1
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Cammarata J, Westermair FF, Coburger P, Duvinage D, Janssen M, Uttendorfer MK, Beckmann J, Gschwind RM, Wolf R, Scott DJ. Unravelling White Phosphorus: Experimental and Computational Studies Reveal the Mechanisms of P 4 Hydrostannylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408423. [PMID: 38946592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The hydrostannylation of white phosphorus (P4) allows this crucial industrial precursor to be easily transformed into useful P1 products via direct, 'one pot' (or even catalytic) procedures. However, a thorough mechanistic understanding of this transformation has remained elusive, hindering attempts to use this rare example of successful, direct P4 functionalization as a model for further reaction development. Here, we provide a deep and generalizable mechanistic picture for P4 hydrostannylation by combining DFT calculations with in situ 31P NMR reaction monitoring and kinetic trapping of previously unobservable reaction intermediates using bulky tin hydrides. The results offer important insights into both how this reaction proceeds and why it is successful and provide implicit guidelines for future research in the field of P4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cammarata
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz F Westermair
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Coburger
- TU Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marvin Janssen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria K Uttendorfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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2
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Structural Flexibility is a Decisive Factor in FLP Dihydrogen Cleavage with Tetrahedral Lewis Acids: A Silane Case Study. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401912. [PMID: 38856095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Dihydrogen activation is the paradigmatic reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). While trigonal-planar Lewis acids have been well established in this transformation, tetrahedral Lewis acids are surprisingly limited. Indeed, several cases were computed as thermodynamically and kinetically feasible but exhibit puzzling discrepancies with experimental results. In the present study, a computational investigation of the factors influencing dihydrogen activation are considered by large ensemble sampling of encounter complexes, deformation energies and the activation strain model for a silicon/nitrogen FLP and compared with a boron/phosphorous FLP. The analysis adds the previously missing dimension of Lewis acids' structural flexibility as a factor that influences preexponential terms beyond pure transition state energies. It sheds light on the origin of "overfrustration" (defined herein), indicates structural constraint in Lewis acids as a linchpin for activation of weak donor substrates, and allows drawing a more refined mechanistic picture of this emblematic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Zhang J, Li L, Xie X, Song XQ, Schaefer HF. Biomimetic Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Hydrogenation of CO to Methanol at Low Temperatures. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:258-267. [PMID: 38585511 PMCID: PMC10996047 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The industrial production of methanol through CO hydrogenation using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst requires harsh conditions, and the development of new catalysts with low operating temperatures is highly desirable. In this study, organic biomimetic FLP catalysts with good tolerance to CO poison are theoretically designed. The base-free catalytic reaction contains the 1,1-addition of CO into a formic acid intermediate and the hydrogenation of the formic acid intermediate into methanol. Low-energy spans (25.6, 22.1, and 20.6 kcal/mol) are achieved, indicating that CO can be hydrogenated into methanol at low temperatures. The new extended aromatization-dearomatization effect involving multiple rings is proposed to effectively facilitate the rate-determining CO 1,1-addition step, and a new CO activation model is proposed for organic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei
Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Žáková A, Saha P, Paparakis A, Zábranský M, Gastelu G, Kukla J, Uranga JG, Hulla M. Hexacoordinated tin complexes catalyse imine hydrogenation with H 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3287-3290. [PMID: 38421350 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) hydrogenation catalysts predominantly use alkyl- and aryl-substituted Lewis acids (LA) that offer a limited number of combinations of substituents, limiting our ability to tune their properties and, ultimately, their reactivity. Nevertheless, main-group complexes have numerous ligands available for such purposes, which could enable us to broaden the range of FLP catalysis. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that hexacoordinated tin complexes with Schiff base ligands catalyse imine hydrogenation via activation of H2(g). As shown by hydrogen-deuterium scrambling, [Sn(tBu2Salen)(OTf)2] activated H2(g) at 25 °C and 10 bar of H2. After tuning the ligands, we found that [Sn(Salen)Cl2] was the most efficient imine hydrogenation catalyst despite having the lowest activity in H2(g) activation. Moreover, various imines were hydrogenated in yields up to 98% thereby opening up opportunities for developing novel FLP hydrogenation catalysts based on hexacoordinated LA of main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Žáková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pritha Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandros Paparakis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Zábranský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Gastelu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Jaroslav Kukla
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge G Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Martin Hulla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
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5
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Gupta R, Csókás D, Lye K, Young RD. Experimental and computational insights into the mechanism of FLP mediated selective C-F bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1291-1300. [PMID: 36756325 PMCID: PMC9891352 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) comprising of B(C6F5)3 (BCF) and 2,4,6-triphenylpyridine (TPPy), P(o-Tol)3 or tetrahydrothiophene (THT) have been shown to mediate selective C-F activation in both geminal and chemically equivalent distal C-F sites. In comparison to other reported attempts of C-F activation using BCF, these reactions appear surprisingly facile. We investigate this reaction through a combination of experimental and computational chemistry to understand the mechanism of the initial C-F activation event and the origin of the selectivity that prevents subsequent C-F activation in the monoactivated salts. We find that C-F activation likely occurs via a Lewis acid assisted SN1 type pathway as opposed to a concerted FLP pathway (although the use of an FLP is important to elevate the ground state energy), where BCF is sufficiently Lewis acidic to overcome the kinetic barrier for C-F activation in benzotrifluorides. The resultant intermediate salts of the form [ArCF2(LB)][BF(C6F5)3] (LB = Lewis base) are relatively thermodynamically unstable, and an equilibrium operates between the fluorocarbon/FLP and their activation products. As such, the use of a fluoride sequestering reagent such as Me3SiNTf2 is key to the realisation of the forward C-F activation reaction in benzotrifluorides. Selectivity in this reaction can be attributed to both the installation of bulky Lewis bases geminal to residual C-F sites and from electronic re-ordering of kinetic barriers (of C-F sites in products and starting materials) arising from the electron withdrawing nature of the pyridinium, phosphonium and sulfonium groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lye
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3117543Singapore,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, 4072QueenslandAustralia
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6
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Paparakis A, Turnell-Ritson RC, Sapsford JS, Ashley AE, Hulla M. Tin-catalyzed reductive coupling of amines with CO 2 and H 2. Catal Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tin-based FLPs catalyze reductive coupling reactions of amines with CO2 and H2. Water produced by the reaction is well tolerated and TONs up to 300 can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Paparakis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joshua S. Sapsford
- Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew E. Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Martin Hulla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
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7
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Durin G, Fontaine A, Berthet JC, Nicolas E, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Metal-Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Silyl Triflates and Halides into Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200911. [PMID: 35315969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The metal-free catalytic hydrogenolysis of silyl triflates and halides (I, Br) to hydrosilanes is unlocked by using arylborane Lewis acids as catalysts. In the presence of a nitrogen base, the catalyst acts as a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) able to split H2 and generate a boron hydride intermediate capable of reducing (pseudo)halosilanes. This metal-free organocatalytic system is competitive with metal-based catalysts and enables the formation of a variety of hydrosilanes at room temperature in high yields (>85 %) under a low pressure of H2 (≤10 bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Albane Fontaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Berthet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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9
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Durin G, Fontaine A, Berthet J, Nicolas E, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Silyl Triflates and Halides into Hydrosilanes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Albane Fontaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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10
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Recent Advances in Group 14 and 15 Lewis Acids for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200148. [PMID: 35320614 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) which rely on the cooperative action of Lewis acids and Lewis bases, played a prominent role in the advancement of main-group catalysis. While the early days of FLP chemistry witnessed the dominance of boranes, there is a growing body of reports on alternative Lewis acids derived from groups 14 and 15. This short review focuses on the discovery of such non-boron candidates reported since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Theoretical Sciences Unit, INDIA
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, New Chemstry Unit, INDIA
| | - Swapan K Pati
- JNCASR, Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur Campus, 560064, Bangalore, INDIA
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11
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Activation of Small Molecules and Hydrogenation of CO2 Catalyzed by Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) is widely explored in the activation of small molecules, the hydrogenation of CO2, and unsaturated organic species. A survey of several experimental works on the activation of small molecules by FLPs and the related mechanistic insights into their reactivity from electronic structure theory calculation are provided in the present review, along with the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2. The mechanistic insight into H2 activation is thoroughly discussed, which may provide a guideline to design more efficient FLP for H2 activation. FLPs can activate other small molecules like, CO, NO, CO2, SO2, N2O, alkenes, alkynes, etc. by cooperative action of the Lewis centers of FLPs, as revealed by several computational analyses. The activation barrier of H2 and other small molecules by the FLP can be decreased by utilizing the aromaticity criterion in the FLP as demonstrated by the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) analysis. The term boron-ligand cooperation (BLC), which is analogous to the metal-ligand cooperation (MLC), is invoked to describe a distinct class of reactivity of some specific FLPs towards H2 activation.
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