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Gunawan D, Toe CY, Sun K, Scott J, Amal R. Improved carrier dynamics in nickel/urea-functionalized carbon nitride for ethanol photoreforming. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:2115-2126. [PMID: 35933640 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photoreforming has been shown to accelerate the H2 evolution rate compared to water splitting due to thermodynamically favorable organic oxidation. In addition, the potential to simultaneously produce solar fuel and value-added chemicals is a significant benefit of photoreforming. To achieve an efficient and economically viable photoreforming process, the selection and design of an appropriate photocatalyst is essential. Carbon nitride is promising as a metal-free photocatalyst with visible light activity, high stability, and low fabrication cost. However, it typically exhibits poor photogenerated charge carrier dynamics, thereby resulting in low photocatalytic performance. Herein, we demonstrate improved carrier dynamics in urea-functionalized carbon nitride with in situ photodeposited Ni cocatalyst (Ni/Urea-CN) for ethanol photoreforming. In the presence of 1 mM Ni2+ precursor, an H2 evolution rate of 760.5 µmol h-1 g-1 and an acetaldehyde production rate of 888.2 µmol h-1 g-1 were obtained for Ni/Urea-CN. The enhanced activity is ascribed to the significantly improved carrier dynamics in Urea-CN. The ability of oxygen moieties in the urea group to attract electrons and to increase the hole mobility via a positive shift in the valence band promotes an improvement in the overall carrier dynamics. In addition, high crystallinity and specific surface area of the Urea-CN contributed to accelerating charge separation and transfer. As a result, the electrons were efficiently transferred from Urea-CN to the Ni cocatalyst for H2 evolution while the holes were consumed during ethanol oxidation. The work demonstrates a means by which carrier dynamics can be tuned by engineering carbon nitride via edge functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Gunawan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jason Scott
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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2
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Ma J, Zhang F, Tan Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zheng L, Liu H, Li R. Promoted Electron Transfer and Surface Absorption by Single Nickel Atoms for Photocatalytic Cross-Coupling of Aromatic Alcohols and Aliphatic Amines under Visible Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18383-18392. [PMID: 35426663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of imines has drawn increasing attention as they are fundamental intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, agricultures, and fine chemicals. Nevertheless, current approaches for imines synthesis mainly focus on thermally driven reactions which always involve the consumption of high price noble metal catalysts, expensive ligands, strong base, and harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we demonstrate single atom nickel anchored on polymeric carbon nitride (Ni-SA@PCN) in Ni-N4 structure for visible light-promoted crossed coupling between aromatic alcohols and aliphatic amines. As expected, the Ni atoms dispersed carbon nitride demonstrates an obviously improved charge separation and transfer as reflected in UV-vis, fluorescence intensity and lifetime, photocurrent density, and electrochemical impedance characterizations. More impressively, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations also reveals that the presence of Ni atoms can dramatically accelerate the absorption of reactive substrates on the surface of PCN. The decreased absorption energy from -0.51 to -3.35 eV, associated with increased O═O bond length from 1.226 to 1.371 Å indicates a huge advantage of single Ni atom on oxygen activation. As a result, the obtained Ni-SA@PCN photocatalyst shows a prominent catalytic efficiency in imines formation with a reaction conversion of 73% and selectivity of >99%. Lastly, the photocatalytic reactions displays an excellent compatibility with various imines being achieved with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ya Tan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Run Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, Hunan University, Hunan, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
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3
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Liu X, Zhou Z, Wang T, Ma C, Yan Y. N-doped graphene quantum dots for enhancing multi-level Bi 2Ti 2O 7 spheres photocatalytic activity via electronic trapping. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1844735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Changchang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
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4
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Behera P, Subudhi S, Tripathy SP, Parida K. MOF derived nano-materials: A recent progress in strategic fabrication, characterization and mechanistic insight towards divergent photocatalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Li S, Zhang L, Yin X, Wang Y, Guo X, He Y. Efficient photocatalysis improves the self-cleaning property of the superwetting nanofibrous membrane toward emulsified oily wastewater. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Niu F, Wang D, Williams LJ, Nayak A, Li F, Chen X, Troian-Gautier L, Huang Q, Liu Y, Brennaman MK, Papanikolas JM, Guo L, Shen S, Meyer TJ. A Semiconductor-Mediator-Catalyst Artificial Photosynthetic System for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202102630. [PMID: 35113460 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In fabricating an artificial photosynthesis (AP) electrode for water oxidation, we have devised a semiconductor-mediator-catalyst structure that mimics photosystem II (PSII). It is based on a surface layer of vertically grown nanorods of Fe2 O3 on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes with a carbazole mediator base and a Ru(II) carbene complex on a nanolayer of TiO2 as a water oxidation co-catalyst. The resulting hybrid assembly, FTO|Fe2 O3 |-carbazole|TiO2 |-Ru(carbene), demonstrates an enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation performance compared to an electrode without the added carbaozle base with an increase in photocurrent density of 2.2-fold at 0.95 V vs. NHE and a negatively shifted onset potential of 500 mV. The enhanced PEC performance is attributable to carbazole mediator accelerated interfacial hole transfer from Fe2 O3 to the Ru(II) carbene co-catalyst, with an improved effective surface area for the water oxidation reaction and reduced charge transfer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Niu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Degao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States.,Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lenzi J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - M Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Liejin Guo
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
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7
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Jiang Z, Tan X, Huang Y. Piezoelectric effect enhanced photocatalysis in environmental remediation: State-of-the-art techniques and future scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150924. [PMID: 34655628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has been widely used as an advanced oxidation process to control pollutants effectively. However, environmental photocatalysis' decontamination efficiency is restricted to the photogenerated electron-hole pairs' rapid recombination. Recently, emerging investigations have been directed to generate internal electric field by piezoelectric effect to enhance the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers for better photocatalytic performance; however, there are still huge knowledge gaps on the rational application of piezo-photocatalysis in environmental remediation and disinfection. Thus, we have conducted a comprehensive review to better understand the physicochemical properties of piezoelectric materials (non-centrosymmetric crystal structures, piezoelectric coefficient, Young's modulus, and etc.) and current study states. We also elucidated the strategy of piezo-photo catalysis system constructions (mono-component, core-shell structure, and etc.) and underlying mechanisms of enhanced remediation performance. Addressing the current challenges and future scenarios (degradation of organic pollutants, disinfection, and etc.), the present review would shed light on the advanced wastewater treatment development towards sustainable control of emerging containments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Jiang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xianjun Tan
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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8
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Mitchell E, Law A, Godin R. Interfacial charge transfer in carbon nitride heterojunctions monitored by optical methods. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Gunawan D, Toe CY, Kumar P, Scott J, Amal R. Synergistic Cyanamide Functionalization and Charge-Induced Activation of Nickel/Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Selective Photoreforming of Ethanol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49916-49926. [PMID: 34652901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoreforming is a promising alternative to water splitting for H2 generation due to the favorable organic oxidation half-reaction and the potential to simultaneously produce solar fuel and value-added chemicals. Recently, carbon nitride has received significant attention as an inexpensive photocatalyst for the photoreforming process. However, the application of carbon nitride continues to be hampered by its poor photocatalytic performance. Herein, we report for the first time a synergistic modification of an in situ photodeposited Ni cocatalyst on carbon nitride via cyanamide functionalization and solid/liquid interfacial charge-induced activation using excess Ni2+ ions. Synergism between the cyanamide functionalization and charge-induced activation by the excess Ni2+ ions invokes enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability during ethanol photoreforming. A H2 evolution rate of 2.32 mmol h-1 g-1 in conjunction with an acetaldehyde production rate of 2.54 mmol h-1 g-1 was attained for the Ni/NCN-CN. The H2 evolution rate and elevated acetaldehyde selectivity (above 98%) remained consistent under prolonged light illumination. To understand the origin of the complementary promotional effects, the contributions of cyanamide groups and excess Ni2+ ions to selective ethanol photoreforming are decoupled and systematically investigated. The cyanamide functionality on carbon nitride was found to promote hole scavenging for the ethanol oxidation reaction, thereby enabling effective electron transfer to the Ni cocatalyst for H2 evolution. Concomitantly, excess Ni2+ ions remaining in solution created a positively charged environment on the photocatalyst surface, which improved charge carrier utilization and ethanol adsorption. The work highlights the importance of both carbon nitride functionality and charge on the photocatalyst surface in developing a selective photocatalytic reforming system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Gunawan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Priyank Kumar
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jason Scott
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Mitchell E, Law A, Godin R. Experimental determination of charge carrier dynamics in carbon nitride heterojunctions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1550-1567. [PMID: 33491708 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CNx) is an emerging photocatalyst with the potential to efficiently produce solar fuels. CNx heterojunctions often show significant photocatalytic activity improvements. We review the charge carrier dynamics in a range of CNx heterojunctions including carbon-based material, black phosphorus, Ru complexes, molybdenum sulphide and metal phosphides. Time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) were the most common techniques employed for experimental charge carrier dynamics measurements. The low photoluminescence quantum yield of CNx appeared to limit the depth of conclusions from TRPL, with both lengthening and shortening of the TRPL lifetimes observed and attributed to enhanced charge separation. Overall, the charge carrier dynamics studies often showed a relative lifetime change of ∼2-fold and an activity improvement of >10-fold. We highlight the need for the use of a wider range of techniques to monitor the charge carrier dynamics for conclusive determination of photophysics-activity relationships and elucidation of improvement mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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11
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Achilleos DS, Yang W, Kasap H, Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Solar Reforming of Biomass with Homogeneous Carbon Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18184-18188. [PMID: 33448554 PMCID: PMC7589312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A sunlight-powered process is reported that employs carbon dots (CDs) as light absorbers for the conversion of lignocellulose into sustainable H2 fuel and organics. This photocatalytic system operates in pure and untreated sea water at benign pH (2-8) and ambient temperature and pressure. The CDs can be produced in a scalable synthesis directly from biomass itself and their solubility allows for good interactions with the insoluble biomass substrates. They also display excellent photophysical properties with a high fraction of long-lived charge carriers and the availability of a reductive and an oxidative quenching pathway. The presented CD-based biomass photoconversion system opens new avenues for sustainable, practical, and renewable fuel production through biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra S. Achilleos
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Present address: School of ChemistryUniversity College DublinScience Centre South, BelfieldDublinIreland
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Hatice Kasap
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - James R. Durrant
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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12
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Achilleos DS, Yang W, Kasap H, Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Durrant JR, Reisner E. Solar Reforming of Biomass with Homogeneous Carbon Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demetra S. Achilleos
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Present address: School of Chemistry University College Dublin Science Centre South, Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Hatice Kasap
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid Chemistry Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - James R. Durrant
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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13
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Windle CD, Wieczorek A, Xiong L, Sachs M, Bozal-Ginesta C, Cha H, Cockcroft JK, Durrant J, Tang J. Covalent grafting of molecular catalysts on C 3N x H y as robust, efficient and well-defined photocatalysts for solar fuel synthesis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8425-8432. [PMID: 34123101 PMCID: PMC8163425 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02986f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of molecules to 2D materials is an emerging area as strong covalent chemistry offers new hybrid properties and greater mechanical stability compared with nanoparticles. A nickel bis-aminothiophenol catalyst was grafted onto a range of 2D carbon nitrides (C3NxHy) to form noble metal-free photocatalysts for H2 production. The hybrids produce H2 beyond 8 days with turnover numbers reaching 1360 based on nickel, a more than 3 fold higher durability than reported molecular catalyst-carbon nitride mixtures, and under longer wavelengths (>475 nm). Time-resolved spectroscopy reveals sub-microsecond electron transfer to the grafted catalyst, six orders of magnitude faster compared with similar reports of non-grafted catalysts. The photoelectrons on the catalyst have a ca. 1000 times longer half-time (7 ms) compared with bare carbon nitride (10 μs). The grafting strategy operates across a range of molecular catalyst-carbon nitride combinations, thus paving the way for robust efficient photocatalysts based on low-cost tunable components. A nickel bis-aminothiophenol catalyst grafted onto a 2D carbon-nitride photocatalytically produces H2 beyond 8 days with turnover numbers reaching 1360.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Wieczorek
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Lunqiao Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering UCL Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Carlota Bozal-Ginesta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jeremy K Cockcroft
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - James Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering UCL Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
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14
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Gurrentz JM, Rose MJ. Non-Catalytic Benefits of Ni(II) Binding to an Si(111)-PNP Construct for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Metal Ion Induced Flat Band Potential Modulation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5657-5667. [PMID: 32163273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here the remarkable and non-catalytic beneficial effects of a Ni(II) ion binding to a Si|PNP type surface as a result of significant thermodynamic band bending induced by ligand attachment and Ni(II) binding. We unambiguously deconvolute the thermodynamic flat band potentials (VFB) from the kinetic onset potentials (Von) by synthesizing a specialized bis-PNP macrochelate that enables one-step Ni(II) binding to a p-Si(111) substrate. XPS analysis and rigorous control experiments confirm covalent attachment of the designed ligand and its resulting Ni(II) complex. Illuminated J-V measurements under catalytic conditions show that the Si|BisPNP-Ni substrate exhibits the most positive onset potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (-0.55 V vs Fc/Fc+) compared to other substrates herein. Thermodynamic flat band potential measurements in the dark reveal that Si|BisPNP-Ni also exhibits the most positive VFB value (-0.02 V vs Fc/Fc+) by a wide margin. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data generated under illuminated, catalytic conditions demonstrate a surprising lack of correlation evident between Von and equivalent circuit element parameters commonly associated with HER. Overall, the resulting paradigm comprises a system wherein the extent of band bending induced by metal ion binding is the primary driver of photoelectrochemical (PEC)-HER benefits, while the kinetic (catalytic) effects of the PNP-Ni(II) are minimal. This suggests that dipole and band-edge engineering must be a primary design consideration (not secondary to catalyst) in semiconductor|catalyst hybrids for PEC-HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gurrentz
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
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15
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Yang W, Godin R, Kasap H, Moss B, Dong Y, Hillman SAJ, Steier L, Reisner E, Durrant JR. Electron Accumulation Induces Efficiency Bottleneck for Hydrogen Production in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11219-11229. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hatice Kasap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmilla Steier
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Zheng X, Yu P, Wang J. Ultrafast intramolecular vibrational energy transfer in carbon nitride hydrocolloid examined by femtosecond two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:194703. [PMID: 31117771 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, ultrafast vibrational and structural processes in a graphitic carbon nitride hydrocolloid system were studied using a combination of linear infrared and nonlinear two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopies. The experimentally observed three IR line shapes in the C=N stretching vibration frequency region were analyzed and attributed to the rigid and conjugated molecular frame of the prepared g-CN molecular species, which is believed to be a dimeric tris-s-triazine, as well as attributed to insignificant solvent influence on the delocalized C=N vibrations. Vibrational transition density cubes were also computed for the proposed g-CN dimer, confirming the heterocyclic C=N stretching nature of the three IR absorption peaks. Intramolecular vibrational energy transfer dynamics and spectral diffusion of the g-CN system were characterized by examining a series of time-dependent 2D IR spectra. A picosecond intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution process was found to occur among these delocalized C=N stretching modes, acting as an efficient vibrational energy transfer channel. This work reasonably connects the experimentally observed IR signature to a specific g-CN structure and also provides the first report on the ultrafast intramolecular processes of such carbon nitride systems. The obtained results are fundamentally important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of such carbon-nitride based functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pengyun Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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Hu C, Lin YR, Yang HC. Recent Developments in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Hydrogels as Photocatalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1794-1806. [PMID: 30515988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photocatalysis with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is considered to be the most promising approach for the generation of H2 from water, the degradation of organic pollutants, and the reduction of CO2 . However, bulk g-C3 N4 exhibits several drawbacks, such as a low specific surface area, high defect density, and fast charge recombination, which result in low photocatalytic performance. The construction of 3D porous hydrogels for g-C3 N4 through nanostructural engineering is a rapid, feasible, and cost-effective technique to improve the adsorption capability, stability, and separability of the hydrogel composite; to increase the number of active sites; and to create an internal conductive path for facile charge transfer and high photocatalytic activity. This minireview summarizes recent progress in photocatalytic water splitting and dye degradation by using g-C3 N4 -based hydrogels, with respect to state-of-the-art methods for synthesis, preparation, modification, and multicomponent coupling. Furthermore, comprehensive outlooks, future challenges, and concluding remarks regarding the use of g-C3 N4 -based hydrogels as highly efficient photocatalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chechia Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D center for Membrane, Technology and Research Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli Dist., Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D center for Membrane, Technology and Research Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli Dist., Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D center for Membrane, Technology and Research Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli Dist., Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
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18
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Shen R, Xie J, Xiang Q, Chen X, Jiang J, Li X. Ni-based photocatalytic H2-production cocatalysts2. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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20
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Ou H, Tang C, Chen X, Zhou M, Wang X. Solvated Electrons for Photochemistry Syntheses Using Conjugated Carbon Nitride Polymers. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Tungsten-Embedded Graphene: Theoretical Study on a Potential High-Activity Catalyst toward CO Oxidation. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101848. [PMID: 30274145 PMCID: PMC6213162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation mechanism of CO on W-embedded graphene was investigated by M06-2X density functional theory. Two models of tungsten atom embedded in single and double vacancy (W-SV and W-DV) graphene sheets were considered. It was found that over W-SV-graphene and W-DV-graphene, the oxidation of CO prefers to Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism, respectively. The two surfaces exhibit different catalytic activity during different reaction stages. The present results imply that W-embedded graphene is a promising catalyst for CO oxidation, which provides a useful reference for the design of a high-efficiency catalyst in detecting and removing of toxic gases.
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Kasap H, Achilleos DS, Huang A, Reisner E. Photoreforming of Lignocellulose into H2 Using Nanoengineered Carbon Nitride under Benign Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11604-11607. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Kasap
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Demetra S. Achilleos
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Ailun Huang
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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