternative to previously established Birch reduction protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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15
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Chantrain V, Rensch T, Pickhardt W, Grätz S, Borchardt L. Continuous Direct Mechanocatalytic Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling via Twin-Screw Extrusion. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304060. [PMID: 38206188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This work establishes the first direct mechanocatalytic reaction protocol within an extruder, focusing on the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. Through the coating of either the extruder screws or barrel with Pd, we executed the cross-coupling reaction without the reliance on molecular catalyst compounds or powders, and solvents continuously. We identified the influence and interplay of crucial reaction parameters such as temperature, mechanical energy input, residence time, rheology, and catalyst contact time and finally obtained 36 % and 75 % of the reaction product after one and four reactor passes respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviene Chantrain
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tilo Rensch
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wilm Pickhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Kubota K, Endo T, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemistry for the rapid and efficient synthesis of tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3365-3371. [PMID: 38425515 PMCID: PMC10901499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have received widespread attention as attractive prospective materials for e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photoredox catalysts, and bioimaging probes. However, their preparation usually requires prolonged reaction times, significant amounts of high-boiling solvents, multistep synthesis, and inert-gas-line techniques. Unfortunately, these requirements represent major drawbacks from both a production-cost and an environmental perspective. Herein, we show that a two-step mechanochemical protocol using ball milling enables the rapid and efficient synthesis of various tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes from relatively cheap iridium(iii) chloride hydrate without the use of significant amounts of organic solvent in air. Notably, a direct one-pot procedure is also demonstrated. The present solid-state approach can be expected to inspire the development of cost-effective and timely production methods for these valuable iridium-based complexes, as well as the discovery of new phosphorescent materials, sensors, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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17
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Biswas S, Bolm C. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed N-H Insertions of Carbenes under Mechanochemical Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:1511-1516. [PMID: 38358095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Under mechanochemical conditions in a mixer mill, Rh2(OAc)4 catalyzes the reaction between aryldiazoesters and anilines to give α-amino esters. The process proceeds under mild conditions and is insensitive to air. It is solvent-free and scalable. A broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and good functional group tolerance are additional salient features of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Chen S, Fan C, Xu Z, Pei M, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu J, Peng C, Wei X. Mechanochemical synthesis of organoselenium compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:769. [PMID: 38278789 PMCID: PMC10817960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We disclose herein a strategy for the rapid synthesis of versatile organoselenium compounds under mild conditions. In this work, magnesium-based selenium nucleophiles are formed in situ from easily available organic halides, magnesium metal, and elemental selenium via mechanical stimulation. This process occurs under liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) conditions, requires no complicated pre-activation procedures, and operates broadly across a diverse range of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl substrates. In this work, symmetrical diselenides are efficiently obtained after work-up in the air, while one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions with various electrophiles allow the comprehensive synthesis of unsymmetrical monoselenides with high functional group tolerance. Notably, the method is applied to regioselective selenylation reactions of diiodoarenes and polyaromatic aryl halides that are difficult to operate via solution approaches. Besides selenium, elemental sulfur and tellurium are also competent in this process, which showcases the potential of the methodology for the facile synthesis of organochalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Mengyao Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiemin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Yanta, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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19
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Kubota K, Jiang J, Kamakura Y, Hisazumi R, Endo T, Miura D, Kubo S, Maeda S, Ito H. Using Mechanochemistry to Activate Commodity Plastics as Initiators for Radical Chain Reactions of Small Organic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1062-1070. [PMID: 38134051 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Radical initiators such as azo compounds and organic peroxides have been widely used to facilitate numerous transformations of free radicals, which enable the efficient synthesis of structurally complex molecules, natural products, polymers, and functional materials. However, these high-energy reagents are potentially explosive and thus often require special precautions or delicate operating conditions. We postulated that a more convenient and safer alternative for radical chain initiation could be developed by mechanical activation of thermodynamically stable covalent bonds. Here, we show that commodity plastics such as polyethylene and poly(vinyl acetate) are capable of acting as efficient initiators for radical chain reactions under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. In this approach, polymeric mechanoradicals, which are generated by homolytic cleavage of the polymer chains in response to the applied mechanical energy provided by ball milling, react with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane to initiate radical chain dehalogenation of organic halides. Preliminary calculations support our proposed force-induced radical chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamakura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Reon Hisazumi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daiyo Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
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20
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Pan S, Mulks FF, Wu P, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Iron-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Direct Synthesis of N-Acyl Sulfonimidamides from Sulfinamides and Dioxazolones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316702. [PMID: 38055189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonimidamides by iron(II)-catalyzed exogenous ligand-free N-acyl nitrene transfer to sulfinamides is reported. The one-step method tolerates a wide range of sulfinamides with various substituents under solvent-free ambient conditions. Compared to its solution-phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows better conversion and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations by ESI-MS revealed the generation of crucial nitrene iron intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Pan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian F Mulks
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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23
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Čarný T, Kisszékelyi P, Markovič M, Gracza T, Koóš P, Šebesta R. Mechanochemical Pd-Catalyzed Amino- and Oxycarbonylations using FeBr 2(CO) 4 as a CO Source. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38018997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of mechanochemical amino- and oxycarbonylation employing FeBr2(CO)4 as a solid CO source. This Pd/XantPhos-catalyzed reaction affords a range of carboxamides and esters from aryl iodides and various amines or phenols. Both primary and secondary amines, including amino acids, can be employed as N-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čarný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Markovič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Gracza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Koóš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Wohlgemuth M, Schmidt S, Mayer M, Pickhardt W, Grätz S, Borchardt L. Milling Medium-Free Suzuki Coupling by Direct Mechanocatalysis: From Mixer Mills to Resonant Acoustic Mixers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301714. [PMID: 37503657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the development of a sustainable and cost-effective approach for catalytic cross-coupling reactions in mechanochemistry. It is found that the substrate's impact with the vessel wall alone is sufficient to initiate the reaction, thus indicating that milling balls function primarily as a mixing agent for direct mechanocatalytic Suzuki coupling. The absence of milling balls can be offset by adjusting the rheology using liquid-assisted grinding (LAG). The LAG sweet spot of 0.25 μL mg-1 is confirmed for both resonance acoustic mixers (RAMs) and ball-free mixer mills, and is higher than in the presence of milling balls. RAMs exhibit excellent performance in the Suzuki reaction, achieving yields of 90 % after 60 min and complete conversion after 90 min. The longevity of the milling vessel is significantly improved in a RAM, allowing for at least 20 reactions without deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wohlgemuth
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Mayer
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wilm Pickhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Ghamari Kargar P, Bagherzade G. Advances in the greener synthesis of chromopyrimidine derivatives by a multicomponent tandem oxidation process. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19104. [PMID: 37925547 PMCID: PMC10625593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hydrophilic cobalt/copper heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst named mTEG-CS-Co/Cu-Schiff-base/IL was successfully synthesized from chitosan polysaccharide. The new catalyst was investigated and confirmed using various techniques including FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX-EDS, XRD, TEM, TGA, AFM, NMR and ICP. The catalyst exhibited powerful catalyst activity for the tandem one pot oxidative chromopyrimidine reaction from benzyl alcohols under mild conditions, utilizing air as a clean source in a green protocol. The catalyst was compatible with a wide range of benzyl alcohols, and aldehydes formed in situ, and bis-aldehydes synthesized were condensed with urea/4‑hydroxycumarin to provide favorable products in good yields for all derivatives (14 new derivatives). The presence of tri-ethylene glycol and imidazolium moieties with hydrophilic properties on the mTEG-CS-Co/Cu-Schiff-base/IL nanohybrid provides dispersion of the nanohybrid particles in water, leading to higher catalytic performance. Furthermore, the reaction exhibited several other notable features, including low catalyst loading, the ability to be recycled for up to 6 stages, high atom economy, a simple work procedure, short reaction time, utilization of an environmentally friendly nanohybrid, and the replacement of volatile and organic solvents with water solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Ghamari Kargar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran
| | - Ghodsieh Bagherzade
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran.
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26
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Dual Nickel(II)/Mechanoredox Catalysis: Mechanical-Force-Driven Aryl-Amination Reactions Using Ball Milling and Piezoelectric Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311531. [PMID: 37638843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a nickel(II) catalyst and a mechanoredox catalyst under ball-milling conditions promotes mechanical-force-driven C-N cross-coupling reactions. In this nickel(II)/mechanoredox cocatalyst system, the modulation of the oxidation state of the nickel center, induced by piezoelectricity, is used to facilitate a highly efficient aryl-amination reaction, which is characterized by a broad substrate scope, an inexpensive combination of catalysts (NiBr2 and BaTiO3 ), short reaction times, and an almost negligible quantity of solvents. Moreover, this reaction can be readily up-scaled to the multi-gram scale, and all synthetic operations can be carried out under atmospheric conditions without the need for complicated reaction setups. Furthermore, this force-induced system is suitable for excitation-energy-accepting molecules and poorly soluble polyaromatic substrates that are incompatible with solution-based nickel(II)/photoredox cocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0021, Japan
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27
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Fantozzi N, Volle JN, Porcheddu A, Virieux D, García F, Colacino E. Green metrics in mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6680-6714. [PMID: 37691600 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of new green methodologies and their broader adoption for promoting sustainable development in chemistry laboratories and industry play a significant role in society, due to the economic importance of chemistry and its widespread presence in everyday life. Therefore, a sustainable approach to chemistry contributes to the well-being of the worldwide population and complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal. The review highlights how batch and continuous mechanochemical methods are an eco-friendly approach for organic synthesis, with a lower environmental footprint in most cases, compared to solution-based procedures. The assessment is objectively based on the use of green metrics (e.g., atom and real atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity, material parameter recovery, Eco-scale, stoichiometric factor, etc.) and indicators (e.g. DOZN tool and life cycle assessment, LCA, studies) applied to organic transformations such as synthesis of the amide bond, carbamates, heterocycles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), porphyrins, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal- or acid-catalysed processes, multicomponent and condensation reactions, rearrangements, etc. The generalized absence of bulk solvents, the precise control over the stoichiometry (i.e., using agents in a stoichiometrically rather than in excess), and the more selective reactions enabling simplified work-up procedures are the distinctive factors, marking the superiority of mechanochemical processes over solution-based chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain.
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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28
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Kubota K, Kondo K, Seo T, Jin M, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemical cross-coupling of insoluble substrates into insoluble products by removable solubilizing silyl groups: uniform synthesis of nonsubstituted linear oligothiophenes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28652-28657. [PMID: 37780729 PMCID: PMC10540273 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05571j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional solution-based organic reactions that involve insoluble substrates are challenging and inefficient. Furthermore, even if the reaction is successful, the corresponding products are insoluble in most cases, making their isolation and subsequent transformations difficult. Hence, the conversion of insoluble compounds into insoluble products remains a challenge in practical synthetic chemistry. In this study, we showcase a potential solution to address these solubility issues by combining a mechanochemical cross-coupling approach with removable solubilizing silyl groups. Our strategy involves solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between organoboron nucleophiles bearing a silyl group with long alkyl chains and insoluble polyaromatic halides. The silyl group on the nucleophile can act as a solubilizing group that enables product isolation via silica gel column chromatography and can be easily removed by the addition of fluoride anions to form the desired insoluble coupling products with sufficient purity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that after aromatic electrophilic bromination of the desilylated products, sequential solid-state cross-coupling of the obtained insoluble brominated substrates, followed by desilylation, afforded further π-extended functional molecules. Using this conceptually new protocol, we achieved the first uniform synthesis of the longest nonsubstituted linear insoluble 9-mer oligothiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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29
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Varma Nallaparaju J, Nikonovich T, Jarg T, Merzhyievskyi D, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemistry-Amended Barbier Reaction as an Expedient Alternative to Grignard Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305775. [PMID: 37387203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Organomagnesium halides (Grignard reagents) are essential carbanionic building blocks widely used in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with various electrophiles. In the Barbier variant of the Grignard synthesis, the generation of air- and moisture-sensitive Grignard reagents occurs concurrently with their reaction with an electrophile. Although operationally simpler, the classic Barbier approach suffers from low yields due to multiple side reactions, thereby limiting the scope of its application. Here, we report a mechanochemical adaptation of the Mg-mediated Barbier reaction, which overcomes these limitations and facilitates the coupling of versatile organic halides (e.g., allylic, vinylic, aromatic, aliphatic) with a diverse range of electrophilic substrates (e.g., aromatic aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, O-benzoyl hydroxylamine, chlorosilane, borate ester) to assemble C-C, C-N, C-Si, and C-B bonds. The mechanochemical approach has the advantage of being essentially solvent-free, operationally simple, immune to air, and surprisingly tolerant to water and some weak Brønsted acids. Notably, solid ammonium chloride was found to improve yields in the reactions of ketones. Mechanistic studies have clarified the role of mechanochemistry in the process, indicating the generation of transient organometallics facilitated by improved mass transfer and activation of the surface of magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatsiana Nikonovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatsiana Jarg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Danylo Merzhyievskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-containing Heterocyclic Bases, V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Dzmitry G Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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30
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Wang X, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang Q, You F, Dai L, Wu J, Kramer S, Lian Z. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Aryl Fluorides by Using Ball Milling and a Piezoelectric Material as the Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307054. [PMID: 37523257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Aryl fluorides are important structural motifs in many pharmaceuticals. Although the Balz-Schiemann reaction provides an entry to aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, it suffers from drawbacks such as long reaction time, high temperature, toxic solvent, toxic gas release, and low functional group tolerance. Here, we describe a general method for the synthesis of aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a piezoelectric material as redox catalyst under ball milling conditions in the presence of Selectfluor. This approach effectively addresses the aforementioned limitations. Furthermore, the piezoelectric material can be recycled multiple times. Mechanistic investigations indicate that this fluorination reaction may proceed via a radical pathway, and Selectfluor plays a dual role as both a source of fluorine and a terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
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31
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Wang H, Ding W, Zou G. Mechanoredox/Nickel Co-Catalyzed Cross Electrophile Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl (Pseudo)halides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12891-12901. [PMID: 37615491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An air-tolerant mechanoredox/nickel cocatalyzed cross electrophile coupling of benzotriazinones with alkyl (pseudo)halides is developed by liquid-assisting grinding in the presence of manganese powders and strontium titanate as a reductant and a cocatalyst, respectively. Mechanical activation of metal surfaces via ball milling eliminates the chemical activator for manganese, while mechanoredox cocatalysis of strontium titanate remarkably improves the aryl/alkyl cross electrophile coupling via piezoelectricity-mediated radical generation from alkyl halides. Both benzotriazinones and alkyl (pseudo)halides display reactivities in the mechanoredox/nickel cocatalysis different from those of conventional thermal chemistry in solution. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 26 examples, showing a high chemoselectivity of bromides vs chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Ding
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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32
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Escorihuela J, Fustero S. Fluorinated Imines in Tandem and Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200262. [PMID: 36633495 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of fluorinated compounds has experienced extraordinary growth in recent decades due to the many and varied properties which many of the compounds that contain fluorinated groups possess. Among all of them, fluorinated chiral imines, in particular the Ellman's imines, are of great importance since they are some of the most interesting building blocks for the synthesis of a large number of enantioenriched carbocycles and heterocycles with extraordinary biological and synthetic properties. This personal account covers the most significant results obtained in our research group in the last two decades concerning asymmetric tandem reactions, paying special attention to the intramolecular aza-Michael reaction (IMAMR), diversity oriented synthesis (DOS), asymmetric tandem reactions involving a p-tolylsulfinyl group as chiral inducer and cycloaddition processes, in particular, the Pauson-Khand reaction, [2+2+2]-cycloadditions and metathesis reactions, starting mainly from enyne compounds and through the use of fluorinated chiral N-sulfinyl imines and their derivatives as starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
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33
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Hu C, van Bonn P, Demco DE, Bolm C, Pich A. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Stimuli Responsive Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305783. [PMID: 37177824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical approaches are widely used for the efficient, solvent-free synthesis of organic molecules, however their applicability to the synthesis of functional polymers has remained underexplored. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that mechanochemically triggered free-radical polymerization allows solvent- and initiator-free syntheses of structurally and morphologically well-defined complex functional macromolecular architectures, namely stimuliresponsive microgels. The developed mechanochemical polymerization approach is applicable to a variety of monomers and allows synthesizing microgels with tunable chemical structure, variable size, controlled number of crosslinks and reactive functional end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Hu
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pit van Bonn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dan E Demco
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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34
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Patel C, André-Joyaux E, Leitch JA, de Irujo-Labalde XM, Ibba F, Struijs J, Ellwanger MA, Paton R, Browne DL, Pupo G, Aldridge S, Hayward MA, Gouverneur V. Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF. Science 2023; 381:302-306. [PMID: 37471551 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF2) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF2. Inspired by calcium phosphate biomineralization, we herein disclose a protocol of treating acid-grade fluorspar with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) under mechanochemical conditions. The process affords a solid composed of crystalline K3(HPO4)F and K2-xCay(PO3F)a(PO4)b, which is found suitable for forging sulfur-fluorine and carbon-fluorine bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Patel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emy André-Joyaux
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | | | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Robert Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A Hayward
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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35
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Luo H, Liu FZ, Liu Y, Chu Z, Yan K. Biasing Divergent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Pathway by Solvent-Free Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Precise control in reaction selectivity is the goal in modern organic synthesis, and it has been widely studied throughout the synthetic community. In comparison, control of divergent reactivity of a given reagent under different reaction conditions is relatively less explored aspect of chemical selectivity. We herein report an unusual reaction between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and periodic acid H5IO6 (1), where the product outcome is dictated by the choice of reaction conditions. That is, reactions under solution-based condition give preferentially C-H iodination products, while reactions under solvent-free mechanochemical condition provide C-H oxidation quinone products. Control experiments further indicated that the iodination product is not a reaction intermediate toward the oxidation product and vice versa. Mechanistic studies unveiled an in situ crystalline-to-crystalline phase change in 2 during ball-milling treatment, where we assigned it as a polymeric hydrogen-bond network of 1. We believe that this polymeric crystalline phase shields the more embedded electrophilic I═O group of 1 from C-H iodination and bias a divergent C-H oxidation pathway (with I═O) in the solid state. Collectively, this work demonstrates that mechanochemistry can be employed to completely switch a reaction pathway and unmask hidden reactivity of chemical reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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36
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Deák A, Szabó PT, Bednaříková V, Cihlář J, Demeter A, Remešová M, Colacino E, Čelko L. The first solid-state route to luminescent Au(I)-glutathionate and its pH-controlled transformation into ultrasmall oligomeric Au 10-12(SG) 10-12 nanoclusters for application in cancer radiotheraphy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1178225. [PMID: 37342159 PMCID: PMC10277803 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1178225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still a need for synthetic approaches that are much faster, easier to scale up, more robust and efficient for generating gold(I)-thiolates that can be easily converted into gold-thiolate nanoclusters. Mechanochemical methods can offer significantly reduced reaction times, increased yields and straightforward recovery of the product, compared to the solution-based reactions. For the first time, a new simple, rapid and efficient mechanochemical redox method in a ball-mill was developed to produce the highly luminescent, pH-responsive Au(I)-glutathionate, [Au(SG)]n. The efficient productivity of the mechanochemical redox reaction afforded orange luminescent [Au(SG)]n in isolable amounts (mg scale), usually not achieved by more conventional methods in solution. Then, ultrasmall oligomeric Au10-12(SG)10-12 nanoclusters were prepared by pH-triggered dissociation of [Au(SG)]n. The pH-stimulated dissociation of the Au(I)-glutathionate complex provides a time-efficient synthesis of oligomeric Au10-12(SG)10-12 nanoclusters, it avoids high-temperature heating or the addition of harmful reducing agent (e.g., carbon monoxide). Therefore, we present herein a new and eco-friendly methodology to access oligomeric glutathione-based gold nanoclusters, already finding applications in biomedical field as efficient radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Deák
- Supramolecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál T. Szabó
- Centre for Structure Study, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vendula Bednaříková
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Cihlář
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Attila Demeter
- Renewable Energy Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michaela Remešová
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Ladislav Čelko
- High-Performance Materials and Coatings for Industry Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
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37
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Chen J, Wang Y, Chen C, To CT. Mechanochemical
β
‐Halogenation of nickel(II) porphyrins at room temperature. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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38
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Chan CL, Lee SC, Liao HH. A protocol for the gram-scale synthesis of polyfluoroaryl sulfides via an S NAr step. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102043. [PMID: 36857078 PMCID: PMC10037182 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyfluoroaryl sulfide is one of the prevalent motifs ubiquitous in materials and pharmaceutical chemistry. We herein describe a simple yet efficient procedure for their synthesis from readily available thiols and polyfluoroarenes via an SNAr step. We detail specific steps for a gram-scale preparation of 2-((perfluoropyridin-4-yl)thio)benzo[d]thiazole 3 from mercaptobenzothiazole 1 and pentafluoropyridine 2. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liao et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Lee
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hsuan-Hung Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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39
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Seo T, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemistry-Directed Ligand Design: Development of a High-Performance Phosphine Ligand for Palladium-Catalyzed Mechanochemical Organoboron Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6823-6837. [PMID: 36892233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical synthesis that uses transition-metal catalysts has attracted significant attention due to its numerous advantages, including low solvent waste, short reaction times, and the avoidance of problems associated with the low solubility of starting materials. However, even though the mechanochemical reaction environment is largely different from that of homogeneous solution systems, transition-metal catalysts, which were originally developed for use in solution, have been used directly in mechanochemical reactions without any molecular-level modifications to ensure their suitability for mechanochemistry. Alas, this has limited the development of more efficient mechanochemical cross-coupling processes. Here, we report a conceptually distinct approach, whereby a mechanochemistry-directed design is used to develop ligands for mechanochemical Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The ligand development was guided by the experimental observation of catalyst deactivation via the aggregation of palladium species, a problem that is particularly prominent in solid-state reactions. By embedding the ligand into a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, we found that phosphine-ligated palladium(0) species could be immobilized in the fluid phase created by the PEG chains, preventing the physical mixing of the catalyst into the crystalline solid phase and thus undesired catalyst deactivation. This catalytic system showed high catalytic activity in reactions of polyaromatic substrates close to room temperature. These substrates usually require elevated temperatures to be reactive in the presence of catalyst systems with conventional ligands such as SPhos. The present study hence provides important insights for the design of high-performance catalysts for solid-state reactions and has the potential to inspire the development of industrially attractive, almost solvent-free mechanochemical cross-coupling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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40
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Biswas A, Bhunia A, Mandal SK. Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2606-2615. [PMID: 36908958 PMCID: PMC9993847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state radical generation is an attractive but underutilized methodology in the catalytic strong bond activation process, such as the aryl-halide bond. Traditionally, such a process of strong bond activation relied upon the use of transition metal complexes or strongly reducing photocatalysts in organic solvents. The generation of the aryl radical from aryl halides in the absence of transition-metal or external stimuli, such as light or cathodic current, remains an elusive process. In this study, we describe a reduced organic hydrocarbon, which can act as a super reductant in the solid state to activate strong bonds by solid-state single electron transfer (SSSET) under the influence of mechanical energy leading to a catalytic strategy based on the mechano-SSSET or mechanoredox process. Here, we investigate the solid-state synthesis of the super electron donor phenalenyl anion in a ball mill and its application as an active catalyst in strong bond (aryl halide) activation. Aryl radicals generated from aryl halides by employing this strategy are competent for various carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under solvent-free and transition metal-free conditions. We illustrate this approach for partially soluble or insoluble polyaromatic arenes in accomplishing solid-solid C-C cross-coupling catalysis, which is otherwise difficult to achieve by traditional methods using solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
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41
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Meena N, Bhawani, Sonam, Rangan K, Kumar A. Ball-Milling-Enabled Zn(OTf) 2-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Hydroxyalkylation of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines and Indoles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36787621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A facile and efficient synthetic method for the construction of C3-hydroxyalkylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and indoles by a Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts hydroxyalkylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and indoles with carbonyl compounds under mechanochemical conditions is reported. Good product selectivity, shorter reaction time, ambient reaction temperature, tolerance of a wide range of functional groups, broad substrate scope, moderate to good yield of products, and scalability are the salient features of the developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sonam
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
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42
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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43
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub AV, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory-Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Priestley
- Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Huddersfield HD2 1FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Gavin W. Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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44
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Maayuri R, Gandeepan P. Manganese-catalyzed hydroarylation of multiple bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:441-464. [PMID: 36541044 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has become a promising strategy in organic synthesis due to its improved atom-, step- and resource economy. Considering the Earth's abundance, economic benefits, and low toxicity, 3d metal catalysts for C-H activation have received a significant focus. In particular, organometallic manganese-catalyzed C-H activation has proven to be versatile and suitable for a wide range of transformations such as C-H addition to π-components, arylation, alkylation, alkynylation, amination, and many more. Among them, manganese-catalyzed C-H addition to C-C and C-heteroatom multiple bonds exhibited unique and promising reactivity to construct a wide range of complex organic molecules. In this review, we highlight the developments in the field of manganese-catalyzed hydroarylation of multiple bonds via C-H activation with a range of applications until August 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Maayuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India.
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45
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Takahashi R, Gao P, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemical protocol facilitates the generation of arylmanganese nucleophiles from unactivated manganese metal. Chem Sci 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 36741531 PMCID: PMC9847654 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct synthesis of organomanganese reagents from organic halides and manganese metal remains a challenge. Current solution-based approaches require the preparation of activated manganese (Rieke manganese) or the use of multiple metal additives to promote the insertion of manganese metal into a carbon-halogen bond. Here, we show that a mechanochemical ball-milling protocol facilitates the generation of various arylmanganese nucleophiles from aryl halides and commercially available, unactivated manganese metal without the need for complicated pre-activation processes and metal additives. These manganese-based carbon nucleophiles can be used directly for one-pot addition reactions with various electrophiles and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under bulk-solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. Importantly, all experimental operations can be conducted under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Pan Gao
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
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46
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Reynes JF, García F. Temperature-Controlled Mechanochemistry Unlocks the Nickel-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura-Type Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates at Different Scales. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215094. [PMID: 36331906 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanochemically heated processes have been published in recent years. However, precise control over the mechanochemical catalysed coupling reactions remained elusive. A recent report from Leitch, Browne and co-workers demonstrated how a programmable jar heater manifold delivers an efficient methodology for the Suzuki-Miyaura-type cross coupling reaction of aryl sulfamates and aryl boronic acid species. This methodology can be readily upscaled 200-fold using twin-screw extrusion methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, 33006 Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, 33006 Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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47
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Ferguson M, Richard AJ, Valdez J, Fiss BG, Titi HM, Provatas N, Friščić T, Moores A. Direct observation by high resolution transmission electron microscopy of gold(III) particle transformation during aging reduction reaction. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:278-288. [PMID: 36218357 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We use a gold nanoparticle synthesis as a model system to study the morphological and compositional changes in gold(III) precursor particles, while reduction is taking place during aging after mechanical activation. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with a high-angle annular dark field detector revealed the nanoscale changes in particle morphology, while electron energy loss spectroscopy mapped the changes in the chemical landscape during the reduction process. Tracking a specific region of interest on the sample grid allowed for comparisons to be made of the same particles across a two day monitoring period. High-angle annular dark field images permitted the visualization of particle size reduction of the gold salt while electron energy loss spectroscopy captured the surprising mobility of the lighter chlorine and sodium ions in a solid matrix during the reduction process. This system offers unique insight into precursor particle reactivity in the solid phase, which is relevant for many mechanochemical and aging-based reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ferguson
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Austin J Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Jesus Valdez
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Blaine G Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Nikolas Provatas
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada.,McGill High Performance Computing Centre, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), 1100 Notre Dame Street West, Montréal, Québec H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada. .,Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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48
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Amer MM, Hommelsheim R, Schumacher C, Kong D, Bolm C. Electro-mechanochemical approach towards the chloro sulfoximidations of allenes under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:79-90. [PMID: 36128995 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An electro-mechanochemical protocol for the synthesis of vinylic sulfoximines has been developed. Utilising mechanochemically strained BaTiO3 nanoparticles, the catalytic active system is generated in situ by the reduction of copper(II) chloride. Various combinations of electron-donating and -withdrawing groups are tolerated, and the approach leads to products with difunctionalised double bonds in good to excellent yields. Attempts to add a sulfoximidoyl chloride to an alkyne proved difficult. Additions of a sulfonyl iodide to allenes and alkynes proceeded smoothly in the presence of silica gel without the need for activation by a piezoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. .,Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Deshen Kong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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49
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Yoo K, Fabig S, Grätz S, Borchardt L. The impact of the physical state and the reaction phase in the direct mechanocatalytic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:206-216. [PMID: 36200472 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The direct mechanocatalytic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, utilizing palladium milling balls as active catalysts, was investigated regarding the physical state of the reagents and the reaction phase. The substitution patterns and functional groups of different aryl iodides were varied and different boronic acid derivates were utilized to achieve a wide range of substrate combinations. In the neat grinding experiments, liquid aryl iodides were more reactive than solid ones and a steric influence of the substituents, especially pronounced in ortho compounds, was observed. In order to overcome the general low reactivity of the solid phase, several liquid-assisted grinding experiments were conducted and the influence of substrate solubility and catalyst wettability analyzed. Among all LAG additives, EtOH showed the greatest impact on the reactivity, as it converts boronic acid derivatives into liquid and reactive esters under mechanochemical conditions, significantly speeding up the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Yoo
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Fabig
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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50
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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