1
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Foubelo F, Nájera C, Retamosa MG, Sansano JM, Yus M. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diamines. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7983-8085. [PMID: 38990173 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric catalytic synthesis of 1,2-diamines has received considerable interest, especially in the last ten years, due to their presence in biologically active compounds and their applications for the development of synthetic building blocks, chiral ligands and organocatalysts. Synthetic strategies based on C-N bond-forming reactions involve mainly (a) ring opening of aziridines and azabenzonorbornadienes, (b) hydroamination of allylic amines, (c) hydroamination of enamines and (d) diamination of olefins. In the case of C-C bond-forming reactions are included (a) the aza-Mannich reaction of imino esters, imino nitriles, azlactones, isocyano acetates, and isothiocyanates with imines, (b) the aza-Henry reaction of nitroalkanes with imines, (c) imine-imine coupling reactions, and (d) reductive coupling of enamines with imines, and (e) [3+2] cycloaddition with imines. C-H bond forming reactions include hydrogenation of CN bonds and C-H amination reactions. Other catalytic methods include desymmetrization reactions of meso-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Foubelo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ma Gracia Retamosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - José M Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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2
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Thorpe MP, Blackwell DJ, Knollmann BC, Johnston JN. Backbone-Determined Antiarrhythmic Structure-Activity Relationships for a Mirror Image, Oligomeric Depsipeptide Natural Product. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12205-12220. [PMID: 38958200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic oligomeric depsipeptides (COD) are a structural class within naturally occurring compounds with a wide range of biological activity. Verticilide is a COD (24-membered ring) that was identified by its inhibition of insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). We have since found that the enantiomer of verticilide (ent-verticilide, 1) is a potent inhibitor of mammalian RyR2, a cardiac calcium channel, and therefore a potential antiarrhythmic agent. Oddly, nat-verticilide does not inhibit RyR2. To further develop ent-verticilide as an antiarrhythmic, we explored potential SAR through systematic modification of the ester's functionality to both N-H and N-Me amides. The syntheses of these ent-verticilide-inspired analogs are detailed using a monomer-based platform enabled by enantioselective catalysis. Two analogs among 23 exhibited measurable reduction of calcium sparks in a functional assay of RyR2 activity. These findings illustrate the value of natural product-inspired therapeutic development, but the less-studied approach where the non-natural enantiomeric series harbors important SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine P Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Daniel J Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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3
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Pecchini P, Fochi M, Bartoccini F, Piersanti G, Bernardi L. Enantioselective organocatalytic strategies to access noncanonical α-amino acids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5832-5868. [PMID: 38665517 PMCID: PMC11041364 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis has evolved over the years and continues to attract the interest of many researchers worldwide. Enantiopure noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology. They are employed in the elaboration of peptides and proteins with enhanced activities and/or improved properties compared to their natural counterparts, as chiral catalysts, in chiral ligand design, and as chiral building blocks for asymmetric syntheses of complex molecules, including natural products. The linkage of ncAA synthesis and enantioselective organocatalysis, the subject of this perspective, tries to imitate the natural biosynthetic process. Herein, we present contemporary and earlier developments in the field of organocatalytic activation of simple feedstock materials, providing potential ncAAs with diverse side chains, unique three-dimensional structures, and a high degree of functionality. These asymmetric organocatalytic strategies, useful for forging a wide range of C-C, C-H, and C-N bonds and/or combinations thereof, vary from classical name reactions, such as Ugi, Strecker, and Mannich reactions, to the most advanced concepts such as deracemisation, transamination, and carbene N-H insertion. Concurrently, we present some interesting mechanistic studies/models, providing information on the chirality transfer process. Finally, this perspective highlights, through the diversity of the amino acids (AAs) not selected by nature for protein incorporation, the most generic modes of activation, induction, and reactivity commonly used, such as chiral enamine, hydrogen bonding, Brønsted acids/bases, and phase-transfer organocatalysis, reflecting their increasingly important role in organic and applied chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Pecchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
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4
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Deng Z, Padalino MA, Jan JEL, Park S, Danneman MW, Johnston JN. Generality-Driven Catalyst Development: A Universal Catalyst for Enantioselective Nitroalkene Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1269-1275. [PMID: 38176098 PMCID: PMC10862354 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cracking the selectivity-generality paradox is among the most pressing challenges in asymmetric catalysis. This obstacle prevents the immediate and successful translation of new methods to diverse small molecules. This is particularly rate-limiting for therapeutic development, where availability and structural diversity are often critical components of successful campaigns. Here we describe the union of generality-driven enantioselective catalysis and the preparation of diverse peptidomimetics. A single new organocatalyst provides high selectivity and substrate generality that is matched only by a combination of metal and organocatalysts. Within organocatalysis, this discovery breaks a 16-year monolithic paradigm, uncovering a powerful new scaffold for enantioselective reduction with behavior that suggests the recognition of a nitroethylene minimal catalaphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Melanie A. Padalino
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Julius E. L. Jan
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Michael W. Danneman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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5
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Wang X, Xu S, Tang Y, Lear MJ, He W, Li J. Nitroalkanes as thioacyl equivalents to access thioamides and thiopeptides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4626. [PMID: 37532721 PMCID: PMC10397191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioamides are an important, but a largely underexplored class of amide bioisostere in peptides. Replacement of oxoamide units with thioamides in peptide therapeutics is a valuable tactic to improve biological activity and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. This tactic, however, has been hampered by insufficient methods to introduce thioamide bonds into peptide or protein backbones in a site-specific and stereo-retentive fashion. In this work, we developed an efficient and mild thioacylation method to react nitroalkanes with amines directly in the presence of elemental sulfur and sodium sulfide to form a diverse range of thioamides in high yields. Notably, this convenient method can be employed for the controlled thioamide coupling of multifunctionalized peptides without epimerization of stereocenters, including the late stage thioacylation of advanced compounds of biological and medicinal interest. Experimental interrogation of postulated mechanisms currently supports the intermediacy of thioacyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Silong Xu
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Martin J Lear
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Wangxiao He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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6
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Bing JA, Johnston JN. Enantioselective Synthesis of cis- and trans-Cycloheptyl β-Fluoro Amines by Sequential aza-Henry Addition/Ring-Closing Metathesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:950-955. [PMID: 36735762 PMCID: PMC10240541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 7-membered carbocyclic β-fluoroamines is accomplished by a combination of the enantioselective aza-Henry reaction of aliphatic N-Boc imines and ring-closing metathesis. Use of reductive denitration gives both diastereomers of the β-fluoro amine carbocycle, each with high enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A. Bing
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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7
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Crocker MS, Deng Z, Johnston JN. Preparation of N-Aryl Amides by Epimerization-Free Umpolung Amide Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16708-16714. [PMID: 36067492 PMCID: PMC9634722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amide synthesis is one of the most widely practiced chemical reactions, owing to its use in drug development and peptide synthesis. Despite the importance of these applications, the attendant effort to eliminate waste associated with these protocols has met with limited success, and pernicious α-epimerization is most often minimized but not eliminated when targeting challenging amides (e.g., N-aryl amides). This effort has focused on what is essentially a single paradigm in amide formation wherein an electrophilic acyl donor reacts with a nucleophilic amine. Umpolung amide synthesis (UmAS) emerged from α-halo nitroalkane reactions with amines and has since been developed into a method for the synthesis of enantiopure amides using entirely catalytic, enantioselective synthesis. However, its inability to forge N-aryl amides has been a longstanding problem, one limiting its application more broadly in drug development where α-chiral N-aryl amides are increasingly common. We report here the reaction of α-fluoronitroalkanes and N-aryl hydroxyl amines for the direct synthesis of N-aryl amides using a simple Brønsted base as the promoter. No other activating agents are required, and experiments guided by mechanistic hypotheses outline a mechanism based on the UmAS paradigm and confirm that the N-aryl amide, not the N-aryl hydroxamic acid, is the direct product. Ultimately, select chiral α-amino-N-aryl amides were prepared with complete conservation of enantioenrichment, in contrast to a parallel demonstration of their ability to epimerize using the conventional amide synthesis alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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8
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Thorpe MP, Smith AN, Crocker MS, Johnston JN. Resolving Bromonitromethane Sourcing by Synthesis: Preparation at the Decagram Scale. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5451-5455. [PMID: 35364809 PMCID: PMC9109156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The accessibility of bromonitromethane has declined in recent years, limiting its viability as a reagent for chemical synthesis. The reinvestigation and optimization of a variety of preparations, and the development of safe operating principles, are described. The reproducible protocol described here leverages the effectiveness of hydroxide for nitromethane bromination while respecting its incompatibility with the product it forms. This careful balance was achieved at scales up to 56 g, resulting in a reproducible procedure that provides straightforward, sustainable, and affordable access to this critical reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine P Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Abigail N Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Michael S Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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9
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White AM, Palombi IR, Malins LR. Umpolung strategies for the functionalization of peptides and proteins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2809-2823. [PMID: 35382479 PMCID: PMC8905898 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Umpolung strategies, defined as synthetic approaches which reverse commonly accepted reactivity patterns, are broadly recognized as enabling tools for small molecule synthesis and catalysis. However, methods which exploit this logic for peptide and protein functionalizations are comparatively rare, with the overwhelming majority of existing bioconjugation approaches relying on the well-established reactivity profiles of a handful of amino acids. This perspective serves to highlight a small but growing body of recent work that masterfully capitalizes on the concept of polarity reversal for the selective modification of proteinogenic functionalities. Current applications of umpolung chemistry in organic synthesis and chemical biology as well as the vast potential for further innovations in peptide and protein modification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Isabella R Palombi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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10
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Bing JA, Schley ND, Johnston JN. Fluorine-induced diastereodivergence discovered in an equally rare enantioselective syn-aza-Henry reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2614-2623. [PMID: 35356677 PMCID: PMC8890141 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention to the aza-Henry reaction, particularly over the past two decades, has resulted in a wide range of effective catalysts for the enantio- and diastereoselective versions, driven by the versatility of the β-amino nitroalkane products as precursors to secondary amines and vic-diamines. Despite this broad effort, syn-diastereoselective variants are exceedingly rare. We have discovered a subset of α-fluoro nitroalkane additions that are characterized by an unusual crossover in diastereoselection, often delivering the products with high selectivities. We report here a rigorous comparative analysis of non-fluorinated and α-fluoro nitroalkanes in their additions to azomethines. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis were applied to probe the possibility that this phenomenon might be more widely operative in the enantioselective additions of fluorine-substituted carbon nucleophiles. A complete correlation within four categories is described that uncovered a clear trend, while revealing a dramatic and distinct reversal of diastereoselection that would normally go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Bing
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
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11
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Hollanders C, Renders E, Gadais C, Masullo D, Van Raemdonck L, Wybon CCD, Martin C, Herrebout WA, Maes BUW, Ballet S. Zn-Catalyzed Nicotinate-Directed Transamidations in Peptide Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Hollanders
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Renders
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlène Gadais
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dario Masullo
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Van Raemdonck
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clarence C. D. Wybon
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter A. Herrebout
- Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Handoko, Satishkumar S, Panigrahi NR, Arora PS. Rational Design of an Organocatalyst for Peptide Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15977-15985. [PMID: 31508947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amide bonds are ubiquitous in peptides, proteins, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. The formation of amide bonds is a straightforward process: amide bonds can be synthesized with relative ease because of the availability of efficient coupling agents. However, there is a substantive need for methods that do not require excess reagents. A catalyst that condenses amino acids could have an important impact by reducing the significant waste generated during peptide synthesis. We describe the rational design of a biomimetic catalyst that can efficiently couple amino acids featuring standard protecting groups. The catalyst design combines lessons learned from enzymes, peptide biosynthesis, and organocatalysts. Under optimized conditions, 5 mol % catalyst efficiently couples Fmoc amino acids without notable racemization. Importantly, we demonstrate that the catalyst is functional for the synthesis of oligopeptides on solid phase. This result is significant because it illustrates the potential of the catalyst to function on a substrate with a multitude of amide bonds, which may be expected to inhibit a hydrogen-bonding catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handoko
- Department of Chemistry New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Sakilam Satishkumar
- Department of Chemistry New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Nihar R Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Paramjit S Arora
- Department of Chemistry New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
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13
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Caron A, Morin É, Collins SK. Bifunctional Copper-Based Photocatalyst for Reductive Pinacol-Type Couplings. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Caron
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Émilie Morin
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shawn K. Collins
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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14
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Vishe M, Johnston JN. The inverted ketene synthon: a double umpolung approach to enantioselective β 2,3-amino amide synthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1138-1143. [PMID: 30774911 PMCID: PMC6349014 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereocontrolled synthesis of β2,3-amino amides is reported. Innovation is encapsulated by the first use of nitroalkenes to achieve double umpolung in enantioselective β-amino amide synthesis. Step economy is also fulfilled by the use of Umpolung Amide Synthesis (UmAS) in the second step, delivering the amide product without intermediacy of a carboxylic acid or activated derivative. Molybdenum oxide-mediated hydride reduction provides the anti-β2,3-amino amide with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Vishe
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
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15
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Zhou M, Li J, Tian C, Sun X, Zhu X, Cheng Y, An G, Li G. A Metal-Free Three-Component Reaction of trans-β-Nitrostyrene Derivatives, Dibromo Amides, and Amines Leading to Functionalized Amidines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1015-1024. [PMID: 30592406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mild, metal-free, and multicomponent route for the preparation of N-acyl amidines from nitroalkene derivatives, dibromo amides, and amines has been developed that accesses an initial α,α-dibromonitroalkane intermediate that can undergo C-C bond cleavage. This protocol offers an alternative approach toward N-acyl amidines and features the rapid construction of amidine frameworks with high diversity and complexity. The procedure also accesses bisamidine and α,β-unsaturated amidines which are challenging targets by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China.,College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , No. 74, Xuefu Road , Nangang District, Harbin 150080 , People's Republic of China
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16
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Marcantoni E, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Recent synthetic applications of α-amido sulfones as precursors of N-acylimino derivatives. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
α-Amido sulfones can be directly used as N-acylimine or N-acyliminium ion precursors in several synthetic processes aimed at the preparation of nitrogen containing compounds. This review collects the most relevant and practical utilizations of α-amido sulfones appeared in the literature after 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
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17
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Tokumaru K, Bera K, Johnston JN. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole and Heteroaromatic-Fused 1,2,4-Triazole Synthesis using Diverted Umpolung Amide Synthesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2018; 49:4670-4675. [PMID: 29507449 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1590802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Umpolung Amide Synthesis (UmAS) has emerged as a superior alternative to conventional amide synthesis methods based on carbonyl electrophiles in a range of situations, particularly when epimerization-prone couplings are prescribed. In an unanticipated development during our most recent studies, it was discovered that diacyl hydrazide products from UmAS were not formed as intermediates when using an acyl hydrazide as the amine acceptor. This resulted in a new preparation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from α-bromonitroalkane donors. We hypothesized that a key tetrahedral intermediate in UmAS was diverted toward a more direct pathway to the heterocycle product rather than through formation of the diacyl hydrazide, a typical oxadiazole progenitor. In studies reported here, diversion to 1,2,4-triazole products is described, a behavior hypothesized to also result from an analogous tetrahedral intermediate, but one formed from heteroaromatic hydrazine acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Tokumaru
- Department of Chemistry, and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Kalisankar Bera
- Department of Chemistry, and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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Tokumaru K, Johnston JN. A convergent synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from acyl hydrazides under semiaqueous conditions. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3187-3191. [PMID: 28507694 PMCID: PMC5414388 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,3,4-oxadiazole is an aromatic heterocycle valued for its low-lipophilicity in drug development. Substituents at the 2- and/or 5-positions can modulate the heterocycle's electronic and hydrogen bond-accepting capability, while exploiting its use as a carbonyl bioisostere. A new approach to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is described wherein α-bromo nitroalkanes are coupled to acyl hydrazides to deliver the 2,5-disubstituted oxadiazole directly, avoiding a 1,2-diacyl hydrazide intermediate. Access to new building blocks of oxadiazole-substituted secondary amines is improved by leveraging chiral α-bromo nitroalkane or amino acid hydrazide substrates. The non-dehydrative conditions for oxadiazole synthesis are particularly notable, in contrast to alternatives reliant on highly oxophilic reagents to effect cyclization of unsymmetrical 1,2-diacyl hydrazides. The mild conditions are punctuated by the straightforward removal of co-products by a standard aqueous wash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Tokumaru
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , USA .
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20
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Vara BA, Johnston JN. Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Fluoro Amines via β-Amino α-Fluoro Nitroalkanes and a Traceless Activating Group Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13794-13797. [PMID: 27749040 PMCID: PMC5453840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of a range of enantioenriched β-fluoro amines (α,β-disubstituted) is described in which the nitrogen and fluorine atoms are attached to sp3-hybridized carbons. The key finding is a chiral bifunctional Brønsted acid/base catalyst that can deliver β-amino-α-fluoro nitroalkanes with high enantio- and diastereoselection. A denitration step renders the nitro group "traceless" and delivers secondary, tertiary, or vinyl alkyl fluorides embedded within a vicinal fluoro amine functional group. A synthesis of each possible stereoisomer of a β-fluoro lanicemine illustrates the potential ease with which fluorinated small molecules relevant to neuroscience drug development can be prepared in a stereochemically comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Vara
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry & Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
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21
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Nishikawa Y, Nakano S, Tahira Y, Terazawa K, Yamazaki K, Kitamura C, Hara O. Chiral Pyridinium Phosphoramide as a Dual Brønsted Acid Catalyst for Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:2004-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishikawa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Saki Nakano
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yuu Tahira
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kanako Terazawa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department
of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Osamu Hara
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama,
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
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Farokhi A, Hosseini-Monfared H. A recyclable Mn–porphyrin catalyst for enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins using molecular dioxygen. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient green process for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins by an easy to synthesise Mn–porphyrin and O2/aldehyde is reported.
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