1
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Wintzheimer S, Luthardt L, Cao KLA, Imaz I, Maspoch D, Ogi T, Bück A, Debecker DP, Faustini M, Mandel K. Multifunctional, Hybrid Materials Design via Spray-Drying: Much more than Just Drying. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306648. [PMID: 37840431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Spray-drying is a popular and well-known "drying tool" for engineers. This perspective highlights that, beyond this application, spray-drying is a very interesting and powerful tool for materials chemists to enable the design of multifunctional and hybrid materials. Upon spray-drying, the confined space of a liquid droplet is narrowed down, and its ingredients are forced together upon "falling dry." As detailed in this article, this enables the following material formation strategies either individually or even in combination: nanoparticles and/or molecules can be assembled; precipitation reactions as well as chemical syntheses can be performed; and templated materials can be designed. Beyond this, fragile moieties can be processed, or "precursor materials" be prepared. Post-treatment of spray-dried objects eventually enables the next level in the design of complex materials. Using spray-drying to design (particulate) materials comes with many advantages-but also with many challenges-all of which are outlined here. It is believed that multifunctional, hybrid materials, made via spray-drying, enable very unique property combinations that are particularly highly promising in myriad applications-of which catalysis, diagnostics, purification, storage, and information are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wintzheimer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leoni Luthardt
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kiet Le Anh Cao
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Takashi Ogi
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Andreas Bück
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Place Louis Pasteur, 1, 348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marco Faustini
- Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Paris, F-75005, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75231, France
| | - Karl Mandel
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Wu Y, Sun Y. Cationic Polymers Remarkably Boost Haloalkane Dehalogenase Activity in Organic Solvent Solutions and the Molecular Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:6795. [PMID: 37836637 PMCID: PMC10574148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of haloalkane dehalogenase DhaA in biocatalysis are limited by its unfavorable performance in organic solvents. Our previous work proved that mutations of surface positive-charged residues enhanced the organic solvent resistance of DhaA, which inspired us to explore the effect of cationic polymers on DhaA in organic solvents. Remarkably boosted performance was achieved in different organic solvent solutions by introducing cationic polymers, for example, there was a 6.1-fold activity increase with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and a 5.5-fold activity increase with poly(ethylene imine) in 40 vol.% dimethylsulfoxide. The presence of cationic polymers protected DhaA from damage by organic solvents and increased the substrate concentration around the enzyme-polymer complex. Fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the binding of cationic polymers onto DhaA weakened the interactions between organic solvents and DhaA, decreased the organic solvent solvation level around DhaA, and enhanced the structural stability of DhaA in organic solvents. This comprehensive understanding of the effect of cationic polymers on DhaA can help to broaden the applications of DhaA in organic solvent-involved biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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3
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Ura T, Sakakibara N, Hirano Y, Tamada T, Takakusagi Y, Shiraki K, Mikawa T. Activation of oxidoreductases by the formation of enzyme assembly. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14381. [PMID: 37658129 PMCID: PMC10474089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological properties of protein molecules depend on their interaction with other molecules, and enzymes are no exception. Enzyme activities are controlled by their interaction with other molecules in living cells. Enzyme activation and their catalytic properties in the presence of different types of polymers have been studied in vitro, although these studies are restricted to only a few enzymes. In this study, we show that addition of poly-l-lysine (PLL) can increase the enzymatic activity of multiple oxidoreductases through formation of enzyme assemblies. Oxidoreductases with an overall negative charge, such as l-lactate oxidase, d-lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate oxidase, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, each formed assemblies with the positively charged PLL via electrostatic interactions. The enzyme activities of these oxidoreductases in the enzyme assemblies were several-folds higher than those of the enzyme in their natural dispersed state. In the presence of PLL, the turnover number (kcat) improved for all enzymes, whereas the decrease in Michaelis constant (KM) was enzyme dependent. This type of enzyme function regulation through the formation of assemblies via simple addition of polymers has potential for diverse applications, including various industrial and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoto Ura
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nanako Sakakibara
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yu Hirano
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Taro Tamada
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Quantum Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mikawa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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4
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Herrera SE, Agazzi ML, Apuzzo E, Cortez ML, Marmisollé WA, Tagliazucchi M, Azzaroni O. Polyelectrolyte-multivalent molecule complexes: physicochemical properties and applications. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2013-2041. [PMID: 36811333 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The complexation of polyelectrolytes with other oppositely charged structures gives rise to a great variety of functional materials with potential applications in a wide spectrum of technological fields. Depending on the assembly conditions, polyelectrolyte complexes can acquire different macroscopic configurations such as dense precipitates, nanosized colloids and liquid coacervates. In the past 50 years, much progress has been achieved to understand the principles behind the phase separation induced by the interaction of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions, especially for symmetric systems (systems in which both polyions have similar molecular weight and concentration). However, in recent years, the complexation of polyelectrolytes with alternative building blocks such as small charged molecules (multivalent inorganic species, oligopeptides, and oligoamines, among others) has gained attention in different areas. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical characteristics of the complexes formed by polyelectrolytes and multivalent small molecules, putting a special emphasis on their similarities with the well-known polycation-polyanion complexes. In addition, we analyze the potential of these complexes to act as versatile functional platforms in various technological fields, such as biomedicine and advanced materials engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Herrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano L Agazzi
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), (UNRC, CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36 KM 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina.
| | - Eugenia Apuzzo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), (UNLP, CONICET), Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Lorena Cortez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), (UNLP, CONICET), Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Waldemar A Marmisollé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), (UNLP, CONICET), Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mario Tagliazucchi
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), (UNLP, CONICET), Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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5
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Activation of L-lactate oxidase by the formation of enzyme assemblies through liquid-liquid phase separation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1435. [PMID: 36697449 PMCID: PMC9877012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly state of enzymes is gaining interest as a mechanism for regulating the function of enzymes in living cells. One of the current topics in enzymology is the relationship between enzyme activity and the assembly state due to liquid-liquid phase separation. In this study, we demonstrated enzyme activation via the formation of enzyme assemblies using L-lactate oxidase (LOX). LOX formed hundreds of nanometer-scale assemblies with poly-L-lysine (PLL). In the presence of ammonium sulfate, the LOX-PLL clusters formed micrometer-scale liquid droplets. The enzyme activities of LOX in clusters and droplets were one order of magnitude higher than those in the dispersed state, owing to a decrease in KM and an increase in kcat. Moreover, the clusters exhibited a higher activation effect than the droplets. In addition, the conformation of LOX changed in the clusters, resulting in increased enzyme activation. Understanding enzyme activation and assembly states provides important information regarding enzyme function in living cells, in addition to biotechnology applications.
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6
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Muronetz VI, Pozdyshev DV, Semenyuk PI. Polyelectrolytes for Enzyme Immobilization and the Regulation of Their Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194204. [PMID: 36236151 PMCID: PMC9571273 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we considered aspects related to the application of polyelectrolytes, primarily synthetic polyanions and polycations, to immobilize enzymes and regulate their properties. We mainly focused on the description of works in which polyelectrolytes were used to create complex and unusual systems (self-regulated enzyme-polyelectrolyte complexes, artificial chaperones, polyelectrolyte brushes, layer-by-layer immobilization and others). These works represent the field of "smart polymers", whilst the trivial use of charged polymers as carriers for adsorption or covalent immobilization of proteins is beyond the scope of this short review. In addition, we have included a section on the molecular modeling of interactions between proteins and polyelectrolytes, as modeling the binding of proteins with a strictly defined, and already known, spatial structure, to disordered polymeric molecules has its own unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I. Muronetz
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)939-14-56
| | - Denis V. Pozdyshev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Semenyuk
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Bienstein M, Minond D, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD, Yildiz D. In Silico and Experimental ADAM17 Kinetic Modeling as Basis for Future Screening System for Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031368. [PMID: 35163294 PMCID: PMC8835787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of modulators’ action on enzymes is crucial for optimizing and designing pharmaceutical substances. The acute inflammatory response, in particular, is regulated mainly by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17. ADAM17 processes several disease mediators such as TNFα and APP, releasing their soluble ectodomains (shedding). A malfunction of this process leads to a disturbed inflammatory response. Chemical protease inhibitors such as TAPI-1 were used in the past to inhibit ADAM17 proteolytic activity. However, due to ADAM17′s broad expression and activity profile, the development of active-site-directed ADAM17 inhibitor was discontinued. New ‘exosite’ (secondary substrate binding site) inhibitors with substrate selectivity raised the hope of a substrate-selective modulation as a promising approach for inflammatory disease therapy. This work aimed to develop a high-throughput screen for potential ADAM17 modulators as therapeutic drugs. By combining experimental and in silico methods (structural modeling and docking), we modeled the kinetics of ADAM17 inhibitor. The results explain ADAM17 inhibition mechanisms and give a methodology for studying selective inhibition towards the design of pharmaceutical substances with higher selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Bienstein
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.B.); (U.S.)
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.B.); (U.S.)
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.D.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), University of Saarland, Kirrbergerstr., 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.D.D.); (D.Y.)
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8
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Abstract
The CompassR rule enables to identify the beneficial substitutions, which can be recombined in directed evolution with gradually improving the enzymatic properties. However, the question of how to efficiently explore the protein sequence space when ten or more beneficial substitutions are identified has not yet been addressed. Two recombination strategies 2GenReP and InSiReP employing CompassR are systematically investigated to minimize experimental efforts and maximize possible improvements. Here we describe the details of the 2GenReP and InSiReP procedure with an example of recombining 15 substitutions and discuss some important practical issues that should be considered for the application of 2GenReP and InSiReP, such as placing the substitutions into subsets. The core part of the protocol (Step1 to Step5) is transferable to other enzymes and any recombination of potential substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.
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9
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Dyer RP, Weiss GA. Making the cut with protease engineering. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:177-190. [PMID: 34921772 PMCID: PMC9127713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteases cut with enviable precision and regulate diverse molecular events in biology. Such qualities drive a seemingly inexhaustible appetite for proteases with new activities and capabilities. Comprising 25% of the total industrial enzyme market, proteases appear in consumer goods, such as detergents, textile processing, and numerous foods; additionally, proteases include 25 US Food and Drug Administration-approved medicines and various research tools. Recent advances in protease engineering strategies address target specificity, catalytic efficiency, and stability. This guide to protease engineering surveys best practices and emerging strategies. We further highlight gaps and flexibilities inherent to each system that suggest opportunities for new technology development along with engineered proteases to solve challenges in proteomics, protein sequencing, and synthetic gene circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah P Dyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 NS-2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 NS-2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 NS-2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 1102 NS-2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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10
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Cai Y, Ding P, Ni J, Zhou L, Ahmad A, Guo X, Cohen Stuart MA, Wang J. Regulated Polyelectrolyte Nanogels for Enzyme Encapsulation and Activation. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4748-4757. [PMID: 34628859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte (PE) nanogels consisting of cross-linked PE networks integrate the advanced features of both nanogels and PEs. The soft environment and abundant intrinsic charges are of special interest for enzyme immobilization. However, the crucial factors that regulate enzyme encapsulation and activation remain obscure to date. Herein, we synthesized cationic poly (dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate), PDMAEMA, nanogels with well-defined size and cross-link degrees and fully investigated the effects of different control factors on lipase immobilization. We demonstrate that the cationic PDMAEMA nanogels indeed enable efficient and safe loading of anionic lipase without disturbing their structures. Strong charge interaction achieved by tuning pH and larger particle size are favorable for lipase loading, while the enhanced enzymatic activity demands nanogels with smaller size and a moderate cross-link degree. As such, PDMAEMA nanogels with a hydrodynamic radius of 35 nm and 30% cross-linker fraction display the optimal catalytic efficiency, which is fourfold of that of free lipase. Moreover, the immobilization endows enhanced enzymatic activity in a broad scope of pH, ionic strength, and temperature, demonstrating effective protection and activation of lipase by the designed nanogels. Our study validates the crucial controls of the size and structure of PE nanogels on enzyme encapsulation and activation, and the revealed findings shall be helpful for designing functional PE nanogels and boosting their applications for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayyaz Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MNS University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Xuhong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyou Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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11
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Qin G, Hu C, Jiang Y, Dong S, Liu L, Zhao H. pH
/enzyme/light
triple‐responsive
vesicles from
lysine‐based
amphiphilic diblock copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Cong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Yanfen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Shuqi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin China
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12
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Wang J, Zhang H, Yin D, Xu X, Tan T, Lv Y. Boosted activity by engineering the enzyme microenvironment in cascade reaction: A molecular understanding. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:163-172. [PMID: 34278014 PMCID: PMC8271104 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of enzyme microenvironment can surprisingly boost the apparent activity. However, the underlying regulation mechanism is not well-studied at a molecular level so far. Here, we present a modulation of two model enzymes of cytochrome c (Cty C) and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) with opposite pH-activity profiles using ionic polymers. The operational pH of poly (acrylic acid) modified Cyt C and polyallylamine modified DAAO was extended to 3–7 and 2–10 where the enzyme activity was larger than that at their optimum pH of 4.5 and 8.5 by 106% and 28%, respectively. The cascade reaction catalyzed by two modified enzymes reveals a 1.37-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency compared with their native counterparts. The enzyme activity boosting is understood by performing the UV–vis/CD spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations in the atomistic level. The increased activity is ascribed to the favorable microenvironment in support of preserving enzyme native structures nearby cofactor under external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deping Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Corresponding author.
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Chen K, Hu Y, Dong X, Sun Y. Molecular Insights into the Enhanced Performance of EKylated PETase Toward PET Degradation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Cui H, Jaeger KE, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. CompassR Yields Highly Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Enzymes through Recombination of Compatible Substitutions. Chemistry 2021; 27:2789-2797. [PMID: 33186477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The CompassR (computer-assisted recombination) rule enables, among beneficial substitutions, the identification of those that can be recombined in directed evolution. Herein, a recombination strategy is systematically investigated to minimize experimental efforts and maximize possible improvements. In total, 15 beneficial substitutions from Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA), which improves resistance to the organic cosolvent 1,4-dioxane (DOX), were studied to compare two recombination strategies, the two-gene recombination process (2GenReP) and the in silico guided recombination process (InSiReP), employing CompassR. Remarkably, both strategies yielded a highly DOX-resistant variant, M4 (I12R/Y49R/E65H/N98R/K122E/L124K), with up to 14.6-fold improvement after screening of about 270 clones. M4 has a remarkably enhanced resistance in 60 % (v/v) acetone (6.0-fold), 30 % (v/v) ethanol (2.1-fold), and 60 % (v/v) methanol (2.4-fold) compared with wild-type BSLA. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that attracting water molecules by charged surface substitutions is the main driver for increasing the DOX resistance of BSLA M4. Both strategies and obtained molecular knowledge can likely be used to improve the properties of other enzymes with a similar α/β-hydrolase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG 1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Nöth M, Hussmann L, Belthle T, El-Awaad I, Davari MD, Jakob F, Pich A, Schwaneberg U. MicroGelzymes: pH-Independent Immobilization of Cytochrome P450 BM3 in Microgels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5128-5138. [PMID: 33206503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgels are an emerging class of "ideal" enzyme carriers because of their chemical and process stability, biocompatibility, and high enzyme loading capability. In this work, we synthesized a new type of permanently positively charged poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgel with 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium (quaternization of nitrogen by methylation of N-vinylimidazole moieties) as a comonomer (PVCL/VimQ) through precipitation polymerization. The PVCL/VimQ microgels were characterized with respect to their size, charge, swelling degree, and temperature responsiveness in aqueous solutions. P450 monooxygenases are usually challenging to immobilize, and often, high activity losses occur after the immobilization (in the case of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium up to 100% loss of activity). The electrostatic immobilization of P450 BM3 in permanently positively charged PVCL/VimQ microgels was achieved without the loss of catalytic activity at the pH optimum of P450 BM3 (pH 8; ∼9.4 nmol 7-hydroxy-3-carboxy coumarin ethyl ester/min for free and immobilized P450 BM3); the resulting P450-microgel systems were termed P450 MicroGelzymes (P450 μ-Gelzymes). In addition, P450 μ-Gelzymes offer the possibility of reversible ionic strength-triggered release and re-entrapment of the biocatalyst in processes (e.g., for catalyst reuse). Finally, a characterization of the potential of P450 μ-Gelzymes to provide resistance against cosolvents (acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 2-propanol) was performed to evaluate the biocatalytic application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nöth
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Hussmann
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomke Belthle
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Islam El-Awaad
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraβe 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Wang X, Wang H, Tang J, Wang S, Shi D, Shen H. Poly(amino acid) Multilayers Modified Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Achieve Effective Enzyme Stability for Ultrasensitive Immunoassay. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37906-37913. [PMID: 32804477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most common techniques in biomedical detection; however, the poor sensitivity in early diagnosis for some diseases seriously limits its application. In this work, we developed an ultrasensitive ELISA system that is based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-loaded dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSN) modified with poly(amino acid) multilayers (defined as DSHP). A large amount of HRP adsorption was achieved in center-radial mesoporous channels of DMSN because of the high specific surface area and large pore size, leading to significant signal amplification. Additionally, DSHP could not only effectively maintain HRP activity for at least 10 days but also provide preferable protection for HRP activity even at high temperatures or a wide pH range. Moreover, the DSHP system exhibited admirable signal amplification performance with a limit of detection of 0.667 fM and a wide detectable range from 6.67 × 10-4 to 6.67 × 105 pM, whose sensitivity was 104 times higher than that of the conventional ELISA. We believe that the DSHP will offer a new strategy for signal amplification of the ELISA system in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dongjian Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Heyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Cui H, Stadtmüller THJ, Jiang Q, Jaeger K, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD. How to Engineer Organic Solvent Resistant Enzymes: Insights from Combined Molecular Dynamics and Directed Evolution Study. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Tom H. J. Stadtmüller
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Qianjia Jiang
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf and Research Center Jülich Wilhelm Johnen Strasse 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
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Li X, Cao X, Xiong J, Ge J. Enzyme-Metal Hybrid Catalysts for Chemoenzymatic Reactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902751. [PMID: 31468669 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-metal hybrid catalysts (EMHCs), which combine enzymatic and metal catalysis, provide tremendous possibilities for new chemoenzymatic cascade reactions. Here, an overview of the representative achievements in the design of EMHCs and their applications in chemoenzymatic cascade reactions are presented. The preparation of hybrid catalysts is classified into two categories: coimmobilized enzyme-metal heterogeneous catalysts and carrier-free enzyme-metal bioconjugates. Examples of one-pot chemoenzymatic cascade processes catalyzed by the hybrid catalysts are then provided as potential applications. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of EMHCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiarong Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Cui H, Cao H, Cai H, Jaeger K, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. Computer-Assisted Recombination (CompassR) Teaches us How to Recombine Beneficial Substitutions from Directed Evolution Campaigns. Chemistry 2020; 26:643-649. [PMID: 31553080 PMCID: PMC7003928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A main remaining challenge in protein engineering is how to recombine beneficial substitutions. Systematic recombination studies show that poorly performing variants are usually obtained after recombination of 3 to 4 beneficial substitutions. This limits researchers in exploiting nature's potential in generating better enzymes. The Computer-assisted Recombination (CompassR) strategy provides a selection guide for beneficial substitutions that can be recombined to gradually improve enzyme performance by analysis of the relative free energy of folding (ΔΔGfold ). The performance of CompassR was evaluated by analysis of 84 recombinants located on 13 positions of Bacillus subtilis lipase A. The finally obtained variant F17S/V54K/D64N/D91E had a 2.7-fold improved specific activity in 18.3 % (v/v) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]). In essence, the deducted CompassR rule allows recombination of beneficial substitutions in an iterative manner and empowers researchers to generate better enzymes in a time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Hao Cao
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory and College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Haiying Cai
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf and Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse52426JülichGermany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052074AachenGermany
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Mirzaei Garakani T, Liu Z, Glebe U, Gehrmann J, Lazar J, Mertens MAS, Möller M, Hamzelui N, Zhu L, Schnakenberg U, Böker A, Schwaneberg U. In Situ Monitoring of Membrane Protein Insertion into Block Copolymer Vesicle Membranes and Their Spreading via Potential-Assisted Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29276-29289. [PMID: 31329408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthosomes are polymer vesicles with transmembrane proteins incorporated into block copolymer membranes. They have been used for selective transport in or out of the vesicles as well as catalysis inside the compartments. However, both the insertion process of the membrane protein, forming nanopores, and the spreading of the vesicles on planar substrates to form solid-supported biomimetic membranes have been rarely studied yet. Herein, we address these two points and, first, shed light on the real-time monitoring of protein insertion via isothermal titration calorimetry. Second, the spreading process on different solid supports, namely, SiO2, glass, and gold, via different techniques like spin- and dip-coating as well as a completely new approach of potential-assisted spreading on gold surfaces was studied. While inhomogeneous layers occur via traditional methods, our proposed potential-assisted strategy to induce adsorption of positively charged vesicles by applying negative potential on the electrode leads to remarkable vesicle spreading and their further fusion to form more homogeneous planar copolymer films on gold. The polymer vesicles in our study are formed from amphiphilic copolymers poly(2-methyl oxazoline)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl oxazoline) (PMOXA-b-PDMS-b-PMOXA). Engineered variants of the transmembrane protein ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA), one of the largest β-barrel channel proteins, are used as model nanopores. The incorporation of FhuA Δ1-160 is shown to facilitate the vesicle spreading process further. Moreover, high accessibility of cysteine inside the channel was proven by linkage of a fluorescent dye inside the engineered variant FhuA ΔCVFtev and hence preserved functionality of the channels after spreading. The porosity and functionality of the spread synthosomes on the gold plates have been examined by studying the passive ion transport response in the presence of Li+ and ClO4- ions and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. Our approach to form solid-supported biomimetic membranes via the potential-assisted strategy could be important for the development of new (bio-) sensors and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , D-52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Zhanzhi Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstraße 69 , 14476 Potsdam -Golm, Germany
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam -Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Gehrmann
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Jaroslav Lazar
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 , RWTH Aachen University , Sommerfeldstraße 24 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Mieke Möller
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Niloofar Hamzelui
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1 , RWTH Aachen University , Sommerfeldstraße 24 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstraße 69 , 14476 Potsdam -Golm, Germany
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam -Golm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringer Weg 3 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , D-52074 , Aachen , Germany
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