1
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Gladkov AA, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Photoredox Activation of Fluorinated Organozinc Reagents: Hydrofluoroalkylation of Unactivated and Electron Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39059413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with organozinc reagents under photocatalytic conditions is described. The fluorinated alkyl radicals were generated from organozincs by the single electron oxidation of the carbon-zinc bond. The radical addition step is followed either by hydrogen atom transfer for unactivated olefins or by a reduction/protonation sequence for strongly accepting arylidenemalononitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Gladkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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2
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Schoetz MD, Deckers K, Singh G, Ahrweiler E, Hoeppner A, Schoenebeck F. Electrochemistry-Enabled C-Heteroatom Bond Formation of Alkyl Germanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39058901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of their robustness and orthogonal reactivity features, alkyl germanes bear significant potential as functional handles for the construction of C(sp3)-rich scaffolds, especially in the context of modular synthetic approaches. However, to date, only radical-based reactivity has been accessible from these functional handles, which limits the types of possible decorations. Here, we describe the first general C(sp3)-heteroatom bond formation of alkyl germanes (-GeEt3) by leveraging electrochemistry to unlock polar reactivity. This approach allowed us to couple C(sp3)-GeEt3 with a variety of nucleophiles to construct ethers, esters, amines, amides, sulfonamides, sulfides, as well as C-P, C-F, and C-C bonds. The compatibility of the electrochemical approach with a modular synthetic strategy of a C1 motif was also showcased, involving the sequential functionalization of Cl, Bpin, and ultimately GeEt3 via electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hoeppner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Yoshizawa K, Li BX, Matsuyama T, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Visible-Light-Driven Germyl Radical Generation via EDA-Catalyzed ET-HAT Process. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401546. [PMID: 38716768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We have established a facile and efficient protocol for the generation of germyl radicals by employing photo-excited electron transfer (ET) in an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex to drive hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from germyl hydride (R3GeH). Using a catalytic amount of EDA complex of commercially available thiol and benzophenone derivatives, the ET-HAT cycle smoothly proceeds simply upon blue-light irradiation without any transition metal or photocatalyst. This protocol also affords silyl radical from silyl hydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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4
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McGhie L, Marotta A, Loftus PO, Seeberger PH, Funes-Ardoiz I, Molloy JJ. Photogeneration of α-Bimetalloid Radicals via Selective Activation of Multifunctional C1 Units. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15850-15859. [PMID: 38805091 PMCID: PMC11177267 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven strategies that enable the chemoselective activation of a specific bond in multifunctional systems are comparatively underexplored in comparison to transition-metal-based technologies, yet desirable when considering the controlled exploration of chemical space. With the current drive to discover next-generation therapeutics, reaction design that enables the strategic incorporation of an sp3 carbon center, containing multiple synthetic handles for the subsequent exploration of chemical space would be highly enabling. Here, we describe the photoactivation of ambiphilic C1 units to generate α-bimetalloid radicals using only a Lewis base and light source to directly activate the C-I bond. Interception of these transient radicals with various SOMOphiles enables the rapid synthesis of organic scaffolds containing synthetic handles (B, Si, and Ge) for subsequent orthogonal activation. In-depth theoretical and mechanistic studies reveal the prominent role of 2,6-lutidine in forming a photoactive charge transfer complex and in stabilizing in situ generated iodine radicals, as well as the influential role of the boron p-orbital in the activation/weakening of the C-I bond. This simple and efficient methodology enabled expedient access to functionalized 3D frameworks that can be further derivatized using available technologies for C-B and C-Si bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis McGhie
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marotta
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Loftus
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department
of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de
la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad
de La Rioja Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26004, Spain
| | - John J. Molloy
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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5
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Qiu Z, Deng H, Neumann CN. Site-Isolated Rhodium(II) Metalloradicals Catalyze Olefin Hydrofunctionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401375. [PMID: 38314637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Rh(II) porphyrin complexes display pronounced metal-centered radical character and the ability to activate small molecules under mild conditions, but catalysis with Rh(II) porphyrins is extremely rare. In addition to facile dimerization, Rh(II) porphyrins readily engage in kinetically and thermodynamically facile reactions involving two Rh(II) centers to generate stable Rh(III)-X intermediates that obstruct turnover in thermal catalysis. Here we report site isolation of Rh(II) metalloradicals in a MOF host, which not only protects Rh(II) metalloradicals against dimerization, but also allows them to participate in thermal catalysis. Access to PCN-224 or PCN-222 in which the porphyrin linkers are fully metalated by Rh(II) in the absence of any accompanying Rh(0) nanoparticles was achieved via the first direct MOF synthesis with a linker containing a transition-metal alkyl moiety, followed by Rh(III)-C bond photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Qiu
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Constanze N Neumann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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6
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Liu YL, Liu J, Li XY, He P, Liu YX, Xiang M, Tang S. A radical 1,4-aryl migration enables nickel-catalysed remote cross-electrophile coupling of β-bromo amino acid esters with vinyl triflates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4306-4309. [PMID: 38533558 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A radical 1,4-aryl migration enabling a cross-electrophile coupling reaction toward remote transalkylation of N-benzyl alanine has been developed. In this strategy, with the occurrence of a radical-mediated Turce-Smiles rearrangement, key α-aminoalkyl radicals are generated. The as-formed α-aminoalkyl radical serves as a robust coupling partner for cross-electrophilic coupling with vinyl triflates, affording a series of olefin-tethered amino acid motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Peng He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Yu-Xuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Mei Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
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7
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Xu MY, Jiang WT, Xia MZ, An ZL, Xie XY, Xiao B. Orthogonal sp 3-Ge/B Bimetallic Modules: Enantioselective Construction and Enantiospecific Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317284. [PMID: 38342760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of enantioenriched sp3-Ge/B bimetallic modules were successfully synthesized via an enantioselective copper-catalyzed hydroboration of carbagermatrane (Ge)-containing alkenes. Orthogonal cross-coupling selectivity under different Pd-catalyzed conditions was achieved in an enantiospecific manner. Notably, the chiral secondary Ge exhibited a remarkable transmetallation ability prior to primary or secondary Bpin. The effectiveness of this Ge/B bimetallic strategy was further demonstrated through the development of new functional small molecules with Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) performance. This represents the first successful example of synthesis of enantioenriched alkylgermanium reagents that permit enantiospecific cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Long An
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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8
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Ahrweiler E, Schoetz MD, Singh G, Bindschaedler QP, Sorroche A, Schoenebeck F. Triply Selective & Sequential Diversification at C sp 3: Expansion of Alkyl Germane Reactivity for C-C & C-Heteroatom Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401545. [PMID: 38386517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the triply selective and sequential diversification of a single Csp 3 carbon carrying Cl, Bpin and GeEt3 for the modular and programmable construction of sp3-rich molecules. Various functionalizations of Csp 3-Cl and Csp 3-BPin (e.g. alkylation, arylation, homologation, amination, hydroxylation) were tolerated by the Csp 3-GeEt3 group. Moreover, the methodological repertoire of alkyl germane functionalization was significantly expanded beyond the hitherto known Giese addition and arylation to alkynylation, alkenylation, cyanation, halogenation, azidation, C-S bond formation as well as the first demonstration of stereo-selective functionalization of a Csp 3-[Ge] bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Quentin P Bindschaedler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Alba Sorroche
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany)
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9
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Rogova T, Ahrweiler E, Schoetz MD, Schoenebeck F. Recent Developments with Organogermanes: their Preparation and Application in Synthesis and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314709. [PMID: 37899306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Within the sphere of traditional Pd0 /PdII cross coupling reactions, organogermanes have been historically outperformed both in terms of scope and reactivity by more conventional transmetalating reagents. Subsequently, this class of compounds has been largely underutilized as a coupling partner in bond-forming strategies. Most recent studies, however, have shown that alternative modes of activation of these notoriously robust building blocks transform organogermanes into the most reactive site of the molecule-capable of outcompeting other functional groups (such as boronic acids, esters and silanes) for both C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. As a result, over the past few years, the literature has increasingly featured methodologies that explore the potential of organogermanes as chemoselective and orthogonal coupling partners. Herein we highlight some of these recent advances in the field of organogermane chemistry both with respect to their synthesis and applications in synthetic and catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rogova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Li WF, Xu QH, Miao QY, Xiao B. Dual Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis Enables Diastereoselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted γ-Lactams Using Alkyl-GeMe 3 as Radical Precursors. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38323758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a single-step, multicomponent approach to versatile γ-lactams through dual photoredox/nickel-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam. This reaction utilized alkyl trimethylgermanium as a radical precursor and acyl chloride as the electrophile, demonstrating remarkable functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing-Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi-Yue Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Wang B, Singh J, Deng Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Divergent Radical Cascade Annulations of 1,6-Enynes via Pyridine N-Oxide-Promoted Vinyl Radical Generation. Org Lett 2023; 25:9219-9224. [PMID: 38112553 PMCID: PMC10842598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The divergent organophotoredox-catalyzed radical cascade annulation reactions of 1,6-enynes were developed. A series of cyclopropane-fused hetero- and carbo-bicyclic, tricyclic, and spiro-tetracyclic compounds were facilely synthesized from a broad scope of 1,6-enynes and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide under mild and metal-free conditions with blue light-emitting diode light irradiation. The cascade annulation reaction occurs with the intermediacy of a β-oxyvinyl radical, which is produced from photocatalytically generated pyridine N-oxy radical addition to the carbon-carbon triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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12
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Zhou Z, Yang J, Yang B, Han Y, Zhu L, Xue XS, Zhu F. Photoredox Nickel-Catalysed Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314832. [PMID: 37946607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Stille cross-coupling reaction is one of the most common strategies for the construction of C-C bonds. Despite notable strides in the advancement of the Stille reaction, persistent challenges persist in hindering its greener evolution. These challenges encompass multiple facets, such as the high cost of precious metals and ligands, the demand for various additives, and the slow reaction rate. In comparison to the dominant palladium-catalysed Stille reactions, cost-effective nickel-catalysed systems lag behind, and enantioconvergent Stille reactions of racemic stannanes remain undeveloped. Herein, we present a pioneering instance of nickel-catalysed enantioconvergent Stille cross-coupling reactions of racemic stannane reagents, resulting in the formation of C-C bonds in good to high yields with excellent stereoselectivity. This strategy provides a practical, scalable, and operationally straightforward method for the synthesis of C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ), C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ), and C(sp3 )-C(sp) bonds under exceptionally mild conditions (without additives and bases, ambient temperature). The innovative use of synergistic photoredox/nickel catalysis enables a novel single-electron transmetalation process of stannane reagents, providing a new research paradigm of Stille reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jimin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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13
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Lu L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhang W, See KA, Lin S. Three-Component Cross-Electrophile Coupling: Regioselective Electrochemical Dialkylation of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22298-22304. [PMID: 37801465 PMCID: PMC10625357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The cross-electrophile dialkylation of alkenes enables the formation of two C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds from readily available starting materials in a single transformation, thereby providing a modular and expedient approach to building structural complexity in organic synthesis. Herein, we exploit the disparate electronic and steric properties of alkyl halides with varying degrees of substitution to accomplish their selective activation and addition to alkenes under electrochemical conditions. This method enables regioselective dialkylation of alkenes without the use of a transition-metal catalyst and provides access to a diverse range of synthetically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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14
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Bołt M, Mermela A, Żak P. Highly selective α-hydrogermylation of alkynes catalyzed by an in situ generated bulky NHC-cobalt complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11548-11551. [PMID: 37676489 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A new catalytic system, based on an octacarbonyl dicobalt(0) complex and bulky ligand, providing a route to α-vinylgermanes is described. The proposed method can be effectively used for Markovnikov-selective hydrogermylation of a number of terminal and internal alkynes. It has been proved that analogous catalytic systems containing less sterically demanding ligands cannot serve as selective catalysts in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bołt
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznan 61-614, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Mermela
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznan 61-614, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Żak
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznan 61-614, Poland.
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15
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Cheng SY, Liao JB, Lin YM, Gong L. Photochemical Synthesis of S,N,O-Containing Polyheterocycles via an α-C(sp 3)-H Functionalization/Radical Cyclization Cascade. Org Lett 2023; 25:6566-6570. [PMID: 37646425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective approach based on an organophotocatalytic α-C(sp3)-H functionalization/radical cyclization cascade has been developed. This method enables the synthesis of various tricyclic heterocycles containing S, O, and N atoms with excellent site selectivity and diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations have confirmed that the reaction involves photoredox-triggered C(sp3)-H cleavage followed by a radical cyclization and aromatization process. These findings are expected to pave the way for developing cost-effective tandem radical reactions and synthesizing heterocyclic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
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16
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Nan J, Huang G, Liu S, Wang J, Ma Y, Luan X. In(OTf) 3-catalyzed reorganization/cycloaddition of two imine units and subsequent modular assembly of acridinium photocatalysts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5160-5166. [PMID: 37206409 PMCID: PMC10189902 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a novel reorganization/cycloaddition between two imine units catalyzed by In(OTf)3 Lewis acid that differs from the well-known [4 + 2] cycloaddition version via the Povarov reaction. By means of this unprecedented imine chemistry, a collection of synthetically useful dihydroacridines has been synthesized. Notably, the obtained products give rise to a series of structurally novel and fine-tuneable acridinium photocatalysts, offering a heuristic paradigm for synthesis and efficiently facilitating several encouraging dihydrogen coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Nan
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Guanjie Huang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Shilei Liu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710021 China
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17
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Stachowiak-Dłużyńska H, Kuciński K, Broniarz K, Szafoni E, Gruszczyński M, Lewandowski D, Consiglio G, Hreczycho G. Access to germasiloxanes and alkynylgermanes mediated by earth-abundant species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5618. [PMID: 37024548 PMCID: PMC10079689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactions between silanols or terminal acetylenes with alkynylgermanes have been accomplished using potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as the catalyst. This strategy has provided an entry point into various organogermanes including germasiloxanes and alkynylgermanes. Remarkably, not only KHMDS but also simple bases such as KOH can serve as efficient catalysts in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stachowiak-Dłużyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kuciński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Konstancja Broniarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafoni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Consiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Hreczycho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego St. 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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18
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Brösamlen D, Oestreich M. Enantio- and Regioconvergent Synthesis of γ-Stereogenic Vinyl Germanes and Their Use as Masked Vinyl Halides. Org Lett 2023; 25:1901-1906. [PMID: 36960614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed enantio- and regioconvergent alkylation of regioisomeric mixtures of racemic germylated allylic electrophiles with alkyl nucleophiles is reported. Key to success is a newly developed hept-4-yl-substituted Pybox ligand that enables accessing various chiral γ-germyl α-alkyl allylic building blocks in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The reason for the regioconvergence is the steering effect of the bulky germyl group. The resulting vinyl germanes can be easily halodegermylated without racemization of the allylic stereocenter to afford synthetically valuable γ-stereogenic vinyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brösamlen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Li BX, Ishida H, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Visible-Light-Driven Silyl or Germyl Radical Generation via Si-C or Ge-C Bond Homolysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1765-1770. [PMID: 36883960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple, rapid, and selective protocol for visible-light-driven generation of silyl radicals through photoredox-induced Si-C bond homolysis. Irradiating 3-silyl-1,4-cyclohexadienes with blue light in the presence of a commercially available photocatalyst smoothly generated silyl radicals bearing various substituents within 1 h, and these radicals were trapped by a broad range of alkenes to afford products in good yields. This process is also available for efficient generation of germyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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20
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Kaithal A, Sasmal HS, Dutta S, Schäfer F, Schlichter L, Glorius F. cis-Selective Hydrogenation of Aryl Germanes: A Direct Approach to Access Saturated Carbo- and Heterocyclic Germanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4109-4118. [PMID: 36781169 PMCID: PMC9951224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic approach of synthesizing the cis-selective saturated carbo- and heterocyclic germanium compounds (3D framework) is reported via the hydrogenation of readily accessible aromatic germanes (2D framework). Among the numerous catalysts tested, Nishimura's catalyst (Rh2O3/PtO2·H2O) exhibited the best hydrogenation reactivity with an isolated yield of up to 96%. A broad range of substrates including the synthesis of unprecedented saturated heterocyclic germanes was explored. This selective hydrogenation strategy could tolerate several functional groups such as -CF3, -OR, -F, -Bpin, and -SiR3 groups. The synthesized products demonstrated the applications in coupling reactions including the newly developed strategy of aza-Giese-type addition reaction (C-N bond formation) from the saturated cyclic germane product. These versatile motifs can have a substantial value in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry as they show orthogonal reactivity in coupling reactions while competing with other coupling partners such as boranes or silanes, acquiring a three-dimensional structure with high stability and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Center for Soft Nanoscience
(SoN) and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Laglera-Gándara C, Ríos P, Fernández-de-Córdova FJ, Barturen M, Fernández I, Conejero S. σ-GeH and Germyl Cationic Pt(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20848-20859. [PMID: 36322561 PMCID: PMC9949701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The low electron count Pt(II) complexes [Pt(NHC')(NHC)][BArF] (where NHC is a N-heterocyclic carbene ligand and NHC' its metalated form) react with tertiary hydrogermanes HGeR3 at room temperature to generate the 14-electron platinum(II) germyl derivatives [Pt(GeR3)(NHC)2][BArF]. Low-temperature NMR studies allowed us to detect and characterize spectroscopically some of the σ-GeH intermediates [Pt(η2-HGeR3)(NHC')(NHC)][BArF] that evolve into the platinum-germyl species. One of these compounds has been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies, and the interaction of the H-Ge bond with the platinum center has been analyzed in detail by computational methods, which suggest that the main contribution is the donation of the H-Ge to a σ*(Pt-C) orbital, but backdonation from the platinum to the σ*(Ge-H) orbital is significant. Primary and secondary hydrogermanes also produce the corresponding platinum-germyl complexes, a result that contrasts with the reactivity observed with primary silanes, in which carbon-silicon bond-forming reactions have been reported. According to density functional theory calculations, the formation of Pt-Ge/C-H bonds is both kinetically and thermodynamically preferred over the competitive reaction pathway leading to Pt-H/C-Ge bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
J. Laglera-Gándara
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain,
| | - Francisco José Fernández-de-Córdova
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Marina Barturen
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I y Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain,
| | - Salvador Conejero
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain,
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