1
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He J, Liu X, Li C. Engineering Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Molecules 2024; 29:2480. [PMID: 38893355 PMCID: PMC11173547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s), a superfamily of heme-containing enzymes, existed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. P450s can catalyze various regional and stereoselective oxidation reactions, which are widely used in natural product biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and biotechnology. In a typical catalytic cycle, P450s use redox proteins or domains to mediate electron transfer from NAD(P)H to heme iron. Therefore, the main factors determining the catalytic efficiency of P450s include not only the P450s themselves but also their redox-partners and electron transfer pathways. In this review, the electron transfer pathway engineering strategies of the P450s catalytic system are reviewed from four aspects: cofactor regeneration, selection of redox-partners, P450s and redox-partner engineering, and electrochemically or photochemically driven electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Amaya JA, Manley OM, Bian JC, Rutland CD, Leschinsky N, Ratigan SC, Makris TM. Enhancing ferryl accumulation in H 2O 2-dependent cytochrome P450s. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112458. [PMID: 38141432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy is presented to enhance the accumulation of ferryl (iron(IV)-oxo) species in H2O2 dependent cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of the CYP152 family. We report the characterization of a highly chemoselective CYP decarboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) that is soluble at high concentrations. Examination of OleTSA Compound I (CpdI) accumulation with a variety of fatty acid substrates reveals a dependence on resting spin-state equilibrium. Alteration of this equilibrium through targeted mutagenesis of the proximal pocket favors the high-spin form, and as a result, enhances Cpd-I accumulation to nearly stoichiometric yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Olivia M Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Julia C Bian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Steven C Ratigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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3
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Jiang Y, Li S. P450 fatty acid decarboxylase. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:339-374. [PMID: 37977736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylases are able to utilize hydrogen peroxide as the sole cofactor to decarboxylate free fatty acids to produce α-olefins with abundant applications as drop-in biofuels and important chemical precursors. In this chapter, we review diverse approaches for discovery, characterization, engineering, and applications of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases. Information gained from structural data has been advancing our understandings of the unique mechanisms underlying alkene production, and providing important insights for exploring new activities. To build an efficient olefin-producing system, various engineering strategies have been proposed and applied to this unusual P450 catalytic system. Furthermore, we highlight a select number of applied examples of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases in enzyme cascades and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China.
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4
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Koroleva PI, Bulko TV, Agafonova LE, Shumyantseva VV. Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Mechanisms of Cytochromes P450 in the Development of Biosensors and Bioreactors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1645-1657. [PMID: 38105030 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are a unique family of enzymes found in all Kingdoms of living organisms (animals, bacteria, plants, fungi, and archaea), whose main function is biotransformation of exogenous and endogenous compounds. The review discusses approaches to enhancing the efficiency of electrocatalysis by cytochromes P450 for their use in biotechnology and design of biosensors and describes main methods in the development of reconstituted and electrochemical catalytic systems based on the biochemical mechanism of cytochromes P450, as well as and modern trends for their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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5
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Gering HE, Li X, Tang H, Swartz PD, Chang WC, Makris TM. A Ferric-Superoxide Intermediate Initiates P450-Catalyzed Cyclic Dipeptide Dimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19256-19264. [PMID: 37611404 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) AspB is involved in the biosynthesis of the diketopiperazine (DKP) aspergilazine A. Tryptophan-linked dimeric DKP alkaloids are a large family of natural products that are found in numerous species and exhibit broad and often potent bioactivity. The proposed mechanisms for C-N bond formation by AspB, and similar C-C bond formations by related CYPs, have invoked the use of a ferryl-intermediate as an oxidant to promote substrate dimerization. Here, the parallel application of steady-state and transient kinetic approaches reveals a very different mechanism that involves a ferric-superoxide species as a primary oxidant to initiate DKP-assembly. Single turnover kinetic isotope effects and a substrate analog suggest the probable nature and site for abstraction. The direct observation of CYP-superoxide reactivity rationalizes the atypical outcome of AspB and reveals a new reaction manifold in heme enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Gering
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Haoyu Tang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Paul D Swartz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Wei-Chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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6
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Su H, Lin J. Biosynthesis pathways of expanding carbon chains for producing advanced biofuels. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:109. [PMID: 37400889 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the thermodynamic property is closer to gasoline, advanced biofuels (C ≥ 6) are appealing for replacing non-renewable fossil fuels using biosynthesis method that has presented a promising approach. Synthesizing advanced biofuels (C ≥ 6), in general, requires the expansion of carbon chains from three carbon atoms to more than six carbon atoms. Despite some specific biosynthesis pathways that have been developed in recent years, adequate summary is still lacking on how to obtain an effective metabolic pathway. Review of biosynthesis pathways for expanding carbon chains will be conducive to selecting, optimizing and discovering novel synthetic route to obtain new advanced biofuels. Herein, we first highlighted challenges on expanding carbon chains, followed by presentation of two biosynthesis strategies and review of three different types of biosynthesis pathways of carbon chain expansion for synthesizing advanced biofuels. Finally, we provided an outlook for the introduction of gene-editing technology in the development of new biosynthesis pathways of carbon chain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Su
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Natural and Resources, Xian, 710075, Shanxi, China
| | - JiaFu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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7
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Mokkawes T, de Visser SP. Melatonin Activation by Cytochrome P450 Isozymes: How Does CYP1A2 Compare to CYP1A1? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043651. [PMID: 36835057 PMCID: PMC9959256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are versatile enzymes found in most biosystems that catalyze mono-oxygenation reactions as a means of biosynthesis and biodegradation steps. In the liver, they metabolize xenobiotics, but there are a range of isozymes with differences in three-dimensional structure and protein chain. Consequently, the various P450 isozymes react with substrates differently and give varying product distributions. To understand how melatonin is activated by the P450s in the liver, we did a thorough molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics study on cytochrome P450 1A2 activation of melatonin forming 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin products through aromatic hydroxylation and O-demethylation pathways, respectively. We started from crystal structure coordinates and docked substrate into the model, and obtained ten strong binding conformations with the substrate in the active site. Subsequently, for each of the ten substrate orientations, long (up to 1 μs) molecular dynamics simulations were run. We then analyzed the orientations of the substrate with respect to the heme for all snapshots. Interestingly, the shortest distance does not correspond to the group that is expected to be activated. However, the substrate positioning gives insight into the protein residues it interacts with. Thereafter, quantum chemical cluster models were created and the substrate hydroxylation pathways calculated with density functional theory. These relative barrier heights confirm the experimental product distributions and highlight why certain products are obtained. We make a detailed comparison with previous results on CYP1A1 and identify their reactivity differences with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirakorn Mokkawes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cytochromes P450 in biosensing and biosynthesis applications: Recent progress and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Ge R, Zhang P, Dong X, Li Y, Sun Z, Zeng Y, Chen B, Zhang W. Photobiocatalytic Decarboxylation for the Synthesis of Fatty Epoxides from Renewable Fatty Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201275. [PMID: 36036214 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty epoxides are unique building blocks in organic transformations and materials production; however, their synthetic methodologies are currently not accessible from renewable fatty acids. Herein, a photoenzymatic decarboxylation of epoxy fatty acids into fatty epoxides was demonstrated using fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (CvFAP). Various fatty epoxides were synthesized in excellent selectivity by wild-type CvFAP. The decarboxylation reaction was also achieved with four new FAP homologues, potentially suggesting a broad availability of the biocatalysts for this challenging decarboxylation reaction. By combining CvFAP with lipase and peroxygenase, a multienzymatic cascade to transform oleic acid and its triglyceride into the corresponding fatty epoxides was established. The obtained fatty epoxides were further converted into rather unusual fatty compounds including diol, alcohol, ether, and chain-shortened carboxylic acids. The present photobiocatalytic synthesis of fatty epoxides from natural starting materials excels by its intrinsic selectivity, mild conditions, and independence of nicotinamide cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ge
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xuetian Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yuanying Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, P. R. China
| | - Bishuang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, P. R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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10
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Ma D, Zhang L, Yin Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. Spectroscopic studies of the interaction between phosphorus heterocycles and cytochrome P450. J Pharm Anal 2022; 11:757-763. [PMID: 35028181 PMCID: PMC8740452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleT from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) is a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids to yield primarily terminal alkenes and CO2 or minor α- and β-hydroxylated fatty acids as side-products. In this work, the interactions between a series of cycloalkyl phosphorus heterocycles (CPHs) and OleTSA were investigated in detail by fluorescence titration experiment, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 31P NMR spectroscopies. Fluorescence titration experiment results clearly showed that a dynamic quenching occurred when CPH-6, a representative CPHs, interacted with OleTSA with a binding constant value of 15.2 × 104 M-1 at 293 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) showed that the hydrogen bond and van der Waals force played major roles in the interaction between OleTSA and CPHs. The UV-vis and 31P NMR studies indicated the penetration of CPH-6 into the interior environment of OleTSA, which greatly affects the enzymatic activity of OleTSA. Therefore, our study revealed an effective way to use phosphorus heterocyclic compounds to modulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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11
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Wang SP, Wang Y, Chen FY, Wang HT, Sheong FK, Bai FQ, Zhang HX. Accurate Analysis of Anisotropic Carrier Mobility and Structure-property Relationships in Organic BOXD Crystalline Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:775747. [PMID: 34858948 PMCID: PMC8631907 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.775747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge mobility is an essential factor of organic crystalline materials. Although many investigators have made important progress, the exact relationship between the crystal structure and carrier mobility remains to be clarified. Fortunately, a series of bis-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives have been successfully prepared and reported. They have similar main molecular fragments but different crystal packing modes, which provide an ideal research objective for studying the effect of molecular packing on charge mobility in organic photoelectric conversion systems. In this work, the charge mobilities of these molecules are systematically evaluated from the perspective of first-principles calculation, and the effect of a molecular overlap on orbital overlap integral and final charge carrier mobility is fully discussed. It can be seen that the small intermolecular distance (less than 6 Å) is the decisive factor to achieve high electron mobility in π stacking, and better mobility can be obtained by increasing the hole migration distance appropriately. A larger dihedral angle of anisotropy is an important point limiting the charge mobility in the herringbone arrangement. It is hoped that the correlation results between the crystal structure and mobility can assist the experimental study and provide an effective way to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic semiconductor devices and multiple basis for multiscale material system characterization and material information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ping Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Mukherjee G, Satpathy JK, Bagha UK, Mubarak MQE, Sastri CV, de Visser SP. Inspiration from Nature: Influence of Engineered Ligand Scaffolds and Auxiliary Factors on the Reactivity of Biomimetic Oxidants. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Jagnyesh K. Satpathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Umesh K. Bagha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - M. Qadri E. Mubarak
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Chivukula V. Sastri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Dong S, Feng Y, Cong Z, Shaik S, Wang B. H-Bonding Networks Dictate the Molecular Mechanism of H2O2 Activation by P450. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190407 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Zhang L, Ma D, Yin Y, Wang Q. Using Small Molecules to Enhance P450 OleT Enzyme Activity in Situ. Chemistry 2021; 27:8940-8945. [PMID: 33860584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 OleT is a fatty acid decarboxylase that catalyzes the production of olefins with biofuel and synthetic applications. However, the relatively sluggish catalytic efficiency of the enzyme limits its applications. Here, we report the application of a novel class of benzene containing small molecules to improve the OleT activity. The UV-Vis spectroscopy study and molecular docking results confirmed the high proximity of the small molecules to the heme group of OleT. Up to 6-fold increase of product yield has been achieved in the small molecule-modulated enzymatic reactions. Our work thus sheds the light to the application of small molecules to increase the OleT catalytic efficiency, which could be potentially used for future olefin productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 29205, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Siming South Load 422, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Siming South Load 422, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 29205, Columbia, SC, USA
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15
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Markel U, Lanvers P, Sauer DF, Wittwer M, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Schiffels J, Schwaneberg U. A Photoclick-Based High-Throughput Screening for the Directed Evolution of Decarboxylase OleT. Chemistry 2021; 27:954-958. [PMID: 32955127 PMCID: PMC7839715 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation is an up-and-coming reaction yet lacking efficient screening methods for the directed evolution of decarboxylases. Here, we describe a simple photoclick assay for the detection of decarboxylation products and its application in a proof-of-principle directed evolution study on the decarboxylase OleT. The assay was compatible with two frequently used OleT operation modes (directly using hydrogen peroxide as the enzyme's co-substrate or using a reductase partner) and the screening of saturation mutagenesis libraries identified two enzyme variants shifting the enzyme's substrate preference from long chain fatty acids toward styrene derivatives. Overall, this photoclick assay holds promise to speed-up the directed evolution of OleT and other decarboxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Markel
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Pia Lanvers
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Daniel F. Sauer
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Malte Wittwer
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Gaurao V. Dhoke
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Johannes Schiffels
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraße 5052074AachenGermany
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16
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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17
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Bauer D, Zachos I, Sieber V. Production of Propene from n-Butanol: A Three-Step Cascade Utilizing the Cytochrome P450 Fatty Acid Decarboxylase OleT JE. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3273-3281. [PMID: 32656928 PMCID: PMC7754297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propene is one of the most important starting materials in the chemical industry. Herein, we report an enzymatic cascade reaction for the biocatalytic production of propene starting from n-butanol, thus offering a biobased production from glucose. In order to create an efficient system, we faced the issue of an optimal cofactor supply for the fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE , which is said to be driven by either NAD(P)H or H2 O2 . In the first system, we used an alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase coupled to OleTJE by the electron-transfer complex putidaredoxin reductase/putidaredoxin, allowing regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor. With the second system, we intended full oxidation of n-butanol to butyric acid, generating one equivalent of H2 O2 that can be used for the oxidative decarboxylation. As the optimal substrate is a long-chain fatty acid, we also tried to create an improved variant for the decarboxylation of butyric acid by using rational protein design. Within a mutational study with 57 designed mutants, we generated the mutant OleTV292I , which showed a 2.4-fold improvement in propene production in our H2 O2 -driven cascade system and reached total turnover numbers >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bauer
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Ioannis Zachos
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- TUM Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing BranchFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry Building 68The University of QueenslandCooper RoadSt. Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
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18
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Cummins DC, Alvarado JG, Zaragoza JPT, Effendy Mubarak MQ, Lin YT, de Visser SP, Goldberg DP. Hydroxyl Transfer to Carbon Radicals by Mn(OH) vs Fe(OH) Corrole Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16053-16064. [PMID: 33047596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of •OH from metal-hydroxo species to carbon radicals (R•) to give hydroxylated products (ROH) is a fundamental process in metal-mediated heme and nonheme C-H bond oxidations. This step, often referred to as the hydroxyl "rebound" step, is typically very fast, making direct study of this process challenging if not impossible. In this report, we describe the reactions of the synthetic models M(OH)(ttppc) (M = Fe (1), Mn (3); ttppc = 5,10,15-tris(2,4,6-triphenyl)phenyl corrolato3-) with a series of triphenylmethyl carbon radical (R•) derivatives ((4-X-C6H4)3C•; X = OMe, tBu, Ph, Cl, CN) to give the one-electron reduced MIII(ttppc) complexes and ROH products. Rate constants for 3 for the different radicals ranged from 11.4(1) to 58.4(2) M-1 s-1, as compared to those for 1, which fall between 0.74(2) and 357(4) M-1 s-1. Linear correlations for Hammett and Marcus plots for both Mn and Fe were observed, and the small magnitudes of the slopes for both correlations imply a concerted •OH transfer reaction for both metals. Eyring analyses of reactions for 1 and 3 with (4-X-C6H4)3C• (X = tBu, CN) also give good linear correlations, and a comparison of the resulting activation parameters highlight the importance of entropy in these •OH transfer reactions. Density functional theory calculations of the reaction profiles show a concerted process with one transition state for all radicals investigated and help to explain the electronic features of the OH rebound process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jessica G Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jan Paulo T Zaragoza
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Muhammad Qadri Effendy Mubarak
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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19
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Zhang L, Manley OM, Ma D, Yin Y, Makris TM, Wang Q. Enhanced P450 fatty acid decarboxylase catalysis by glucose oxidase coupling and co-assembly for biofuel generation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123538. [PMID: 32485602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 OleT is a fatty acid decarboxylase that uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to catalyze the production of terminal alkenes, which are industrially important chemicals with biofuel and synthetic applications. Despite its requirement for large turnover levels, high concentrations of H2O2 may cause heme group degradation, diminishing enzymatic activity and limiting broad application for synthesis. Here, we report an artificial enzyme cascade composed of glucose oxidase (GOx) and OleTSA from Staphylococcus aureus for efficient terminal alkene production. By adjusting the ratio of GOx to OleTSA, the GOx-based tandem catalysis shows significantly improved product yield compared to the H2O2 injection method. Moreover, the co-assembly of the GOx/OleTSA enzymes with a polymer, forming polymer-dual enzymes nanoparticles, displays improved activity compared to the free enzyme. This dual strategy provides a simple and efficient system to transform a naturally abundant feedstock to industrially important chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Olivia M Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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20
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Biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons: perspectives on enzymology and enzyme engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 62:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Xu H, Liang W, Ning L, Jiang Y, Yang W, Wang C, Qi F, Ma L, Du L, Fourage L, Zhou YJ, Li S. Directed Evolution of P450 Fatty Acid Decarboxylases via High‐Throughput Screening towards Improved Catalytic Activity. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
| | - Weinan Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Ning
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Shandong 266237 P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
| | | | - Yongjin J. Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP)Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Shandong 266101 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Shandong 266237 P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Shandong 266237 P. R. China
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22
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Manley OM, Fan R, Guo Y, Makris TM. Oxidative Decarboxylase UndA Utilizes a Dinuclear Iron Cofactor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8684-8688. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ruixi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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23
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Pickl M, Kurakin S, Cantú Reinhard FG, Schmid P, Pöcheim A, Winkler CK, Kroutil W, de Visser SP, Faber K. Mechanistic Studies of Fatty Acid Activation by CYP152 Peroxygenases Reveal Unexpected Desaturase Activity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:565-577. [PMID: 30637174 PMCID: PMC6323616 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
majority of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) predominantly operate
as monooxygenases, but recently a class of P450 enzymes was discovered,
that can act as peroxygenases (CYP152). These enzymes convert fatty
acids through oxidative decarboxylation, yielding terminal alkenes,
and through α- and β-hydroxylation to yield hydroxy-fatty
acids. Bioderived olefins may serve as biofuels, and hence understanding
the mechanism and substrate scope of this class of enzymes is important.
In this work, we report on the substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity
of CYP OleTJE and two of its orthologues from the CYP152
family, utilizing α-monosubstituted branched carboxylic acids.
We identify α,β-desaturation as an unexpected dominant
pathway for CYP OleTJE with 2-methylbutyric acid. To rationalize
product distributions arising from α/β-hydroxylation,
oxidative decarboxylation, and desaturation depending on the substrate’s
structure and binding pattern, a computational study was performed
based on an active site complex of CYP OleTJE containing
the heme cofactor in the substrate binding pocket and 2-methylbutyric
acid as substrate. It is shown that substrate positioning determines
the accessibility of the oxidizing species (Compound I) to the substrate
and hence the regio- and chemoselectivity of the reaction. Furthermore,
the results show that, for 2-methylbutyric acid, α,β-desaturation
is favorable because of a rate-determining α-hydrogen atom abstraction,
which cannot proceed to decarboxylation. Moreover, substrate hydroxylation
is energetically impeded due to the tight shape and size of the substrate
binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Kurakin
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabián G. Cantú Reinhard
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Pöcheim
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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