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Yuan Z, Zhu X, Gao X, An C, Wang Z, Zuo C, Dionysiou DD, He H, Jiang Z. Enhancing photocatalytic CO 2 reduction with TiO 2-based materials: Strategies, mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 20:100368. [PMID: 38268554 PMCID: PMC10805649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric CO2 has exceeded 400 ppm, surpassing its natural variability and raising concerns about uncontrollable shifts in the carbon cycle, leading to significant climate and environmental impacts. A promising method to balance carbon levels and mitigate atmospheric CO2 rise is through photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), renowned for its affordability, stability, availability, and eco-friendliness, stands out as an exemplary catalyst in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Various strategies have been proposed to modify TiO2 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction and improve catalytic activity and product selectivity. However, few studies have systematically summarized these strategies and analyzed their advantages, disadvantages, and current progress. Here, we comprehensively review recent advancements in TiO2 engineering, focusing on crystal engineering, interface design, and reactive site construction to enhance photocatalytic efficiency and product selectivity. We discuss how modifications in TiO2's optical characteristics, carrier migration, and active site design have led to varied and selective CO2 reduction products. These enhancements are thoroughly analyzed through experimental data and theoretical calculations. Additionally, we identify current challenges and suggest future research directions, emphasizing the role of TiO2-based materials in understanding photocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanisms and in designing effective catalysts. This review is expected to contribute to the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by providing foundational insights into the mechanisms of photocatalytic CO2 reduction with TiO2-based materials and guiding the development of efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, PR China
| | - Xianglin Zhu
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Xianqiang Gao
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Changhua An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Cheng Zuo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, PR China
| | - Dionysios D. Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Zaiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, PR China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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2
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Liu R, Liu S, Lin J, Zhang X, Li Y, Pan H, Kong L, Zhu S, Wang J. Bi-directional charge transfer channels in highly crystalline carbon nitride enabling superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9802-9810. [PMID: 38712434 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Introducing a donor-acceptor (D-A) unit is an effective approach to facilitate charge transfer in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) and enhance photocatalytic performance. However, the introduction of hetero-molecules can lead to a decrease in crystallinity, limiting interlayer charge transfer and inhibiting further improvement. In this study, we constructed a novel D-A type carbon nitride with significantly higher crystallinity and a bi-directional charge transfer channel, which was achieved through 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (2,5-TDCA)-assisted self-assembly followed by KCl-templated calcination. The thiophene and cyano groups introduced serve as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively, enhancing in-plane electron delocalization. Additionally, introduced potassium ions are intercalated among the adjacent layers of carbon nitride, creating an interlayer charge transfer channel. Moreover, the highly ordered structure and improved crystallinity further facilitate charge transfer. As a result, the as-prepared photocatalyst exhibits superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) activity of 7.449 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 6.03 times higher than that of pure carbon nitride. The strategy of developing crystalline D-A-structured carbon nitride with controlled in-plane and interlayer charge transfer opens new avenues for the design of carbon nitride with enhanced properties for PHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jingyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lingti Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shenmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore.
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3
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Zheng D, Wu Y, Yang X, Wang S, Fang Y. Developing Polymeric Carbon Nitrides for Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400528. [PMID: 38716782 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role in various applications, such as green oxidation processes and the production of high-quality fuels. Currently, H2O2 is primarily manufactured using the indirect anthraquinone method, known for its significant energy consumption and the generation of intensive by-products. Extensive research has been conducted on the photocatalytic production of H2O2 via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) emerging as a promising catalyst for this conversion. This review article is organized around two approaches. The first part main consists of the chemical optimization of the PCN structure, while the second focuses on the physical integration of PCN with other functional materials. The objective is to clarify the correlation between the physicochemical properties of PCN photocatalysts and their effectiveness in H2O2 production. Through a thorough review and analysis of the findings, this article seeks to stimulate new insights and achievements, not only in the domain of H2O2 production via ORR but also in other redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zheng
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yahan Wu
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xintuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
- Sino-UK International joint Laboratory on photocatalysis for clean energy and advanced chemicals & Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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4
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Li Y, Ge D, Zhang H, Shangguan L, Mou Z, Xia F, Sun J, Liu X, Su Y, Lei W. Solvated Electrons Generated on the Surface of Na-SPHI for Boosting Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution with Ultra-High AQE. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401392. [PMID: 38705862 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the utilization of visible-light-active semiconductors with an excellent apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) remains a significant and challenging goal in the realm of photocatalytic water splitting. In this study, a fully condensed sulfur-doped poly(heptazine imide) metalized with Na (Na-SPHI) is synthesized by an ionothermal method by using eutectic NaCl/LiCl mixture as the ionic solvent. Comprehensive characterizations of the obtained Na-SPHI reveal several advantageous features, including heightened light absorption, facilitated exciton dissociation, and expedited charge transfer. More importantly, solvated electron, powerful reducing agents, can be generated on the surface of Na-SPHI upon irradiation with visible light. Benefiting from above advantage, the Na-SPHI exhibits an excellent H2 evolution rate of 571.8 µmol·h-1 under visible light illumination and a super-high AQE of 61.7% at 420 nm. This research emphasizes the significance of the solvated electron on the surface of photocatalyst in overcoming the challenges associated with visible light-driven photocatalysis, showcasing its potential application in photocatalytic water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Dachuan Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Li Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Zhigang Mou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Feifei Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuyu Su
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Weiwei Lei
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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5
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Dong S, Han J, Sun XY, Zhang B, Wang W. A novel 2D g-C 3N 4 material applied for Paraquat adsorbing and detoxifying in vitro and in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115594. [PMID: 37856982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In the environmental safety area, the widespread use of the herbicide Paraquat (PQ) poses a great threat to hydrobionts and mammals. Due to the lack of specific antidote, it may lead to irreversible pulmonary fibrosis with a mortality rate of 60%. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and specific PQ antidote. The g-C3N4 (HPCN) with excellent surface physicochemical properties was prepared by a two-step calcination method using urea and dicyandiamide as raw materials, showing a significant photocatalyst against environmental PQ pollution. The SEM results showed that HPCN possesses a porous layered structure. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy indicated that the conjugated aromatic rings were orderly stacked, forming a 2D layered structure of g-C3N4. The HPCN had a larger specific surface area (56.84 m2 g-1) and pore volume (0.2718 cm3 g-1), which enhanced its adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity. HPCN exhibited an effective adsorption rate of 38.25% for PQ in water under light. Compared with the PQ group (54.8%), the cell viability of the HPCN group (91.4%) significantly increased by 36.6%, and the SEM observation revealed the restoration of normal cell morphology. The HPCN effectively reduced PQ content in zebrafish and mice in vivo, resulting in an approximately 70% increase in survival rate. The UV-Vis results indicated that the adsorption rate of HPCN for PQ in zebrafish was 43.5%. The enhanced catalytic performance of HPCN provides a promising solution for the detoxification of PQ and of other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shandong 257061, PR China; Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, PR China.
| | - Jun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
| | - Xi-Yin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shandong 257061, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China.
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6
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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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7
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Li F, Yue X, Liao Y, Qiao L, Lv K, Xiang Q. Understanding the unique S-scheme charge migration in triazine/heptazine crystalline carbon nitride homojunction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3901. [PMID: 37400443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding charge transfer dynamics and carrier separation pathway is challenging due to the lack of appropriate characterization strategies. In this work, a crystalline triazine/heptazine carbon nitride homojunction is selected as a model system to demonstrate the interfacial electron-transfer mechanism. Surface bimetallic cocatalysts are used as sensitive probes during in situ photoemission for tracing the S-scheme transfer of interfacial photogenerated electrons from triazine phase to the heptazine phase. Variation of the sample surface potential under light on/off confirms dynamic S-scheme charge transfer. Further theoretical calculations demonstrate an interesting reversal of interfacial electron-transfer path under light/dark conditions, which also supports the experimental evidence of S-scheme transport. Benefiting from the unique merit of S-scheme electron transfer, homojunction shows significantly enhanced activity for CO2 photoreduction. Our work thus provides a strategy to probe dynamic electron transfer mechanisms and to design delicate material structures towards efficient CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yulong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
| | - Kangle Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Qiu W, Liu Y, Wang K, Zou L, Zhou Y, Liu M, Qiu X, Li J, Li W. Hydrophobic surface efficiently boosting Cu 2O nanowires photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5914-5917. [PMID: 37170969 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The limited mass transfer of CO2 and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction usually result in low CO2 reduction activity. Here, we constructed a Cu2O/Sn/PTFE photocathode with a hydrophobic surface based on Cu2O by physical vapor deposition and a dipping method. The CO faradaic efficiency (FE) increased from 34.5% (Cu2O) to 95.1% (Cu2O/Sn/PTFE) at -0.7 V vs. RHE, and the FEH2 decreased from 27.9% (Cu2O) to 3.8% (Cu2O/Sn/PTFE). The introduction of the hydrophobic layer enhances the local CO2 concentration on the electrode surface and effectively isolates H+ from the aqueous electrolyte, thereby enhancing the CO2 reduction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Weixin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Keke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Luwei Zou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Yang Z, Li L, Zeng S, Cui J, Wang K, Hu C, Zhao Y. Nanoarchitecture Manipulation by Polycondensation on KCl Crystals toward Crystalline Lamellar Carbon Nitride for Efficient H 2O 2 Photoproduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8232-8240. [PMID: 36740989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A lamellar carbon nitride (CN) framework is one of the most promising materials for solar-driven hydrogen peroxide production. The low dielectric constant of the organic CN framework leads to severe recombination of the excitons, and the photon-to-chemical conversion efficiency is thus unsatisfactory. In this work, by polycondensation of the small molecules on the KCl crystal surface, K+-incorporated crystalline CN (CNK) frameworks show significantly extended periodicity of the stacking layers and in-plane orderly organized heptazine/triazine units. The crystalline CNK frameworks exhibit a series of favorable photophysical properties, such as enhanced photon absorption, negatively shifted LUMO potentials, and attenuated emissive decay of the excitons. The CNK frameworks thus present remarkable performance in the photocatalytic selective oxygen reduction reaction for hydrogen peroxide production, e.g., CNK framework from the polycondensation of NH4SCN on the KCl surface could produce hydrogen peroxide at a remarkable reaction rate of 26.7 mmol h-1 g-1 with a high apparent quantum yield of 25.0%, which is 23.5 times that on its counterpart synthesized in the absence of KCl. This method is generally applicable to all of the precursors for CN synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Yu X, Zhang L, Deng L, Liu YN. Covalent-Coupled Zn 0.4Cd 0.6S with g-C 3N 4 as a Sheet-on-Sheet Z-Scheme Photocatalyst for Water Splitting. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Liu Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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11
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Chen M, Guo M, Zhai M, Xu J, Wang L. Manipulating electronic structure and light absorption of carbon nitride via P-doping and local crystallization for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Zheng B, Cui W, He F, Zhang Y, Wang S, Lu Y, Zhao C, Zhang J, Duan X, Sun H, Wang S. Flux-assisted synthesis of bismuth nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride for efficient photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting compound. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18317-18328. [PMID: 36416140 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02900f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional approaches to synthesizing bismuth nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride (C3N4) materials suffer from the complex synthesis process and the addition of a surfactant, which is not conducive to environmental protection. To address these problems, we adopted a simple and green flux-assisted approach for the first time to fabricate metallic bismuth nanoparticle decorated C3N4 (BiCCN). Electron microscopy results suggested that bismuth vanadate was converted into small bismuth nanoparticles via the flux-assisted approach. Highly dispersed Bi nanoparticles dramatically intensify light absorption, facilitate spatial charge separation as electron acceptors, shorten the charge diffusion length, and reserve more active sites for generating reactive species via surface photo-redox reactions. Consequently, the derived optimized photocatalyst BiCCN-15 rendered around 26 times higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency toward an endocrine disrupting compound (bisphenol A) than C3N4. This work provides a novel approach for developing non-precious metal decorated photocatalytic materials for sustainable water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Wu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Fengting He
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Shuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yangming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hongqi Sun
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China.
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13
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Fabricating metal-free Z-scheme heterostructures with nitrogen-deficient carbon nitride for fast photocatalytic removal of acetaminophen. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Wang R, Cao X, Huang H, Ji X, Chen X, Liu J, Yan P, Wei S, Chen L, Wang Y. Facile Chemical Vapor Modification Strategy to Construct Surface Cyano-Rich Polymer Carbon Nitrides for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201575. [PMID: 36149300 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface grafting of electro-negative cyano groups on polymer carbon nitrides (PCNs) is an effective way to tail their electronic structure. Despite the significant progress in the synthesis of cyano group-enriched PCN, developing a simple and efficient method remains challenging. Here, a facile strategy was developed for fabricating surface cyano-rich PCN (PCN-DM) with a porous structure via chemical vapor modification using diaminomaleonitrile. The cyano groups of diaminomaleonitrile substituted the amino groups on PCN surface via a deamination. The hydrogen production rate of the PCN-DM was approximately 17 times higher than that of pristine PCN. This significant increase in photocatalytic performance could be assigned to the fusion of cyano groups in the surface of PCN, forming new gap states that broadened the visible-light harvesting and accelerated charge separation for photoredox reactions. This study unveils a promising approach for incorporating functional units in the design of novel photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiudong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shunhang Wei
- School of Mathematical Information, Shaoxing University, 312000, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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15
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Yu Y, Hu X, Li M, Fang J, Leng C, Zhu X, Xu W, Qin J, Yao L, Liu Z, Fang Z. Constructing mesoporous Zr-doped SiO 2 onto efficient Z-scheme TiO 2/g-C 3N 4 heterojunction for antibiotic degradation via adsorption-photocatalysis and mechanism insight. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114189. [PMID: 36030911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel modified-TiO2/Zr-doped SiO2/g-C3N4 ternary composite is fabricated via an in-situ grow of porous Zr-SiO2 layer to TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction, which exhibits well adsorption-photocatalytic performance under simulated solar light irradiation. The nano-size mesoporous TiO2 are dispersed on the lamellar g-C3N4, and the Zr-SiO2 is in-situ fabricated onto the surface of g-C3N4 sheets. The adsorption occurs on the SiO2 layers, and doping Zr element to SiO2 enhances the adsorption of pollutants, while the photocatalytic reaction occurs on the valence band (VB) of TiO2 and conduction band (CB) of g-C3N4, which gives reactive oxygen species of ∙O2-, h+, and ∙OH for high efficient decomposition of antibiotics, i.e. berberine hydrochloride (98.11%), tetracycline (80.76%), and oxytetracycline (84.84%). The excellent adsorption capacity and Z-scheme photoinduced charge carrier migration behavior endowed the novel material with enhanced berberine hydrochloride (BH) removal in water, which approximately 2.5 and 3.8 folds than that of pure g-C3N4 and sole TiO2, respectively. Three degradation pathways are unraveled by LC-MS and theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the toxicity of intermediates was evaluated by the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.), the result demonstrated a good application potential of M-TiO2/Zr-SiO2/g-C3N4 as an novel adsorptive photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Yu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianzhang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chengmeng Leng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ximiao Zhu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weicheng Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jingjun Qin
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lang Yao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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16
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Han X, Lang Z, Zhao C, Yin L, Sun H, Yan L, Ren H, Tan H. Two-Dimensional Covalent Heptazine-Based Framework Enables Highly Photocatalytic Performance for Overall Water Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202417. [PMID: 35948503 PMCID: PMC9534949 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Screening high-efficiency 2D conjugated polymers toward visible-light-driven overall water splitting (OWS) is one of the most promising but challenging research directions to realize solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion and storage. "Mystery molecule" heptazine is an intriguing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) building block. By covalently linking with the electron-rich alkynyl and phenyl oxygen evolution reaction (OER) active units, 10 experimentally feasible 2D covalent heptazine-based frameworks (CHFs) are constructed and screened four promising visible-light-driven OWS photocatalysts, which are linked by p-phenyl (CHF-4), p-phenylenediynyl (CHF-7), m-phenylenediynyl (CHF-8), and phenyltriynyl (CHF-9), respectively. Their HER and OER active sites achieve completely spatially separated, where HER active sites focus on heptazine units and OER active sites located on alkynyl or phenyl units. Their lower overpotentials allow them to spontaneously trigger the surface OWS reaction under their own light-induced bias without using any sacrificial agents and cocatalysts. Among them, CHF-7 shows the best photocatalytic performance with an ideal STH energy conversion efficiency estimated at 12.04%, indicating that it is a promising photocatalyst for industrial OWS. This work not only provides an innovative idea for the exploration of novel polymer photocatalysts for OWS but also supplies a direction for the development of heptazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Xingqi Han
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Zhongling Lang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and TechnologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Congcong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Liying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Likai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Hongda Ren
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Huaqiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesMinistry of Science and Technology of ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilin541004China
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17
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Ou S, Zhou M, Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu Y. COF-5/CoAl-LDH Nanocomposite Heterojunction for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200184. [PMID: 35187792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into value-added chemical fuels is an attractive route to mitigate global warming and the energy crisis. Reasonable design of optical properties and electronic behavior of the photocatalyst are essential to improve their catalytic activity. Herein, the 1D/2D heterojunction by direct in-situ synthesis of the covalent organic framework (COF)-5 colloid on the surface of CoAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used as the prospective photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. COF-5/CoAl-LDH nanocomposite achieved 265.4 μmol g-1 of CO with 94.6 % selectivity over CH4 evolution in 5 h under visible light irradiation, which was 4.8 and 2.3 times higher than those of COF-5 colloid and CoAl-LDH, respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity was derived from the increased visible-light activity and the construction of type II-2 heterojunction, which greatly optimized visible light harvesting and accelerated the efficient separation of the photoinduced holes and electrons. This work paves the way for rational design of heterojunction catalysts in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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18
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Bai X, Jia T, Hao D, Yilin X, Linlong G. The tremendous boost for photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4: regulation from polymerization kinetics to crystal structure engineering. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become research hotspot owing to its special electronic structure and excellent chemical stability. Although g-C3N4 has made great progress in the field of photocatalysis, its...
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