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Zheng J, Lin XJ, Xu H, Sohail M, Chen LA, Zhang X. Enzyme-mediated green synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and catalytic process intensification. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108394. [PMID: 38857660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of structurally complex heteropolysaccharides that play pivotal roles in biological functions, including the regulation of cell proliferation, enzyme inhibition, and activation of growth factor receptors. Therefore, the synthesis of GAGs is a hot research topic in drug development. The enzymatic synthesis of GAGs has received widespread attention due to their eco-friendly nature, high regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. The enhancement of the enzymatic synthesis process is the key to its industrial applications. In this review, we overviewed the construction of more efficient in vitro biomimetic synthesis systems of glycosaminoglycans and presented the different strategies to improve enzyme catalysis, including the combination of chemical and enzymatic methods, solid-phase synthesis, and protein engineering to solve the problems of enzyme stability, separation and purification of the product, preparation of structurally defined sugar chains, etc., and discussed the challenges and opportunities in large-scale green synthesis of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Han Xu
- Jiangbei New Area biopharmaceutical Public Service Platform, 210031 Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-An Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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Deng JQ, Li Y, Wang YJ, Cao YL, Xin SY, Li XY, Xi RM, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Biosynthetic production of anticoagulant heparin polysaccharides through metabolic and sulfotransferases engineering strategies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3755. [PMID: 38704385 PMCID: PMC11069525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparin is an important anticoagulant drug, and microbial heparin biosynthesis is a potential alternative to animal-derived heparin production. However, effectively using heparin synthesis enzymes faces challenges, especially with microbial recombinant expression of active heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase. Here, we introduce the monosaccharide N-trifluoroacetylglucosamine into Escherichia coli K5 to facilitate sulfation modification. The Protein Repair One-Stop Service-Focused Rational Iterative Site-specific Mutagenesis (PROSS-FRISM) platform is used to enhance sulfotransferase efficiency, resulting in the engineered NST-M8 enzyme with significantly improved stability (11.32-fold) and activity (2.53-fold) compared to the wild-type N-sulfotransferase. This approach can be applied to engineering various sulfotransferases. The multienzyme cascade reaction enables the production of active heparin from bioengineered heparosan, demonstrating anti-FXa (246.09 IU/mg) and anti-FIIa (48.62 IU/mg) activities. This study offers insights into overcoming challenges in heparin synthesis and modification, paving the way for the future development of animal-free heparins using a cellular system-based semisynthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Lin Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Si-Yu Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui-Min Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Mycroft-West CJ, Abdelkarim S, Duyvesteyn HME, Gandhi NS, Skidmore MA, Owens RJ, Wu L. Structural and mechanistic characterization of bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1326. [PMID: 38351061 PMCID: PMC10864358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are major constituents of the extracellular matrix, which are involved in myriad structural and signaling processes. Mature HS polysaccharides contain complex, non-templated patterns of sulfation and epimerization, which mediate interactions with diverse protein partners. Complex HS modifications form around initial clusters of glucosamine-N-sulfate (GlcNS) on nascent polysaccharide chains, but the mechanistic basis underpinning incorporation of GlcNS itself into HS remains unclear. Here, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of human N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (NDST)1, the bifunctional enzyme primarily responsible for initial GlcNS modification of HS. Our structures reveal the architecture of both NDST1 deacetylase and sulfotransferase catalytic domains, alongside a non-catalytic N-terminal domain. The two catalytic domains of NDST1 adopt a distinct back-to-back topology that limits direct cooperativity. Binding analyses, aided by activity-modulating nanobodies, suggest that anchoring of the substrate at the sulfotransferase domain initiates the NDST1 catalytic cycle, providing a plausible mechanism for cooperativity despite spatial domain separation. Our data shed light on key determinants of NDST1 activity, and describe tools to probe NDST1 function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Abdelkarim
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK
| | - Liang Wu
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
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Li M, Pedersen LC, Xu D. Targeting heparan sulfate-protein interactions with oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1194293. [PMID: 37275960 PMCID: PMC10235622 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1194293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs) are structurally diverse extracellular and membrane attached proteins that interact with HS under normal physiological conditions. Interactions with HS offer an additional level of control over the localization and function of HSBPs, which enables them to behave in a more refined manner. Because all cell signaling events start at the cell membrane, and cell-cell communication relies on translocation of soluble factors across the extracellular matrix, HS occupies an apical position in cellular signal transduction by interacting with hundreds of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, receptors and adhesion molecules. These extracellular and membrane proteins can play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. For most HS-binding proteins, the interaction with HS represents an essential element in regulating their normal physiological functions. Such dependence on HS suggests that manipulating HS-protein interactions could be explored as a therapeutic strategy to selectively antagonize/activate HS-binding proteins. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the diverse nature of HS-HSBP interactions, and the latest advancements in targeting the HS-binding site of HSBPs using structurally-defined HS oligosaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Liu J, Pedersen LC. Emerging chemical and biochemical tools for studying 3- O-sulfated heparan sulfate. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1166-C1175. [PMID: 35417268 PMCID: PMC9169821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a widely expressed polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate represents only a small percentage of heparan sulfate from biological sources. However, this subpopulation is closely associated with biological functions of heparan sulfate. The 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate is biosynthesized by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase, which exists in seven different isoforms. This review article summarizes the recent progress in the substrate specificity studies of different 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms involving the use of homogeneous oligosaccharide substrates and crystal structural analysis. The article also reviews a newly developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method to analyze the level of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate with high sensitivity and quantitative capability. This newly emerged technology will provide new tools to study the structure and function relationship of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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