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Kalikadien AV, Mirza A, Hossaini AN, Sreenithya A, Pidko EA. Paving the road towards automated homogeneous catalyst design. Chempluschem 2024:e202300702. [PMID: 38279609 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, computational tools have become integral to catalyst design. They continue to offer significant support to experimental organic synthesis and catalysis researchers aiming for optimal reaction outcomes. More recently, data-driven approaches utilizing machine learning have garnered considerable attention for their expansive capabilities. This Perspective provides an overview of diverse initiatives in the realm of computational catalyst design and introduces our automated tools tailored for high-throughput in silico exploration of the chemical space. While valuable insights are gained through methods for high-throughput in silico exploration and analysis of chemical space, their degree of automation and modularity are key. We argue that the integration of data-driven, automated and modular workflows is key to enhancing homogeneous catalyst design on an unprecedented scale, contributing to the advancement of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh V Kalikadien
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Mirza
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Aydin Najl Hossaini
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Avadakkam Sreenithya
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Chen SS, Meyer Z, Jensen B, Kraus A, Lambert A, Ess DH. ReaLigands: A Ligand Library Cultivated from Experiment and Intended for Molecular Computational Catalyst Design. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7412-7422. [PMID: 37987743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Computational catalyst design requires identification of a metal and ligand that together result in the desired reaction reactivity and/or selectivity. A major impediment to translating computational designs to experiments is evaluating ligands that are likely to be synthesized. Here, we provide a solution to this impediment with our ReaLigands library that contains >30,000 monodentate, bidentate (didentate), tridentate, and larger ligands cultivated by dismantling experimentally reported crystal structures. Individual ligands from mononuclear crystal structures were identified using a modified depth-first search algorithm and charge was assigned using a machine learning model based on quantum-chemical calculated features. In the library, ligands are sorted based on direct ligand-to-metal atomic connections and on denticity. Representative principal component analysis (PCA) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) analyses were used to analyze several tridentate ligand categories, which revealed both the diversity of ligands and connections between ligand categories. We also demonstrated the utility of this library by implementing it with our building and optimization tools, which resulted in the very rapid generation of barriers for 750 bidentate ligands for Rh-hydride ethylene migratory insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Sen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
| | - Zack Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
| | - Brendan Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
| | - Alex Kraus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
| | - Allison Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604 United States
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3
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Computer-assisted design of asymmetric PNP ligands for ethylene tri-/tetramerization: A combined DFT and artificial neural network approach. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Small BL, Milner MF. Insights on the Mechanism for Ethylene Tetramerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Small
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Matthew F. Milner
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
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5
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Hopkins Leseberg JA, Henke WC, Douglas JT, Oliver AG, Sydora OL, Blakemore JD. Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Reduction of Model Chromium Precatalysts for Olefin Oligomerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hopkins Leseberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Wade C. Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Justin T. Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Molecular Structures Group, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 149 Stepan Chemistry, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - James D. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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6
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da Silva SM, Pinheiro AC, da Costa MT, Alves TC, Oliboni RS, Stieler R, Casagrande AC, Casagrande O. Oligo- and polymerization of ethylene by pyrrolide-imine chromium catalysts bearing pendant O-, S- and N-donor groups. Synthesis, characterization and DFT studies. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Fey N, Lynam JM. Computational mechanistic study in organometallic catalysis: Why prediction is still a challenge. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol UK
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8
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Fan H, Alam F, Hao B, Ma J, Zhang J, Ma Z, Jiang T. Rationalizing the catalytic performance of Cr(III) complexes stabilized with alkylphosphanyl PNP ligands for selective ethylene tri-/tetramerization: a DFT study. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Maley SM, Steagall R, Lief GR, Buck RM, Yang Q, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Computational Evaluation and Design of Polyethylene Zirconocene Catalysts with Noncovalent Dispersion Interactions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert Steagall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Graham R. Lief
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Highways 60 & 123, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Richard M. Buck
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Highways 60 & 123, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Qing Yang
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Highways 60 & 123, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862, Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862, Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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10
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Oliveria LL, Oliboni RS, Stieler R, Casagrande ACA, Casagrande OL. Bis (pyrazolyl)thioether/amine‐chromium (III) catalysts bearing pendant
O
‐ and
N
‐donor group for oligo‐ and polymerization of ethylene. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. L. Oliveria
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - R. S. Oliboni
- Grupo de Catálise e Estudos Teóricos, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - R. Stieler
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A. C. A. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - O. L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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11
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Morgan N, Maley SM, Kwon DH, Webster-Gardiner MS, Small BL, L Sydora O, M Bischof S, Ess DH. Computational Assessment and Understanding of C6 Product Selectivity for Chromium Phosphinoamidine Catalyzed Ethylene Trimerization. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Petit J, Magna L, Mézailles N. Alkene oligomerization via metallacycles: Recent advances and mechanistic insights. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Zhong X, Liu L, Guo X, Sun L, Liu B, Liu Z. Cr/PCCP-Catalysed Selective Ethylene Oligomerization: Analysis of Various Conformations and the Hemilabile Methoxy Group. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of the hemilabile methoxy group in the Cr-based catalyst bearing (C6H5)2-P(CH2)2P-(C6H5)2 (PCCP) and (o-MeOC6H4)(C6H5)-P(CH2)2P-(C6H5)(o-MeOC6H4) (PCCPOMe) ligands on ethylene tri- and tetramerization were systematically investigated by...
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14
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Automated Construction and Optimization Combined with Machine Learning to Generate Pt(II) Methane C–H Activation Transition States. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Nandy A, Duan C, Taylor MG, Liu F, Steeves AH, Kulik HJ. Computational Discovery of Transition-metal Complexes: From High-throughput Screening to Machine Learning. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9927-10000. [PMID: 34260198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal complexes are attractive targets for the design of catalysts and functional materials. The behavior of the metal-organic bond, while very tunable for achieving target properties, is challenging to predict and necessitates searching a wide and complex space to identify needles in haystacks for target applications. This review will focus on the techniques that make high-throughput search of transition-metal chemical space feasible for the discovery of complexes with desirable properties. The review will cover the development, promise, and limitations of "traditional" computational chemistry (i.e., force field, semiempirical, and density functional theory methods) as it pertains to data generation for inorganic molecular discovery. The review will also discuss the opportunities and limitations in leveraging experimental data sources. We will focus on how advances in statistical modeling, artificial intelligence, multiobjective optimization, and automation accelerate discovery of lead compounds and design rules. The overall objective of this review is to showcase how bringing together advances from diverse areas of computational chemistry and computer science have enabled the rapid uncovering of structure-property relationships in transition-metal chemistry. We aim to highlight how unique considerations in motifs of metal-organic bonding (e.g., variable spin and oxidation state, and bonding strength/nature) set them and their discovery apart from more commonly considered organic molecules. We will also highlight how uncertainty and relative data scarcity in transition-metal chemistry motivate specific developments in machine learning representations, model training, and in computational chemistry. Finally, we will conclude with an outlook of areas of opportunity for the accelerated discovery of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael G Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam H Steeves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Abstract
Computational methods have emerged as a powerful tool to augment traditional experimental molecular catalyst design by providing useful predictions of catalyst performance and decreasing the time needed for catalyst screening. In this perspective, we discuss three approaches for computational molecular catalyst design: (i) the reaction mechanism-based approach that calculates all relevant elementary steps, finds the rate and selectivity determining steps, and ultimately makes predictions on catalyst performance based on kinetic analysis, (ii) the descriptor-based approach where physical/chemical considerations are used to find molecular properties as predictors of catalyst performance, and (iii) the data-driven approach where statistical analysis as well as machine learning (ML) methods are used to obtain relationships between available data/features and catalyst performance. Following an introduction to these approaches, we cover their strengths and weaknesses and highlight some recent key applications. Furthermore, we present an outlook on how the currently applied approaches may evolve in the near future by addressing how recent developments in building automated computational workflows and implementing advanced ML models hold promise for reducing human workload, eliminating human bias, and speeding up computational catalyst design at the same time. Finally, we provide our viewpoint on how some of the challenges associated with the up-and-coming approaches driven by automation and ML may be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Soyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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17
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Liu L, Liu Z, Cheng R, He X, Liu B. Ligand-Induced Product Switching between 4-Methyl-1-pentene and 2-Methyl-1-pentene in Bis(imino)pyridine/V(III)-Catalyzed Propylene Dimerization: Cossee–Arlman Versus Metallacycle Mechanism. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuelian He
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Boping Liu
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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18
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Parker PD, Hou X, Dong VM. Reducing Challenges in Organic Synthesis with Stereoselective Hydrogenation and Tandem Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6724-6745. [PMID: 33891819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tandem catalysis enables the rapid construction of complex architectures from simple building blocks. This Perspective shares our interest in combining stereoselective hydrogenation with transformations such as isomerization, oxidation, and epimerization to solve diverse challenges. We highlight the use of tandem hydrogenation for preparing complex natural products from simple prochiral building blocks and present tandem catalysis involving transfer hydrogenation and dynamic kinetic resolution. Finally, we underline recent breakthroughs and opportunities for asymmetric hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xintong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vy M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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19
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Blann K, Bollmann A, Brown GM, Dixon JT, Elsegood MRJ, Raw CR, Smith MB, Tenza K, Willemse JA, Zweni P. Ethylene oligomerisation chromium catalysts with unsymmetrical PCNP ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4345-4354. [PMID: 33690749 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(iii) complexes of chelating diphosphines, with PNP or PCNCP backbones, are excellent catalysts for ethylene tetra- and/or trimerisations. A missing link within this ligand series are unsymmetric chelating diphosphines based on a PCNP scaffold. New bidentate PCNP ligands of the type Ph2PCH2N(R)PPh2 (R = 1-naphthyl or 5-quinoline groups, 2a-d) have been synthesised and shown to be extremely effective ligands for ethylene tri-/tetramerisations. Three representative tetracarbonyl Cr0 complexes bearing a single PN(R)P (5), PCN(R)P (6), or PCN(R)CP (7) diphosphine (R = 1-naphthyl) have been prepared from Cr(CO)4(η4-nbd) (nbd = norbornadiene). Furthermore we report a single crystal X-ray diffraction study of these compounds and discuss their structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Blann
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
| | - Annette Bollmann
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - John T Dixon
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Christopher R Raw
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Martin B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Kenny Tenza
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
| | - J Alexander Willemse
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
| | - Pumza Zweni
- R & D Division, Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd., 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg, South Africa
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20
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Meninno S, Carratù M, Overgaard J, Lattanzi A. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 5-Amino-3,4-Dihydro-2H-Pyrrole-2-Carboxylic Acid Esters: One-Pot Approach Using Commercially Available Compounds and Benign Solvents. Chemistry 2021; 27:4573-4577. [PMID: 33464645 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-step four-transformation approach to highly functionalized 5-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid esters, starting from commercially available phenylsulfonylacetonitrile, aldehydes, and N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester, was developed. The one-pot strategy delivered this class of amidines bearing, for the first time, three contiguous stereocenters, in good to high yield and diastereoselectivity. The entire sequence was carried out using diethyl carbonate and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran as benign solvents, operating under metal-free conditions. The process could be conveniently scaled-up, and the synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meninno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Mario Carratù
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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21
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Chromium(III) complexes based on phenoxy-imine ligands with pendant N- and O-donor groups as precatalysts for ethylene oligomerization: synthesis, characterization, and DFT studies. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Computer-assisted catalyst development via automated modelling of conformationally complex molecules: application to diphosphinoamine ligands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4534. [PMID: 33633152 PMCID: PMC7907204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulation of conformationally complicated molecules requires multiple levels of theory to obtain accurate thermodynamics, requiring significant researcher time to implement. We automate this workflow using all open-source code (XTBDFT) and apply it toward a practical challenge: diphosphinoamine (PNP) ligands used for ethylene tetramerization catalysis may isomerize (with deleterious effects) to iminobisphosphines (PPNs), and a computational method to evaluate PNP ligand candidates would save significant experimental effort. We use XTBDFT to calculate the thermodynamic stability of a wide range of conformationally complex PNP ligands against isomeriation to PPN (ΔGPPN), and establish a strong correlation between ΔGPPN and catalyst performance. Finally, we apply our method to screen novel PNP candidates, saving significant time by ruling out candidates with non-trivial synthetic routes and poor expected catalytic performance.
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23
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Ogawa T, Lindeperg F, Stradiotto M, Turculet L, Sydora OL. Chromium N-phosphinoamidine ethylene tri-/tetramerization catalysts: Designing a step change in 1-octene selectivity. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Wang Z, Liu L, Ma X, Liu Y, Mi P, Liu Z, Zhang J. Effect of an additional donor on decene formation in ethylene oligomerization catalyzed by a Cr/PCCP system: a combined experimental and DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cr catalyst based on a PCCP ligand shows high activity in ethylene oligomerization, giving 1-hexene and considerable C10 fraction. DFT calculation results are consistent with the experimental observations on the distribution of C10 isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xufeng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Puke Mi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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25
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Milani JLS, Biajoli AFP, Batista FI, Oliboni RS, Casagrande OL. Chromium complexes supported by bidentate thioether-imine [N,S] ligands: synthesis and ethylene oligomerization studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromium complexes bearing thioether-imine ligands were synthesized and their catalytic behavior in ethylene oligomerization has been investigated, evaluating the effect of the ligand and the experimental parameters on the activity, selectivity, and product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - A. F. P. Biajoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - F. I. Batista
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - R. S. Oliboni
- Centro de Ciências Químicas
- Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos – CCQFA
- 96010-900, Pelotas
- Brazil
| | - O. L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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26
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Milani JL, Casagrande OL. Chromium Complexes Supported by Phenyl Ether‐Pyrazolyl [N,O] Ligands as Catalysts for the Oligo‐ and Polymerization of Ethylene. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L.S. Milani
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
| | - Osvaldo L. Casagrande
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
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27
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Chromium(III) catalysts based on tridentate silicon-bridged tris(diphenylphosphine) ligands for selective ethylene tri-/tetramerization. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Maley SM, Kwon DH, Rollins N, Stanley JC, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Quantum-mechanical transition-state model combined with machine learning provides catalyst design features for selective Cr olefin oligomerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9665-9674. [PMID: 34094231 PMCID: PMC8161675 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of data science tools to provide the emergence of non-trivial chemical features for catalyst design is an important goal in catalysis science. Additionally, there is currently no general strategy for computational homogeneous, molecular catalyst design. Here, we report the unique combination of an experimentally verified DFT-transition-state model with a random forest machine learning model in a campaign to design new molecular Cr phosphine imine (Cr(P,N)) catalysts for selective ethylene oligomerization, specifically to increase 1-octene selectivity. This involved the calculation of 1-hexene : 1-octene transition-state selectivity for 105 (P,N) ligands and the harvesting of 14 descriptors, which were then used to build a random forest regression model. This model showed the emergence of several key design features, such as Cr-N distance, Cr-α distance, and Cr distance out of pocket, which were then used to rapidly design a new generation of Cr(P,N) catalyst ligands that are predicted to give >95% selectivity for 1-octene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Nick Rollins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Johnathan C Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Orson L Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP 1862, Kingwood Drive Kingwood Texas 77339 USA
| | - Steven M Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP 1862, Kingwood Drive Kingwood Texas 77339 USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
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29
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Kwon DH, Maley SM, Stanley JC, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Why Less Coordination Provides Higher Reactivity Chromium Phosphinoamidine Ethylene Trimerization Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Steven M. Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Johnathan C. Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339 United States
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339 United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 United States
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30
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Greve E, Porter JD, Dockendorff C. Computationally‐Guided Investigation of Dual Amine/pi Lewis Acid Catalysts for Direct Additions of Aldehydes and Ketones to Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Greve
- Department of ChemistryMarquette University P.O. Box 1881 Milwaukee WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Jacob D. Porter
- Department of ChemistryMarquette University P.O. Box 1881 Milwaukee WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of ChemistryMarquette University P.O. Box 1881 Milwaukee WI 53201-1881 USA
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31
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Friederich P, Dos Passos Gomes G, De Bin R, Aspuru-Guzik A, Balcells D. Machine learning dihydrogen activation in the chemical space surrounding Vaska's complex. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4584-4601. [PMID: 33224459 PMCID: PMC7659707 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A machine learning exploration of the chemical space surrounding Vaska's complex.
Homogeneous catalysis using transition metal complexes is ubiquitously used for organic synthesis, as well as technologically relevant in applications such as water splitting and CO2 reduction. The key steps underlying homogeneous catalysis require a specific combination of electronic and steric effects from the ligands bound to the metal center. Finding the optimal combination of ligands is a challenging task due to the exceedingly large number of possibilities and the non-trivial ligand–ligand interactions. The classic example of Vaska's complex, trans-[Ir(PPh3)2(CO)(Cl)], illustrates this scenario. The ligands of this species activate iridium for the oxidative addition of hydrogen, yielding the dihydride cis-[Ir(H)2(PPh3)2(CO)(Cl)] complex. Despite the simplicity of this system, thousands of derivatives can be formulated for the activation of H2, with a limited number of ligands belonging to the same general categories found in the original complex. In this work, we show how DFT and machine learning (ML) methods can be combined to enable the prediction of reactivity within large chemical spaces containing thousands of complexes. In a space of 2574 species derived from Vaska's complex, data from DFT calculations are used to train and test ML models that predict the H2-activation barrier. In contrast to experiments and calculations requiring several days to be completed, the ML models were trained and used on a laptop on a time-scale of minutes. As a first approach, we combined Bayesian-optimized artificial neural networks (ANN) with features derived from autocorrelation and deltametric functions. The resulting ANNs achieved high accuracies, with mean absolute errors (MAE) between 1 and 2 kcal mol–1, depending on the size of the training set. By using a Gaussian process (GP) model trained with a set of selected features, including fingerprints, accuracy was further enhanced. Remarkably, this GP model minimized the MAE below 1 kcal mol–1, by using only 20% or less of the data available for training. The gradient boosting (GB) method was also used to assess the relevance of the features, which was used for both feature selection and model interpretation purposes. Features accounting for chemical composition, atom size and electronegativity were found to be the most determinant in the predictions. Further, the ligand fragments with the strongest influence on the H2-activation barrier were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Friederich
- Chemical Physics Theory Group , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada.,Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany.,Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , 214 College St. , Toronto , Ontario M5T 3A1 , Canada
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Chemical Physics Theory Group , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada.,Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , 214 College St. , Toronto , Ontario M5T 3A1 , Canada
| | - Riccardo De Bin
- Department of Mathematics , University of Oslo , P. O. Box 1053, Blindern , N-0316 , Oslo , Norway
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical Physics Theory Group , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada.,Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , 214 College St. , Toronto , Ontario M5T 3A1 , Canada.,Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence , 661 University Ave. Suite 710 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1M1 , Canada.,Lebovic Fellow , Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) , 661 University Ave , Toronto , ON M5G 1M1 , Canada
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences , Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P. O. Box 1033, Blindern , N-0315 , Oslo , Norway .
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32
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Bani-Yaseen AD, Elbashier E. Computational Insights on the Electrocatalytic Behavior of [Cp*Rh] Molecular Catalysts Immobilized on Graphene for Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5777. [PMID: 32238849 PMCID: PMC7113254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous metal-based molecular electrocatalyst can typically exhibit attractive features compared to its homogeneous analogue including recoverability and durability. As such, it is necessary to evaluate the electrocatalytic behavior of heterogenized molecular catalysts of interest toward gaining insights concerning the retainability of such behaviors while benefiting from heterogenization. In this work, we examined computationally the electrochemical properties of nanographene-based heterogenized molecular complexes of Rhodium. We assessed, as well, the electrocatalytic behavior of the heterogenized molecular catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Two electrochemical pathways were examined, namely one- and two-electron electrochemical reduction pathways. Interestingly, it is computationally demonstrated that [RhIII(Cp*)(phen)Cl]+-Gr can exhibit redox and electrocatalytic properties for HER that are comparable to its homogeneous analogue via a two-electron reduction pathway. On the other hand, the one-electron reduction pathway is notably found to be less favorable kinetically and thermodynamically. Furthermore, molecular insights are provided with respect to the HER employing molecular orbitals analyses and mechanistic aspects. Importantly, our findings may provide insights toward designing more efficient graphene-based molecular heterogeneous electrocatalysts for more efficient energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulilah Dawoud Bani-Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, College of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, State of Qatar.
| | - Elkhansa Elbashier
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, College of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, State of Qatar
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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34
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Liu L, Liu Z, Tang S, Cheng R, He X, Liu B. What Triggered the Switching from Ethylene-Selective Trimerization into Tetramerization over the Cr/(2,2′-Dipicolylamine) Catalysts? ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Siyang Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuelian He
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Boping Liu
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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35
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Liu Q, Sun L, Li S, Li X, Qu L, Lan Y, Wei D. Insights into N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of 2H‐Azirine with Aldehyde. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2000-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Basic Teaching DepartmentHuanghe Jiaotong University No. 333 Yingbin Road Wuzhi Henan 454950 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Jun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ling‐Bo Qu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
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36
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Ahn S, Hong M, Sundararajan M, Ess DH, Baik MH. Design and Optimization of Catalysts Based on Mechanistic Insights Derived from Quantum Chemical Reaction Modeling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6509-6560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seihwan Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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37
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Fang C, Fantin M, Pan X, de Fiebre K, Coote ML, Matyjaszewski K, Liu P. Mechanistically Guided Predictive Models for Ligand and Initiator Effects in Copper-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (Cu-ATRP). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7486-7497. [PMID: 30977644 PMCID: PMC6634993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (Cu-ATRP) is one of the most widely used controlled radical polymerization techniques. Notwithstanding the extensive mechanistic studies in the literature, the transition states of the activation/deactivation of the growing polymer chain, a key equilibrium in Cu-ATRP, have not been investigated computationally. Therefore, the understanding of the origin of ligand and initiator effects on the rates of activation/deactivation is still limited. Here, we present the first computational analysis of Cu-ATRP activation transition states to reveal factors that affect the rates of activation and deactivation. The Br atom transfer between the polymer chain and the Cu catalyst occurs through an unusual bent geometry that involves pronounced interactions between the polymer chain end and the ancillary ligand on the Cu catalyst. Therefore, the rates of activation/deactivation are determined by both the electronic properties of the Cu catalyst and the ligand-initiator steric repulsions. In addition, our calculations revealed the important role of ligand backbone flexibility on the activation. These theoretical analyses led to the identification of three chemically meaningful descriptors, namely HOMO energy of the catalyst ( EHOMO), percent buried volume ( Vbur%), and distortion energy of the catalyst (Δ Edist), to describe the electronic, steric, and flexibility effects on reactivity, respectively. A robust and simple predictive model for ligand effect on reactivity is thereby established by correlating these three descriptors with experimental activation rate constants using multivariate linear regression. Validation using a structurally diverse set of ligands revealed the average error is less than ±2 kcal/mol compared to the experimentally derived activation energies. The same approach was also applied to develop a predictive model for reactivity of different alkyl halide initiators using R-X bond dissociation energy (BDE) and Cu-X halogenophilicity as descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Kurt de Fiebre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, United States
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38
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Labrum NS, Pink M, Chen C, Caulton KG. Reactivity of an Unusual Divalent Chromium Aggregate Supported by a Multifunctional Bis(pyrazolate) Pincer Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Labrum
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Structure Center Indiana University Bloomington 47405 Indiana USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Structure Center Indiana University Bloomington 47405 Indiana USA
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Structure Center Indiana University Bloomington 47405 Indiana USA
| | - Kenneth G. Caulton
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Structure Center Indiana University Bloomington 47405 Indiana USA
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39
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Chromium catalysts for ethylene trimerization/tetramerization functionalized with ortho-fluorinated arylphosphine ligand. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
Ligands, especially phosphines and carbenes, can play a key role in modifying and controlling homogeneous organometallic catalysts, and they often provide a convenient approach to fine-tuning the performance of known catalysts. The measurable outcomes of such catalyst modifications (yields, rates, selectivity) can be set into context by establishing their relationship to steric and electronic descriptors of ligand properties, and such models can guide the discovery, optimization, and design of catalysts. In this review we present a survey of calculated ligand descriptors, with a particular focus on homogeneous organometallic catalysis. A range of different approaches to calculating steric and electronic parameters are set out and compared, and we have collected descriptors for a range of representative ligand sets, including 30 monodentate phosphorus(III) donor ligands, 23 bidentate P,P-donor ligands, and 30 carbenes, with a view to providing a useful resource for analysis to practitioners. In addition, several case studies of applications of such descriptors, covering both maps and models, have been reviewed, illustrating how descriptor-led studies of catalysis can inform experiments and highlighting good practice for model comparison and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Durand
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Orson L. Sydora
- Research & Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
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42
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Kim TH, Lee HM, Park HS, Kim SD, Kwon SJ, Tahara A, Nagashima H, Lee BY. MAO-free and extremely active catalytic system for ethylene tetramerization. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
| | - Hyun Mo Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
| | - Hee Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
| | - Sung Dong Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
| | - Su Jin Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
| | - Atsushi Tahara
- Graduate School of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Hideo Nagashima
- Graduate School of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; 206 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499 Korea
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Song T, Tao X, Tong X, Liu N, Gao W, Mu X, Mu Y. Synthesis and characterization of chromium complexes 2-Me 4CpC 6H 4CH 2(R)NHCrCl 2 and their catalytic properties in ethylene homo- and co-polymerization. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4912-4920. [PMID: 30912553 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00448c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new half-sandwich secondary amine-coordinated dichlorochromium complexes chelated by 2-(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)benzylamine ligands, 2-Me4CpC6H4CH2(R)NHCrCl2 [R = iPr (1), Cy (2), Ph (3), 4-MePh (4), 2,6-Me2Ph (5), 2,6-Et2Ph (6)], have been synthesized from the reactions of CrCl3(THF)3 with the dilithium salts of the corresponding ligands in THF, followed by the addition of 1/2 eq. of H2O to the reaction mixtures. The isolated yields of the chromium complexes were found to increase with the increase in the amount of H2O introduced and reach the highest values (66-76%) when 1/2 eq. of H2O is added. Attempts to isolate the 2-(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)benzylamidochromium complexes, 2-Me4CpC6H4CH2(R)NCrCl, were not successful. The new dichlorochromium complexes were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, EPR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy and elemental analyses, and the molecular structures of complexes 1, 5 and 6 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that these chromium complexes possess a three-legged piano-stool geometry with the amine N atom in a mitered six-membered chelating ring and the two chloride atoms as the legs. Upon activation with AlR3 and Ph3CB(C6F5)4, complexes 1-6 exhibit reasonable catalytic activity for ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with 1-hexene, producing polyethylenes with moderate to high molecular weights and poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene)s with moderate comonomer incorporation which are typical linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE). Complex 4 was found to show higher catalytic activity for ethylene homo- and co-polymerization than other complexes under similar conditions, while complex 3 produced poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene)s with the highest comonomer incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Song
- The State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials, School of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Hirscher NA, Labinger JA, Agapie T. Isotopic labelling in ethylene oligomerization: addressing the issue of 1-octene vs. 1-hexene selectivity. Dalton Trans 2018; 48:40-44. [PMID: 30516237 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity-determining mechanistic steps of ethylene tetramerization and trimerization are evaluated in light of isotopic labeling experiments. A mechanism based upon a shared chromacycloheptane intermediate rather than the C-C coupling of chromacyclopentanes or Cr speciation into independent trimerization and tetramerization catalysts is consistent with the data, including observed upper limits on 1-octene selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A Hirscher
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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47
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Thomas AA, Speck K, Kevlishvili I, Lu Z, Liu P, Buchwald SL. Mechanistically Guided Design of Ligands That Significantly Improve the Efficiency of CuH-Catalyzed Hydroamination Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13976-13984. [PMID: 30244567 PMCID: PMC6469493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a mechanically guided ligand design approach, a new ligand (SEGFAST) for the CuH-catalyzed hydroamination reaction of unactivated terminal olefins has been developed, providing a 62-fold rate increase over reactions compared to DTBM-SEGPHOS, the previous optimal ligand. Combining the respective strengths of computational chemistry and experimental kinetic measurements, we were able to quickly identify potential modifications that lead to more effective ligands, thus avoiding synthesizing and testing a large library of ligands. By optimizing the combination of attractive, noncovalent ligand-substrate interactions and the stability of the catalyst under the reaction conditions, we were able to identify a finely tuned hybrid ligand that greatly enables accelerated hydrocupration rates with unactivated alkenes. Moreover, a modular and robust synthetic sequence was devised, which allowed for the practical, gram-scale synthesis of these novel hybrid ligand structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klaus Speck
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhaohong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Alam F, Zhang L, Wei W, Wang J, Chen Y, Dong C, Jiang T. Catalytic Systems Based on Chromium(III) Silylated-Diphosphinoamines for Selective Ethylene Tri-/Tetramerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhre Alam
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chunhua Dong
- Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Saito T, Takano Y. Transition State Search Using rPM6: Iron- and Manganese-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions as a Test Case. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Saito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, 3-4-1 Ozuka-Higashi, Asa-Minami-ku, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
| | - Yu Takano
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, 3-4-1 Ozuka-Higashi, Asa-Minami-ku, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
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50
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Gunasekara T, Kim J, Preston A, Steelman DK, Medvedev GA, Delgass WN, Sydora OL, Caruthers JM, Abu-Omar MM. Mechanistic Insights into Chromium-Catalyzed Ethylene Trimerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jungsuk Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Preston
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - D. Keith Steelman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W. Nicholas Delgass
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Orson L. Sydora
- Research and Technology, Chevron Phillips Chemical LP, 1862 Kingwood Drive, Kingwood, Texas 77339, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Forney Hall of Chemical
Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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