1
|
Pazos A, Cruz CM, Cuerva JM, Rivilla I, Cossío FP, Freixa Z. Enantiopure [6]-Azairidahelicene by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of a Configurationally Labile [4]-Helicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406663. [PMID: 38655628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A pair of enantiopure [6]-azairidahelicenes incorporating chirality at the metal center and on the helicenic ligand were synthesized by dynamic kinetic resolution (dkr) of a configurationally labile [4]-helicenic ligand (4-(2-pyridyl)-benzo[g]phenanthrene, L1H) using bis-cyclometalated chiral-at-metal only iridium(III) precursors as chiral inductors. The origin of the observed dkr is attributed to the different conformation and stability of diastereomeric reaction intermediates formed during the cyclometalation process. The isolated enantiomers exhibited circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP), with |gphos| values of 1.8×10-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Pazos
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ), Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ivan Rivilla
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Zoraida Freixa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang P, Mikherdov AS, Ito H, Jin M. Crystallization-Induced Chirality Transfer in Conformationally Flexible Azahelicene Au(I) Complexes with Circularly Polarized Luminescence Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12463-12472. [PMID: 38626915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and twisted annulated π-systems exhibit numerous unique and desirable features, owing to their ability to display chirality. However, preventing their racemization due to the dynamic nature of their chirality remains a challenge. One promising approach to stabilize homochirality in such systems is chirality transfer from a chiral auxiliary to a moiety displaying dynamic chirality. Herein, we introduce a new approach for dynamic chirality stabilization in conformationally flexible azahelicene species via crystallization-induced intermolecular chirality transfer in Au(I) complexes featuring azahelicene (dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and benzo[c]carbazole) and enantio-pure chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands with a complementary tailored shape. Crystallization of these azahelicene Au(I) complexes not only suppresses the dynamic chirality of the dibenzocarbazole species but also stabilizes their homochirality through the intermolecular conjunction between the chiral NHC and dibenzocarbazole ligands. In the Au(I) benzocarbazole complexes, the intermolecular conjunction and chirality transfer in the crystals induce chirality in the initially achiral benzocarbazole ligand. Furthermore, the crystallization of the studied complexes activates their circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties, which were suppressed in solution. Importantly, chirality transfer leads to significant CPL enhancement; the complexes that feature chirality transfer within the crystal structure exhibit luminescence dissymmetry factors 5 to 10 times higher than those of the complexes without chirality transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Jiang
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Alexander S Mikherdov
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu WL, Zhang RX, Wang H, Chen J, Zhou L. Helicoselective Synthesis of Indolohelicenoids through Organocatalytic Central-to-Helical Chirality Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318021. [PMID: 38196108 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We report the helicoselective and convergent construction of indolohelicenoids with excellent efficiency and stereocontrol. This reaction proceeds through a chiral-phosphoric-acid-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition and eliminative aromatization sequence, which can be finely controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature. Mechanistic studies reveal that the chiral phosphoric acid cooperatively serves as both a bifunctional and Brønsted acid catalyst, enabling one-pot central-to-helical chirality conversion. Additionally, the optical properties of the synthesized indolohelicenoids were characterized to explore their potential applications in organic photoelectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Agrawal AR, Shiouki I, Deree Y, Bogoslavsky B, Gidron O. Controlling helicene's pitch by molecular tethering. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1365-1368. [PMID: 38258458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We applied post-cyclization annulation to introduce a series of tethered S-shaped double [4]helicenes in which the intramolecular tether imposes a specific helical handedness. Introducing a tether and then shortening the tether length incrementally increase the pitch angle of [4]helicene, thus enabling a quantitative study of the effects of helicene's pitch on its electronic and (chiro)optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Agrawal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Israa Shiouki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yinon Deree
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Benny Bogoslavsky
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ji B, Qi Z, Ye T, Li S, Shi Y, Cui S, Xiao J. Straightforward Synthesis of Pentagon-Embedded Expanded [11]Helicenes for Radiative Cooling Property. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302893. [PMID: 37867144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Two new pentagon-embedded carbo[11]helicenes have been designed and synthesized in a three-step process, which are the first example of carbo[11]helicenes through the post-functionalization of twistacene. TD-DFT analyses indicate that both of them possess high enantiomerization barriers of 42.29 kcal/mol and 40.76 kcal/mol, respectively. They emit strong red fluorescence and can be chemically oxidized into stable cationic radicals upon addition of AgSbF6 evidenced by the bathochromic-shifted absorption spectra and the appearance of electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals. In addition, such helical derivatives can be chosen as radiative cooling materials in a glass model house, and the maxima of 5.4 °C for the former and 6.5 °C for the latter are found in the comparative tests, which might be caused by the NIR reflective response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Ji
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zewei Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuangxuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Division of Analysis, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Co. Ltd., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Q, Jung H, Kim D, Chang S. Iridium-Catalyzed Migratory Terminal C(sp 3)-H Amidation of Heteroatom-Substituted Internal Alkenes via Olefin Chain Walking. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37906814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroamination facilitated by metal hydride catalysis is an appealing synthetic approach to access valuable nitrogen-containing compounds from readily available unsaturated hydrocarbons. While high regioselectivity can be achieved usually for substrates bearing polar chelation groups, the reaction involving simple alkenes frequently provides nonselective outcomes. Herein, we report an iridium-catalyzed highly regioselective terminal C(sp3)-H amidation of internal alkenes utilizing dioxazolones as an amino source via olefin chain walking. Most notably, this mechanistic motif of double bond migration to the terminal position operates not only with dialkyl-substituted simple alkenes including styrenes but also with heteroatom-substituted olefins such as enol ethers, vinyl silanes, and vinyl borons, thus representing the first example of the terminal methyl amidation of the latter type of alkenes through a nondissociative chain walking process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Warthegau SS, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Pedersen SK, Rindom C, Braestrup C, Jensen JS, Hammerich O, Thomsen MS, Kamounah FS, Norman P, Mikkelsen KV, Brock-Nannestad T, Pittelkow M. Heterocyclic [9]Helicenes Exhibiting Bright Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301815. [PMID: 37458527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe a concise synthetic strategy for the preparation of heterocyclic [9]helicenes and a simple preparative-scale protocol for the optical resolution of the resulting M- and P-enantiomers. The helicenes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction along with a range of spectroscopic and computational techniques. A fluorescence quantum yield of up to 65 % was observed, and the chiroptical properties of both M- and P-helicenes revealed large dissymmetry factors. The circularly polarized luminescence brightness reaches up to 17 M-1 cm-1 , as measured experimentally and verified computationally, which makes this the highest circularly polarized luminescence brightness among heterocyclic helicenes. We describe how chiroptical properties (both circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence) can be described and predicted using quantum chemical calculations. The synthetic approach also reveals by-products that originate from internal oxidation reactions, presumably mediated by the close proximity of the π-surfaces in the helicene structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Warthegau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Stephan K Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Rindom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Braestrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeppe S Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria S Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Patrick Norman
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theis Brock-Nannestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei Y, Liang Y, Luo R, Ouyang L. Recent advances of Cp*Ir complexes for transfer hydrogenation: focus on formic acid/formate as hydrogen donors. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7484-7497. [PMID: 37661697 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Transfer hydrogenation reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies to deliver various hydrogenated compounds with the advantages of efficiency, atom economy, and practicability. On one hand, formic acid/formate function as promising hydrogen sources owing to their readily obtainable, inexpensive, and easy to handle nature. On the other hand, Cp*Ir complexes show high activities in transfer hydrogenation. This review highlights progress achieved for transfer hydrogenation of CO, CC, and CN bonds of a variety of unsaturated substrates, as well as amides focusing on Cp*Ir complexes as catalysts and formic acid/formate as hydrogen sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YiFei Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqiu Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
| | - Renshi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li C, Shao YB, Gao X, Ren Z, Guo C, Li M, Li X. Enantioselective synthesis of chiral quinohelicenes through sequential organocatalyzed Povarov reaction and oxidative aromatization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3380. [PMID: 37291164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterohelicenes are of increasing importance in the fields of materials science, molecular recognition, and asymmetric catalysis. However, enantioselective construction of these molecules, especially by organocatalytic methods, is challenging, and few methods are available. In this study, we synthesize enantioenriched 1-(3-indol)-quino[n]helicenes through chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed Povarov reaction followed by oxidative aromatization. The method has a broad substrate scope and offers rapid access to an array of chiral quinohelicenes with enantioselectivities up to 99%. Additionally, the photochemical and electrochemical properties of selected quinohelicenes are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ying-Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenhao Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Usui K, Narita N, Eto R, Suzuki S, Yokoo A, Yamamoto K, Igawa K, Iizuka N, Mimura Y, Umeno T, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa M, Tomooka K, Imai Y, Karasawa S. Oxidation of an Internal‐Edge‐Substituted [5]Helicene‐Derived Phosphine Synchronously Enhances Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202922. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuteru Usui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Nozomi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Eto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Seika Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Kumamoto University Kurokami 2–39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Naoko Iizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Yuki Mimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Umeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Shota Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science Kitasato University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yoshitane Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Satoru Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Showa Pharmaceutical University Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| |
Collapse
|