1
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Yu IF, D'Angelo KA, Hernandez-Mejías ÁD, Cheng N, Hartwig JF. 2-Aminophenanthroline Ligands Enable Mild, Undirected, Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Alkyl C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7124-7129. [PMID: 38456743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic, undirected borylation of alkyl C-H bonds typically occurs at high reaction temperatures or with excess substrate, or both, because of the low reactivity of alkyl C-H bonds. Here we report a new iridium system comprising 2-anilino-1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand that catalyzes the borylation of alkyl C-H bonds with little to no induction period and with high reaction rates. This superior activation and reactivity profile of 2-aminophenanthroline-ligated catalysts leads to broader reaction scope, including reactions of sensitive substrates, such as epoxides and glycosidic acetals, enhanced diastereoselectivity, and higher yields of borylated products. These catalysts also enable the borylation of alkanes, amines, and ethers at room temperature for the first time. Mechanistic studies imply that facile N-borylation occurs under the reaction conditions and that iridium complexes containing N-boryl aminophenanthrolines are competent precatalysts for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyan A D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Nanrun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Lv X, Wang M, Zhao Y, Shi Z. P(III)-Directed Asymmetric C-H Arylation toward Planar Chiral Ferrocenes by Palladium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3483-3491. [PMID: 38266486 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Planar chiral ferrocenyl phosphines have been employed as highly valuable ligands in metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions. However, their preparation remains a formidable challenge due to the requirement for intricate, multistep synthetic sequences. In addressing this issue, we have developed a groundbreaking enantioselective C-H activation strategy facilitated by P(III) directing groups, enabling the efficient construction of planar chiral ferrocenyl phosphines in a single step. Our innovative approach entails the combination of a palladium catalyst, a parent ferrocenyl phosphine, and a chiral phosphoramidite ligand, leading to exceptional reactivity and enantioselectivity. Remarkably, these novel ligands exhibit remarkable efficacy in silver-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. We carried out a combination of experimental and computational studies to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the reaction pathway and the factors contributing to enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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3
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Yang Y, Chen J, Shi Y, Liu P, Feng Y, Peng Q, Xu S. Catalytic Enantioselective Primary C-H Borylation for Acyclic All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1635-1643. [PMID: 38182551 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Creating a perfect catalyst to operate enzyme-like chiral recognition has been a long-sought aim. A challenging example in this context is constructing acyclic all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers by transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation. We now report highly enantioselective iridium-catalyzed primary C-H borylation of α-all-carbon substituted 2,2-dimethyl amides enabled by a tailor-made chiral bidentate boryl ligand (CBL). The success of the current transformation is attributed to the CBL/iridium catalyst, which has a confined chiral pocket. This protocol provides a diverse array of acyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters with excellent enantiocontrol and distinct structural features. Computational study reveals that steric hindrance of CBL could regulate the type of dominant orbital interaction between the catalyst and substrate, which is crucial to conferring high chiral induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Kim N, Oh W, Knust KN, Zazyki Galetto F, Su X. Molecularly Selective Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemical Separations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16685-16700. [PMID: 37955994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular design of polymer interfaces has been key for advancing electrochemical separation processes. Precise control of molecular interactions at electrochemical interfaces has enabled the removal or recovery of charged species with enhanced selectivity, capacity, and stability. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent developments in polymer interfaces applied to liquid-phase electrochemical separations, with a focus on their role as electrosorbents as well as membranes in electrodialysis systems. In particular, we delve into both the single-site and macromolecular design of redox polymers and their use in heterogeneous electrochemical separation platforms. We highlight the significance of incorporating both redox-active and non-redox-active moieties to tune binding toward ever more challenging separations, including structurally similar species and even isomers. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the development of selective ion-exchange membranes for electrodialysis and the critical need to control the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Finally, we share perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in electrochemical separations, ranging from the need for a comprehensive understanding of binding mechanisms to the continued innovation of electrochemical architectures for polymer electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wangsuk Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyle N Knust
- Department of Chemistry, Millikin University, 1184 W. Main Street, Decatur, Illinois 62522, United States
| | - Fábio Zazyki Galetto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Kuang X, Li JJ, Liu T, Ding CH, Wu K, Wang P, Yu JQ. Cu-mediated enantioselective C-H alkynylation of ferrocenes with chiral BINOL ligands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7698. [PMID: 38001060 PMCID: PMC10673954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of Cu(II)-catalyzed C-H activation reactions have been realized since 2006, however, whether a C-H metalation mechanism similar to Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H activation reaction is operating remains an open question. To address this question and ultimately develop ligand accelerated Cu(II)-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, realizing the enantioselective version and investigating the mechanism is critically important. With a modified chiral BINOL ligand, we report the first example of Cu-mediated enantioselective C-H activation reaction for the construction of planar chiral ferrocenes with high yields and stereoinduction. The key to the success of this reaction is the discovery of a ligand acceleration effect with the BINOL-based diol ligand in the directed Cu-catalyzed C-H alkynylation of ferrocene derivatives bearing an oxazoline-aniline directing group. This transformation is compatible with terminal aryl and alkyl alkynes, which are incompatible with Pd-catalyzed C-H activation reactions. This finding provides an invaluable mechanistic information in determining whether Cu(II) cleaves C-H bonds via CMD pathway in analogous manner to Pd(II) catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- School of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Hua Ding
- School of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Kevin Wu
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P.R. China.
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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6
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Liu CX, Zhao F, Gu Q, You SL. Enantioselective Rh(I)-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Ferroceneformaldehydes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2036-2043. [PMID: 38033798 PMCID: PMC10683487 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
As an important class of platform molecules, planar chiral ferrocene carbonyl compounds could be transformed into various functional groups offering facile synthesis of chiral ligands and catalysts. However, developing efficient and straightforward methods for accessing enantiopure planar chiral ferrocene carbonyl compounds, especially ferroceneformaldehydes, remains highly challenging. Herein, we report a rhodium(I)/phosphoramidite-catalyzed enantioselective C-H bond arylation of ferroceneformaldehydes. Readily available aryl halides such as aryl iodides, aryl bromides, and even aryl chlorides are suitable coupling partners in this transformation, leading to a series of planar chiral ferroceneformaldehydes in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 83% yield and >99% ee). The aldehyde group could be transformed into diverse functional groups smoothly, and enantiopure Ugi's amine and PPFA analogues could be synthesized efficiently. The latter was found to be a highly efficient ligand in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions. Mechanistic experiments supported the formation of imine intermediates as the key step during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qing Gu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory,
State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory,
State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Zhao H, Zhao CY, Chen L, Xia C, Hong X, Xu S. Aryl Chloride-Directed Enantioselective C(sp 2)-H Borylation Enabled by Iridium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25214-25221. [PMID: 37934914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C-H borylation of aryl chlorides. A variety of prochiral biaryl compounds could be well-tolerated, affording a vast array of axially chiral biaryls with high enantioselectivities. The current method exhibits a high turnover number (TON) of 7000, which represents the highest in functional-group-directed asymmetric C-H activation. The high TON was attributed to a weak catalyst-substrate interaction that was caused by mismatched chirality between catalyst and substrate. We also demonstrated the synthetic application of the current method by C-B, ortho-C-H, and C-Cl bond functionalization, including programmed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling for the synthesis of axially chiral polyarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao-Yue Zhao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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8
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Zheng H, Liu C, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen B, Hu Y, Chen Q. Catalytic Undirected Meta-Selective C-H Borylation of Metallocenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304672. [PMID: 37632714 PMCID: PMC10625117 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallocenes are privileged backbones in the fields of synthetic chemistry, catalysis, polymer science, etc. Direct C-H functionalization is undoubtedly the simplest approach for tuning the properties of metallocenes. However, owing to the presence of multiple identical C(sp2 )-H sites, this protocol often suffers from low reactivity and selectivity issues, especially for the regioselective synthesis of 1,3-difunctionalized metallocenes. Herein, an efficient iridium-catalyzed meta-selective C-H borylation of metallocenes is reported. With no need of preinstalled directing groups, this approach enables a rapid synthesis of various boronic esters based on benzoferrocenes, ferrocenes, ruthenocene, and related half sandwich complex. A broad range of electron-deficient and -rich functional groups are all compatible with the process. Notably, C-H borylation of benzoferrocenes takes place exclusively at the benzene ring, which is likely ascribed to the shielding effect of pentamethylcyclopentadiene. The synthetic utility is further demonstrated by easy scalability to gram quantities, the conversion of boron to heteroatoms including N3 , SePh, and OAc, as well as diverse cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Chang‐Hui Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Zhi Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Cheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyChina University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhouJiangsu221116P. R. China
| | - Qing‐An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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9
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Fortney VA, Murphy JK, Stancil TR, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Weinert CS. Exploring the Versatility of the Amidation of Aryl Acid Fluorides using the Germylamines R 3 GeNMe 2. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300788. [PMID: 37883375 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of amide bonds is an important process since this linkage is an essential component in proteins, pharmaceuticals, and other medicinally and biologically significant molecules. Recently, it was demonstrated that germylamines R3 GeNR'2 were useful reagents for the conversion of acid fluorides to amides. This transformation occurs readily at room temperature and has a low activation energy. In the present study, the versatility of this amidation reaction with aryl acid fluorides is investigated. A series of thirteen acid fluorides with various substituents on the aromatic ring were reacted with the germylamine Ph3 GeNMe2 and twelve of these were converted to the corresponding amides in high yields, the exception being 1,4-benzenedicarbonyl difluoride. The germylamines Bun 3 GeNMe2 and Pri 3 GeNMe2 also could be used for this interconversion, and both of these species successfully converted 1,4-benzenedicarbonyl difluoride to the corresponding amide. In addition, the crystal structure of Ph3 GeNMe2 is reported. This represents one of only three crystallographically characterized germylamines. The synthesis and 19 F NMR characterization of three fluorogermanes R3 GeF (R=Bun , Pri , and Mes) are also reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Fortney
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
| | - Julia K Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
| | - Thad R Stancil
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
| | - Charles S Weinert
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358
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10
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Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Xie T, Chen L, Shen Z, Xu S. Simple Ether-Directed Enantioselective C(sp 3 )-H Borylation of Cyclopropanes Enabled by Iridium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300199. [PMID: 36762972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is an efficient and simple ether-directed iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3 )-H borylation of cyclopropanes. Various functional groups were well-tolerated, affording a vast array of chiral cyclopropanes with high enantioselectivities. We also demonstrated that the turnover numbers of the current reaction could be up to 335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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12
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Gao Q, Xu S. Site- and Stereoselective C(sp 3 )-H Borylation of Strained (Hetero)Cycloalkanols Enabled by Iridium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218025. [PMID: 36581587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed site- and stereoselective C-H activation of strained (hetero)cycloalkanes remains a formidable challenge. We herein report a carbamate-directed iridium-catalyzed asymmetric β-C(sp3 )-H borylation of cyclopropanol derivatives. A variety of densely functionalized cyclopropanols were obtained in good enantioselectivities via desymmetrization and kinetic resolution. In addition, site-selective C(sp3 )-H borylation of methine groups furnished α-borylated (hetero)cycloalkanols in moderate to good yields. The synthetic utility of the method was further shown in a gram-scale synthesis and diverse downstream transformations of borylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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13
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Song SY, Zhou X, Ke Z, Xu S. Synthesis of Chiral Sulfoximines via Iridium-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective C-H Borylation: A Remarkable Sidearm Effect of Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217130. [PMID: 36511841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation of prochiral sulfoximines for non-annulated products remains a formidable challenge. We herein report iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C-H borylation of N-silyl diaryl sulfoximines using a well-designed chiral bidentate boryl ligand with a bulky side arm. This method is capable of accommodating a broad range of substrates under mild reaction conditions, affording a vast array of chiral sulfoximines with high enantioselectivities. We also demonstrated the synthetic utility on a preparative-scale C-H borylation for diverse downstream transformations, including the synthesis of chiral version of bioactive molecules. Computational studies showed that the bulky side arm of the ligand confers high regio- and enantioselectivity through steric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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14
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Peluso P, Mamane V. Ferrocene derivatives with planar chirality and their enantioseparation by liquid-phase techniques. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:158-189. [PMID: 35946562 PMCID: PMC10087518 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, planar chiral ferrocenes have attracted a growing interest in several fields, particularly in asymmetric catalysis, medicinal chemistry, chiroptical spectroscopy and electrochemistry. In this frame, the access to pure or enriched enantiomers of planar chiral ferrocenes has become essential, relying on the availability of efficient asymmetric synthesis procedures and enantioseparation methods. Despite this, in enantioseparation science, these metallocenes were not comprehensively explored, and very few systematic analytical studies were reported in this field so far. On the other hand, enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography has been frequently used by organic and organometallic chemists in order to measure the enantiomeric purity of planar chiral ferrocenes prepared by asymmetric synthesis. On these bases, this review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview on the enantioseparation of planar chiral ferrocenes by discussing liquid-phase enantioseparation methods developed over time, integrating this main topic with the most relevant aspects of ferrocene chemistry. Thus, the main structural features of ferrocenes and the methods to model this class of metallocenes will be briefly summarized. In addition, planar chiral ferrocenes of applicative interest as well as the limits of asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of some classes of planar chiral ferrocenes will also be discussed with the aim to orient analytical scientists towards 'hot topics' and issues which are still open for accessing enantiomers of ferrocenes featured by planar chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Sarkar S, Wagulde S, Jia X, Gevorgyan V. General and Selective Metal-Free Radical α-C-H Borylation of Aliphatic Amines. Chem 2022; 8:3096-3108. [PMID: 36571075 PMCID: PMC9784107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent developments, selective C(sp3)-H borylation of feedstock amines remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we have developed a general, mild, and photoinduced transition metal- and strong base-free method for α-C(sp3)-H borylation of amines. This protocol features a regioselective 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process to access key α-aminoalkyl radical intermediate using commercially available easy-to-install/remove iodobenzoyl radical translocating group. Remarkably, this general, efficient, and operationally simple method allows activation of primary and secondary α-C-H sites of a broad range of acyclic and cyclic amines toward highly regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of valuable α-aminoboronates. Utility of this protocol has been demonstrated by its employment in late-stage borylation of structurally complex amines and formal C-H arylation reaction of amines. Thus, it is expected that this operationally simple, general, and practical method will find broad application in organic synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, BSB 13, Richardson, Texas, 75080 (USA)
| | - Sidhant Wagulde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, BSB 13, Richardson, Texas, 75080 (USA)
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, BSB 13, Richardson, Texas, 75080 (USA)
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, BSB 13, Richardson, Texas, 75080 (USA)
- Lead contact
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16
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Mou Q, Zhao R, Sun B. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Ferrocene Amides. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200818. [PMID: 36047433 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, in synthetic organic chemistry, directing-group-assisted C-H functionalization is found to be a key tool for the expedient and site-selective construction of C-C and hybrid bonds. Among C-H functionalization of ferrocene derivatives, the directed group strategy is undoubtedly the most commonly used method. Compared to the other directing groups, ferrocene amides can be synthesized easily and are now recognized as one of the most efficient devices for the selective functionalization of certain positions because its metal centre permits fine, tuneable and reversible coordination. The family of amide directing groups mainly comprises monodentate and bidentate directing groups, which are categorized on the basis of coordination sites. In this review, various C-H bond functionalization reactions of ferrocene using amide directing groups are broadly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Mou
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Ruyuan Zhao
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Bo Sun
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, college of chemical engineering, zhengzhoulu No. 53, 266000, Qingdao, CHINA
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17
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Li H, Luo H, Ban Y, Wang Y, Li D, Yang J. Thioamide‐Directed Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C(sp2) –H bond vinylation and arylation of Ferrocenes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Ningxia University State Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hui Luo
- Ningxia University State Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yan Ban
- Ningxia University State Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering CHINA
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18
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Shi Y, Yang Y, Xu S. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp 3 )-H Borylation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201463. [PMID: 35194926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed regio- and stereo-controllable C-H functionalization remains a formidable challenge in asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we disclose the first example of iridium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H borylation of aminocyclopropanes by using simple imides as weakly coordinating directing groups under mild reaction conditions. The reaction proceeded via a six-membered iridacycle, affording a vast range of chiral aminocyclopropyl boronates. The current method features a broad spectrum of functional groups (36 examples) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 %). We also demonstrated the synthetic utility by a preparative scale C-H borylation, C-B bond transformations, and conversion of the directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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19
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Qiao L, Zhang AA, Chen J, Li GW, Gao YY, Fan B, Liu L. Palladium-Catalyzed Disilylation of 2-Bromoarylferrocenes: An Efficient Approach to 1-Trimethylsilyl-2-(2-trimethylsilylaryl)ferrocenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Shi Y, Yang Y, Xu S. Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)−H Borylation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
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21
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Mahamudul Hassan MM, Mondal B, Singh S, Haldar C, Chaturvedi J, Bisht R, Sunoj RB, Chattopadhyay B. Ir-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Directed C–H Borylation of Arenes and Pharmaceuticals: Detailed Mechanistic Understanding. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4360-4375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chabush Haldar
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Chaturvedi
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Ghosh T, Bhakta S. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroarylation Reaction: A Useful Tool in Organic Synthesis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00826b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the recent advances in the field of nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation reaction of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. All reactions proceeded either through internal hydride transfer or in presence of...
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