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Gong X, Çağlayan M, Ye Y, Liu K, Gascon J, Dutta Chowdhury A. First-Generation Organic Reaction Intermediates in Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14275-14345. [PMID: 35947790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite chemistry and catalysis are expected to play a decisive role in the next decade(s) to build a more decentralized renewable feedstock-dependent sustainable society owing to the increased scrutiny over carbon emissions. Therefore, the lack of fundamental and mechanistic understanding of these processes is a critical "technical bottleneck" that must be eliminated to maximize economic value and minimize waste. We have identified, considering this objective, that the chemistry related to the first-generation reaction intermediates (i.e., carbocations, radicals, carbenes, ketenes, and carbanions) in zeolite chemistry and catalysis is highly underdeveloped or undervalued compared to other catalysis streams (e.g., homogeneous catalysis). This limitation can often be attributed to the technological restrictions to detect such "short-lived and highly reactive" intermediates at the interface (gas-solid/solid-liquid); however, the recent rise of sophisticated spectroscopic/analytical techniques (including under in situ/operando conditions) and modern data analysis methods collectively compete to unravel the impact of these organic intermediates. This comprehensive review summarizes the state-of-the-art first-generation organic reaction intermediates in zeolite chemistry and catalysis and evaluates their existing challenges and future prospects, to contribute significantly to the "circular carbon economy" initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Mustafa Çağlayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiru Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Wang W, Xu J, Deng F. Recent advances in solid-state NMR of zeolite catalysts. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac155. [PMID: 36131885 PMCID: PMC9486922 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites are important inorganic crystalline microporous materials with a broad range of applications in the areas of catalysis, ion exchange, and adsorption/separations. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in the study of zeolites and relevant catalytic reactions because of its advantage in providing atomic-level insights into molecular structure and dynamic behavior. In this review, we provide a brief discussion on the recent progress in exploring framework structures, catalytically active sites and intermolecular interactions in zeolites and metal-containing ones by using various solid-state NMR methods. Advances in the mechanistic understanding of zeolite-catalysed reactions including methanol and ethanol conversions are presented as selected examples. Finally, we discuss the prospect of the solid-state NMR technique for its application in zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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3
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Yang L, Wang C, Dai W, Wu G, Guan N, Li L. Progressive steps and catalytic cycles in methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction over acidic zeolites. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:184-192. [PMID: 38933155 PMCID: PMC11197791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complete reaction network and mechanism of methanol-to-hydrocarbons remains a key challenge in the field of zeolite catalysis and C1 chemistry. Inspired by the identification of the reactive surface methoxy species on solid acids, several direct mechanisms associated with the formation of the first C-C bond in methanol conversion have been recently disclosed. Identifying the stepwise involvement of the initial intermediates containing the first C-C bond in the whole reaction process of methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion becomes possible and attractive for the further development of this important reaction. Herein, several initial unsaturated aldehydes/ketones containing the C-C bond are identified via complementary spectroscopic techniques. With the combination of kinetic and spectroscopic analyses, a complete roadmap of the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion from the initial C-C bonds to the hydrocarbon pool species via the oxygen-containing unsaturated intermediates is clearly illustrated. With the participation of both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in H-ZSM-5 zeolite, an initial aldol-cycle is proposed, which can be closely connected to the well-known dual-cycle mechanism in the methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weili Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guangjun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Naijia Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Landong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Influence of Substrate Concentration on Kinetic Parameters of Ethanol Dehydration in MFI and CHA Zeolites and Relation of These Kinetic Parameters to Acid–Base Properties. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of zeolites is often related to their acid–base properties. In this work, the relationship between the value of apparent activation energy of ethanol dehydration, measured in a fixed bed reactor and by means of a temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) depending on the amount of ethanol in the zeolite lattice and the value of activation energy of H/D exchange as a measure of acid–base properties of MFI and CHA zeolites, was studied. Tests in a fixed bed reactor were unable to provide reliable reaction kinetics data due to internal diffusion limitations and rapid catalyst deactivation. Only the TPSR method was able to provide activation energy values comparable to the activation energy values obtained from the H/D exchange rate measurements. In addition, for CHA zeolite, it has been shown that the values of ethanol dehydration activation energies depend on the amount of ethanol in the CHA framework, and this effect can be attributed to the substrate clustering effects supporting the deprotonation of zeolite Brønsted centers.
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5
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Liang T, Chen J, Wang S, Wang P, Qin Z, Jin F, Dong M, Wang J, Fan W. Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons over H-MCM-22 zeolite: deactivation behaviours related to acid density and distribution. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The deactivation of H-MCM-22 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios can be roughly divided into three stages: first the rapid deactivation of the supercages, the second reaction with slow coking and the deactivation stage with rapid coking mainly on the external pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Liang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, and, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor & Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jialing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Zhangfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Fang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, and, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor & Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Mei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 165, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
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6
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Yang L, Wang C, Zhang L, Dai W, Chu Y, Xu J, Wu G, Gao M, Liu W, Xu Z, Wang P, Guan N, Dyballa M, Ye M, Deng F, Fan W, Li L. Stabilizing the framework of SAPO-34 zeolite toward long-term methanol-to-olefins conversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4661. [PMID: 34341350 PMCID: PMC8329068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a commercial MTO catalyst, SAPO-34 zeolite exhibits excellent recyclability probably due to its intrinsic good hydrothermal stability. However, the structural dynamic changes of SAPO-34 catalyst induced by hydrocarbon pool (HP) species and the water formed during the MTO conversion as well as its long-term stability after continuous regenerations are rarely investigated and poorly understood. Herein, the dynamic changes of SAPO-34 framework during the MTO conversion were identified by 1D 27Al, 31P MAS NMR, and 2D 31P-27Al HETCOR NMR spectroscopy. The breakage of T-O-T bonds in SAPO-34 catalyst during long-term continuous regenerations in the MTO conversion could be efficiently suppressed by pre-coking. The combination of catalyst pre-coking and water co-feeding is established to be an efficient strategy to promote the catalytic efficiency and long-term stability of SAPO-34 catalysts in the commercial MTO processes, also sheds light on the development of other high stable zeolite catalyst in the commercial catalysis. Stability of zeolite catalysts is a highly desirable property for commercial methanol to olefins conversion but extremely challenging to achieve. Here, the authors combine the catalyst pre-coking and water co-feeding to develop an efficient strategy to enhance the long-term stability of SAPO-34 catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Weili Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yueying Chu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Mingbin Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Naijia Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Michael Dyballa
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mao Ye
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Landong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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7
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Ren L, Wang B, Lu K, Peng R, Guan Y, Jiang JG, Xu H, Wu P. Selective conversion of methanol to propylene over highly dealuminated mordenite: Al location and crystal morphology effects. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Hughes AR, Blanc F. Recent advances in probing host–guest interactions with solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00168j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A recent update on how solid state NMR has aided the interpretation and understanding of host–guest interactions in the field of supramolecular assemblies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy
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9
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Composite Nanostructure of Manganese Cluster and CHA-Type Silicoaluminaphosphates: Enhanced Catalytic Performance in Dimethylether to Light Olefins Conversion. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010024. [PMID: 33374279 PMCID: PMC7824160 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light olefins, especially ethylene and propylene, are important chemicals in petrochemical industries with an increasing demand and play an essential role in the global consumption. In this regard, there have been extensive studies to design efficient catalysts for the light olefins productions. In this study, we report a new protocol to induce Mn nanoclusters (MnNC) into the mesopore of a CHA-type silicoaluminaphosphates via a one-pot synthesis of MnNC@SAPO-34 catalysts. The catalysts are characterized by a series of technology, such as TEM, XRD, NH3-TPD, 27Al MAS NMR, ICP-MS, XPS, and as well as N2-physical adsorption methods. The Mn nanoclusters of Mn2O3 and MnO2 species are well dispersed in the framework of the SAPO-34 silicoaluminaphosphates, modifying the porosity and acidic property of the SAPO-34: Giving rise to more mesoporous and improving the acid density. The MnNC@SAPO-34 catalysts exhibit decent 100% conversion and 92.2% olefins selectivity in the dimethyl ether to olefins (DTO) reactions, which is considerably higher than that for SAPO-34 silicoaluminaphosphates (79.6% olefins selectivity). The higher olefins selectivity over the MnNC@SAPO-34 is deemed to associate with the strong acid density and intensity of the silicoaluminaphosphates. Further, the Mn particles largely improve silicoaluminaphosphates’s durability.
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Fu D, Lucini Paioni A, Lian C, Heijden O, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating Zeolite Channel Geometry–Reaction Intermediate Relationships for the Methanol‐to‐Hydrocarbon Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University Princetonplein 5 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Onno Heijden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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11
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Fu D, Lucini Paioni A, Lian C, van der Heijden O, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating Zeolite Channel Geometry-Reaction Intermediate Relationships for the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbon Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20024-20030. [PMID: 32761941 PMCID: PMC7692936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemical industry has exploited zeolite shape selectivity for more than 50 years, yet our fundamental understanding remains incomplete. Herein, the zeolite channel geometry-reactive intermediate relationships are studied in detail using anisotropic zeolite ZSM-5 crystals for the methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) process, and advanced magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. The utilization of anisotropic ZSM-5 crystals enabled the preferential formation of reaction intermediates in single-orientation zeolite channels, as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations and in situ UV/Vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. The ssNMR results show that the slightly more constrained sinusoidal zeolite channels favor the olefin cycle by promoting the homologation of alkanes, whereas the more extended straight zeolite channels facilitate the aromatic cycle with a higher degree of alkylation of aromatics. Dynamic nuclear polarization experiments further indicate the preferential formation of heavy aromatics at the zeolite surface dominated by the sinusoidal channels, providing further insight into catalyst deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR SpectroscopyBijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 53584 CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Onno van der Heijden
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR SpectroscopyBijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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12
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Li S, Lafon O, Wang W, Wang Q, Wang X, Li Y, Xu J, Deng F. Recent Advances of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for Microporous Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002879. [PMID: 32902037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microporous materials have attracted a rapid growth of research interest in materials science and the multidisciplinary area because of their wide applications in catalysis, separation, ion exchange, gas storage, drug release, and sensing. A fundamental understanding of their diverse structures and properties is crucial for rational design of high-performance materials and technological applications in industry. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR), capable of providing atomic-level information on both structure and dynamics, is a powerful tool in the scientific exploration of solid materials. Here, advanced SSNMR instruments and methods for characterization of microporous materials are briefly described. The recent progress of the application of SSNMR for the investigation of microporous materials including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, and layered materials is discussed with representative work. The versatile SSNMR techniques provide detailed information on the local structure, dynamics, and chemical processes in the confined space of porous materials. The challenges and prospects in SSNMR study of microporous and related materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhui Li
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181- UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, 75231, France
| | - Weiyu Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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13
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Hu M, Wang C, Gao X, Chu Y, Qi G, Wang Q, Xu G, Xu J, Deng F. Establishing a Link Between the Dual Cycles in Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion on H-ZSM-5: Aromatization of Cycloalkenes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiuzhi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Research Engineering (RIPP, SINOPEC), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yueying Chu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guodong Qi
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guangtong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Research Engineering (RIPP, SINOPEC), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Zhao X, Xu J, Deng F. Solid-state NMR for metal-containing zeolites: From active sites to reaction mechanism. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Dutta Chowdhury A, Yarulina I, Abou-Hamad E, Gurinov A, Gascon J. Surface enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy sheds light on Brønsted-Lewis acid synergy during the zeolite catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon process. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8946-8954. [PMID: 32190235 PMCID: PMC7068724 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After a prolonged effort over two decades, the reaction mechanism of the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) process is now well-understood: the so-called 'direct mechanism' (via direct coupling of two methanol molecules) is responsible for the formation of the initial carbon-carbon bonds, while the hydrocarbon pool (HCP)-based dual cycle mechanism is responsible for the formation of reaction products. While most of the reaction events occur at zeolite Brønsted acid sites, the addition of Lewis acid sites (i.e., via the introduction of alkaline earth cations like calcium) has been shown to inhibit the formation of deactivating coke species and hence increase the catalyst lifetime. With the aim to have an in-depth mechanistic understanding, herein, we employ magic angle spinning surface-enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy to illustrate that the inclusion of Lewis acidity prevents the formation of carbene/ylide species on the zeolite, directly affecting the equilibrium between arene and olefin cycles of the HCP mechanism and hence regulating the ultimate product selectivity and catalyst lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Irina Yarulina
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Jorge Gascon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
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Xu J, Wang Q, Deng F. Metal Active Sites and Their Catalytic Functions in Zeolites: Insights from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2179-2189. [PMID: 31063347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites are important heterogeneous catalysts widely used in the modern chemical and petrochemical industries. Metal-containing zeolites show distinct performance in the catalytic processes such as fluid catalytic cracking, activation and conversion of light alkanes, methanol-to-aromatics conversion, biomass transformation, and so on. The metal speciation, distribution, and interactions on zeolites have enormous impact on their property and catalytic performance. Significant efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of more active and selective zeolites by engineering the metal active sites. However, the nature of metal species and their role in the reactions are still poorly understood, which makes it difficult to establish the structure-activity relationship toward the rational design and application of zeolites. For example, synergic active sites are often present on the metal-containing zeolites, but their structure, property and quantification still remain to be resolved. Solid-state NMR is a powerful tool for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic reactions by providing information about both molecular structure and dynamics. The heterogeneity and low concentration of the metal sites on zeolites usually leads to a great challenge for their characterization. In this Account, we will describe our effort to study the metal active sites, host-guest interactions, and reaction intermediates by using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, with the aim to highlight recent advances in solid-state NMR techniques for probing the structure and property of metal-containing zeolites as well as the relevant reaction mechanisms. Using sensitivity-enhanced NMR methods such as 67Zn, 71Ga, and 119Sn, NMR enables the identification of metal speciation on zeolites. The synergic active sites constituted by metal species (as Lewis acid sites) and acidic protons (as Brønsted acid sites) on zeolites that amount to only a small fraction of the whole system can be directly probed and quantified with advanced 1H-67Zn or 1H-71Ga double-resonance solid-state NMR. We developed NMR methods to study the host-guest interactions in zeolites by observing the spatial interaction/proximity between aluminum sites (associated with Brønsted or Lewis acid sites) in zeolite host and carbon atoms in organic molecule guest formed during catalytic reaction, which leads to the formation of supramolecular reaction centers in the methanol-to-olefins reaction. The mechanisms underlying the catalytic reactions on metal-modified zeolite are revealed by the identification of key reaction intermediates with in situ 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Our discussion based on the representative examples shows how the metal species serving as active sites significantly affect the property and activity of zeolites and related reaction pathways. The structural information obtained by the state-of-the-art solid-state NMR techniques provides new insights into the structure-activity relationship of zeolites in heterogeneous catalysis, which should be beneficial for rational design of highly efficient zeolite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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17
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Gao P, Xu J, Qi G, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Feng N, Zhao X, Li J, Deng F. A Mechanistic Study of Methanol-to-Aromatics Reaction over Ga-Modified ZSM-5 Zeolites: Understanding the Dehydrogenation Process. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yanxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ningdong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xingling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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18
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Wang C, Chu Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Qi G, Gao P, Zhou X, Deng F. Extra-Framework Aluminum-Assisted Initial C−C Bond Formation in Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion on Zeolite H-ZSM-5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yueying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Guodong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
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19
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Wang C, Chu Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Qi G, Gao P, Zhou X, Deng F. Extra-Framework Aluminum-Assisted Initial C-C Bond Formation in Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion on Zeolite H-ZSM-5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10197-10201. [PMID: 29953710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surface methoxy species bound to an extra-framework Al (SMS-EFAL) was unambiguously identified by advanced 13 C-{27 Al} double-resonance solid-state NMR technique in the methanol-to-olefins reaction on H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The high reactivity of the SMS-EFAL leads to the formation of surface ethoxy species and ethanol as the key intermediates for ethene generation in the early reaction stage. A direct route for the initial C-C bond formation in ethene was proposed and corroborated by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
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