1
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Chen Q, Cheng S, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhou X, Jia Z, Hao J. One-pot enantioselective synthesis of chiral phenyllactic acids by combining stereocomplementary d- and l-lactate dehydrogenases with multi-enzyme expression fine-tuning. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135133. [PMID: 39208882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chiral phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a new type of antiseptic agent and a valuable precursor for active ingredients in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In this study, we designed a multi-enzyme cascade that combined stereocomplementary d- and l-lactate dehydrogenases with threonine aldolase, phenylserine dehydratase, and formate dehydrogenase for the one-pot conversion of achiral glycine and benzaldehyde to synthesize d-PLA and l-PLA. To overcome the imbalance of multi-enzymes in a single cell, two enzyme modules, overexpressing four enzymes, were assembled in Escherichia coli cells to construct whole-cell catalysis systems (WCCSs). Furthermore, by optimizing reaction conditions and components, recombinant E. coli (WCCS 26) was able to produce 100 mM d-PLA with >99 % ee using a fed-batch strategy, while E. coli (WCCS 60) produced 47.2 mM l-PLA with >99 % ee. This study presents a sustainable and efficient method for synthesizing chiral PLAs from food-grade achiral starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Chen
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Fermentation Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China.
| | - Jianxiong Hao
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Fermentation Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
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2
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Zhao H. Recent advances in enzymatic carbon-carbon bond formation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25932-25974. [PMID: 39161440 PMCID: PMC11331486 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation reactions have become an effective and invaluable tool for designing new biological and medicinal molecules, often with asymmetric features. This review provides a systematic overview of key C-C bond formation reactions and enzymes, with the focus of reaction mechanisms and recent advances. These reactions include the aldol reaction, Henry reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Mannich reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, acyloin condensations via Thiamine Diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes, oxidative and reductive C-C bond formation, C-C bond formation through C1 resource utilization, radical enzymes for C-C bond formation, and other C-C bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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3
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Liu WK, Su BM, Xu XQ, Xu L, Lin J. Multienzymatic Cascade for Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol via Two-Stage Biocatalysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15293-15300. [PMID: 38940657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol, a naturally occurring compound with antioxidant and antiviral activity, is widely applied in the cosmetic, food, and nutraceutical industries. The development of a biocatalytic approach for producing hydroxytyrosol from simple and readily accessible substrates remains a challenge. Here, we designed and implemented an effective biocatalytic cascade to obtain hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and l-threonine via a four-step enzymatic cascade composed of seven enzymes. To prevent cross-reactions and protein expression burden caused by multiple enzymes expressed in a single cell, the designed enzymatic cascade was divided into two modules and catalyzed in a stepwise manner. The first module (FM) assisted the assembly of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and l-threonine into (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, and the second module (SM) entailed converting (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid into hydroxytyrosol. Each module was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and engineered in parallel by fine-tuning enzyme expression, resulting in two engineered whole-cell catalyst modules, BL21(FM01) and BL21(SM13), capable of converting 30 mM 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde to 28.7 mM hydroxytyrosol with a high space-time yield (0.88 g/L/h). To summarize, the current study proposes a simple and effective approach for biosynthesizing hydroxytyrosol from low-cost substrates and thus has great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bing-Mei Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lian Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Institute of Enzyme Catalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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4
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Chen R, Wang M, Keasling JD, Hu T, Yin X. Expanding the structural diversity of terpenes by synthetic biology approaches. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:699-713. [PMID: 38233232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids display chemical and structural diversities as well as important biological activities. Despite their extreme variability, the range of these structures is limited by the scope of natural products that canonically derive from interconvertible five-carbon (C5) isoprene units. New approaches have recently been developed to expand their structural diversity. This review systematically explores the combinatorial biosynthesis of noncanonical building blocks via the coexpression of the canonical mevalonate (MVA) pathway and C-methyltransferases (C-MTs), or by using the lepidopteran mevalonate (LMVA) pathway. Unnatural terpenoids can be created from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogs by chemobiological synthesis and terpene cyclopropanation by artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Advanced technologies to accelerate terpene biosynthesis are discussed. This review provides a valuable reference for increasing the diversity of valuable terpenoids and their derivatives, as well as for expanding their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen 518055, China; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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5
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Chen Q, Wang J, Zhang S, Chen X, Hao J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Discovery and directed evolution of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biosynthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids and derivatives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38566472 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2332295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids (β-HAAs) have extensive applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical synthesis, and food industries. The development of synthetic methodologies aimed at producing optically pure β-HAAs has been driven by practical applications. Among the various synthetic methods, biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis is considered a sustainable approach due to its capacity to generate two stereogenic centers from simple prochiral precursors in a single step. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made in recent years to search for effective enzymes which enable such biotransformation. This review provides an overview on the discovery and engineering of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biocatalytic synthesis of β-HAAs. We highlight examples where the use of threonine aldolases, threonine transaldolases, serine hydroxymethyltransferases, α-methylserine aldolases, α-methylserine hydroxymethyltransferases, and engineered alanine racemases facilitated the synthesis of β-HAAs. Additionally, we discuss the potential future advancements and persistent obstacles in the enzymatic synthesis of β-HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Chen
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Hao
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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6
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Xu M, Tan Z, Qi S, Na Q, Zhang X, Zhuang W, Zhu C, Ying H, Shen T. Synthesis of 3-Phenylserine by a Two-enzyme Cascade System with PLP Cofactor. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302959. [PMID: 38012090 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A two-enzyme cascade system containing ω-transaminase (ω-TA) and L-threonine aldolase (L-ThA) was reported for the synthesis of 3-Phenylserine starting from benzylamine, and PLP was utilized as the only cofactor in these both two enzymes reaction system. Based on the transamination results, benzylamine was optimized as an advantageous amino donor as confirmed by MD simulation results. This cascade reaction system could not only facilitate the in situ removal of the co-product benzaldehyde, enhancing the economic viability of the reaction, but also establish a novel pathway for synthesizing high-value phenyl-serine derivatives. In our study, nearly 95 % of benzylamine was converted, yielding over 54 % of 3-Phenylserine under the optimized conditions cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuotao Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Qi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Na
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Li Y, Lu D, Gong Y. Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Selective Three-Component Oxyalkylation of N-Aryl Glycinates: A Route to CF 3-Labeled Threonine Analogues. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38033236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycinates, protected enols, and an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent were employed to assemble CF3-labeled threonine analogues through a radical addition cascade. To suppress the competing oxidation of the oxyalkyl radical intermediate, various redox catalysts were evaluated and Co(II) exhibited supreme selectivity control with a proper counterion. A series of glycinate and related peptides were thus successfully modified under Co-catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed that a N-aryl glycinate could be preferentially oxidized by cobalt over the oxyalkyl radical to generate an imine intermediate, and the key to this selectivity could be ascribed to the prechelation of glycinate, as well as a weakly basic carboxylate counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfu Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 9 Yuexing Third Road, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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8
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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Li L, Zhang R, Xu Y, Zhang W. Comprehensive screening strategy coupled with structure-guided engineering of l-threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas putida for enhanced catalytic efficiency towards l- threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1117890. [PMID: 36793440 PMCID: PMC9922994 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Threonine aldolases (TAs) can catalyze aldol condensation reactions to form β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, but afford unsatisfactory conversion and poor stereoselectivity at the Cβ position. In this study, a directed evolution coupling high-throughput screening method was developed to screen more efficient l-TA mutants based on their aldol condensation activity. A mutant library with over 4000 l-TA mutants from Pseudomonas putida were obtained by random mutagenesis. About 10% of mutants retained activity toward 4-methylsulfonylbenzaldehyde, with five site mutations (A9L, Y13K, H133N, E147D, and Y312E) showing higher activity. Iterative combinatorial mutant A9V/Y13K/Y312R catalyzed l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine with a 72% conversion and 86% diastereoselectivity, representing 2.3-fold and 5.1-fold improvements relative to the wild-type. Molecular dynamics simulations illustrated that additional hydrogen bonds, water bridge force, hydrophobic interactions, and π-cation interactions were present in the A9V/Y13K/Y312R mutant compared with the wild-type to reshape the substrate-binding pocket, resulting in a higher conversion and Cβ stereoselectivity. This study provides a useful strategy for engineering TAs to resolve the low Cβ stereoselectivity problem and contributes to the industrial application of TAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China,*Correspondence: Rongzhen Zhang,
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Zheng W, Pu Z, Xiao L, Xu G, Yang L, Yu H, Wu J. Mutability-Landscape-Guided Engineering of l-Threonine Aldolase Revealing the Prelog Rule in Mediating Diastereoselectivity of C-C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213855. [PMID: 36367520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
l-threonine aldolase (LTA) catalyzes C-C bond synthesis with moderate diastereoselectivity. In this study, with LTA from Cellulosilyticum sp (CpLTA) as an object, a mutability landscape was first constructed by performing saturation mutagenesis at substrate access tunnel amino acids. The combinatorial active-site saturation test/iterative saturation mutation (CAST/ISM) strategy was then used to tune diastereoselectivity. As a result, the diastereoselectivity of mutant H305L/Y8H/V143R was improved from 37.2 %syn to 99.4 %syn . Furthermore, the diastereoselectivity of mutant H305Y/Y8I/W307E was inverted to 97.2 %anti . Based on insight provided by molecular dynamics simulations and coevolution analysis, the Prelog rule was employed to illustrate the diastereoselectivity regulation mechanism of LTA, holding that the asymmetric formation of the C-C bond was caused by electrons attacking the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate aldehyde from the re or si face. The study would be useful to expand LTA applications and guide engineering of other C-C bond-forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongji Pu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanxin Xiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Improving the Cβ stereoselectivity of L-threonine aldolase for the preparation of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, a powerful anti-Parkinson's disease drug. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Cai B, Bocola M, Zhou A, Sun F, Xu Q, Yang J, Shen T, Zhang Z, Sun L, Ji Y, Bong YK, Daussmann T, Chen H. Computer-aided directed evolution ofl-threonine aldolase for asymmetric biocatalytic synthesis of a chloramphenicol intermediate. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116880. [PMID: 35714535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine aldolases (LTAs) employing pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as cofactor can convert low-cost achiral substrates glycine and aldehyde directly into valuable β-hydroxy-α-amino acids such as (2R,3S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl) propanoic acid ((R,S)-AHNPA), which is utilized broadly as crucial chiral intermediates for bioactive compounds. However, LTAs' stereospecificity towards the β carbon is rather moderate and their activity and stability at high substrate load is low, which limits their industrial application. Here, computer-aided directed evolution was applied to improve overall activity, selectivity and stability under desired process conditions of a l-threonine aldolase in the asymmetric synthesis of (R,S)-AHNPA. Selectivity and stability determining regions were computationally identified for structure-guided directed evolution of LTA-variants under efficient biocatalytic process conditions using 40% ethanol as cosolvent. We applied molecular modeling to rationalize selectivity improvement and design focused libraries targeting the substrate binding pocket, and we also used MD simulations in nonaqueous process environment as an effective and promising method to predict potential unstable loop regions near the tetramer interface which are hot-spots for cosolvent resistance. An excellent LTA variant EM-ALDO031 with 18 mutations was obtained, which showed ∼ 30-fold stability improvement in 40% ethanol and diastereoselectivity (de) raised from 31.5% to 85% through a three-phase evolution campaign. Our fast and efficient data-driven methodology utilizing a combination of experimental and computational tools enabled us to evolve an aldolase variant to achieve the target of 90% conversion at up to 150 g/L substrate load in 40% ethanol, enabling the biocatalytic production of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids from cheap achiral precursors at multi-ton scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqin Cai
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Marco Bocola
- Enzymaster Deutschland GmbH, Neusser Str. 39, Düsseldorf 40219, Germany
| | - Ameng Zhou
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Fenshuai Sun
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Jiadong Yang
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Yaoyao Ji
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Yong Koy Bong
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Thomas Daussmann
- Enzymaster Deutschland GmbH, Neusser Str. 39, Düsseldorf 40219, Germany
| | - Haibin Chen
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China.
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13
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Wang LC, Xu L, Su BM, Xu XQ, Lin J. An Effective Chemo-Enzymatic method with An Evolved L-Threonine Aldolase for Preparing L-threo-4-Methylsulfonylphenylserine Ethyl Ester of High Optical Purity. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Doyon TJ, Kumar P, Thein S, Kim M, Stitgen A, Grieger AM, Madigan C, Willoughby PH, Buller AR. Scalable and Selective β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acid Synthesis Catalyzed by Promiscuous l-Threonine Transaldolase ObiH. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100577. [PMID: 34699683 PMCID: PMC8796315 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes from secondary metabolic pathways possess broad potential for the selective synthesis of complex bioactive molecules. However, the practical application of these enzymes for organic synthesis is dependent on the development of efficient, economical, operationally simple, and well-characterized systems for preparative scale reactions. We sought to bridge this knowledge gap for the selective biocatalytic synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, which are important synthetic building blocks. To achieve this goal, we demonstrated the ability of ObiH, an l-threonine transaldolase, to achieve selective milligram-scale synthesis of a diverse array of non-standard amino acids (nsAAs) using a scalable whole cell platform. We show how the initial selectivity of the catalyst is high and how the diastereomeric ratio of products decreases at high conversion due to product re-entry into the catalytic cycle. ObiH-catalyzed reactions with a variety of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic aldehydes selectively generated a panel of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids possessing broad functional-group diversity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ObiH-generated β-hydroxy-α-amino acids could be modified through additional transformations to access important motifs, such as β-chloro-α-amino acids and substituted α-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Doyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Sierra Thein
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Maeve Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Abigail Stitgen
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Cormac Madigan
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Andrew R. Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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15
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Zheng W, Pu Z, Xiao L, Xu G, Yang LR, Yu H, Wu J. Substrate access path-guided engineering of L-threonine aldolase for improving diastereoselectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8258-8261. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The L-threonine aldolase from Leishmania major was engineered to improve diastereoselectivity by a CAST/ISM strategy, providing insights into the relationship between physico -chemical properties of substrate access path and diastereoselectivity....
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16
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Cheng X, Ma L. Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8033-8058. [PMID: 34625820 PMCID: PMC8500828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are widely used in the fields of molecular imaging, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Fluorinated natural products in nature are rare, and the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic compound molecules can give these compounds new functions and make them have better performance. Therefore, the synthesis of fluorides has attracted more and more attention from biologists and chemists. Even so, achieving selective fluorination is still a huge challenge under mild conditions. In this review, the research progress of enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds is summarized since 2015, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldolases, fluoroacetyl coenzyme A thioesterases, lipases, transaminases, reductive aminases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases, polyketide synthases, fluoroacetate dehalogenases, tyrosine phenol-lyases, glycosidases, fluorinases, and multienzyme system. Of all enzyme-catalyzed synthesis methods, the direct formation of the C-F bond by fluorinase is the most effective and promising method. The structure and catalytic mechanism of fluorinase are introduced to understand fluorobiochemistry. Furthermore, the distribution, applications, and future development trends of fluorinated compounds are also outlined. Hopefully, this review will help researchers to understand the significance of enzymatic methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds and find or create excellent fluoride synthase in future research.Key points• Fluorinated compounds are distributed in plants and microorganisms, and are used in imaging, medicine, materials science.• Enzyme catalysis is essential for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds.• The loop structure of fluorinase is the key to forming the C-F bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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17
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Lee SH, Yeom SJ, Kim SE, Oh DK. Development of aldolase-based catalysts for the synthesis of organic chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:306-319. [PMID: 34462144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldol chemicals are synthesized by condensation reactions between the carbon units of ketones and aldehydes using aldolases. The efficient synthesis of diverse organic chemicals requires intrinsic modification of aldolases via engineering and design, as well as extrinsic modification through immobilization or combination with other catalysts. This review describes the development of aldolases, including their engineering and design, and the selection of desired aldolases using high-throughput screening, to enhance their catalytic properties and perform novel reactions. Aldolase-containing catalysts, which catalyze the aldol reaction combined with other enzymatic and/or chemical reactions, can efficiently synthesize diverse complex organic chemicals using inexpensive and simple materials as substrates. We also discuss the current challenges and emerging solutions for aldolase-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Enzymatic Synthesis of l- threo-β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acids via Asymmetric Hydroxylation Using 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Hydroxylase from Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0133521. [PMID: 34347519 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01335-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids are useful compounds for pharmaceutical development. Enzymatic synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids has attracted considerable interest as a selective, sustainable, and environmentally benign process. In this study, we identified a novel amino acid hydroxylase, AEP14369, from Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017, which is included in a previously constructed CAS-like superfamily protein library, to widen the variety of amino acid hydroxylases. The detailed structures determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography analysis of the enzymatically produced compounds revealed that AEP14369 catalyzed threo-β-selective hydroxylation of l-His and l-Gln in a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent manner. Furthermore, the production of l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln was achieved using Escherichia coli expressing the gene encoding AEP14369 as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Under optimized reaction conditions, 137 mM (23.4 g L-1) l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and 150 mM l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln (24.3 g L-1) were obtained, indicating that the enzyme is applicable for preparative-scale production. AEP14369, an l-His/l-Gln threo-β-hydroxylase, increases the availability of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase and opens the way for the practical production of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids in the future. The amino acids produced in this study would also contribute to the structural diversification of pharmaceuticals that affect important bioactivities. Importance Owing to an increasing concern for sustainability, enzymatic approaches for producing industrially useful compounds have attracted considerable attention as a powerful complement to chemical synthesis for environment-friendly synthesis. In this study, we developed a bioproduction method for β-hydroxy-α-amino acid synthesis using a newly discovered enzyme. AEP14369 from the moderate thermophilic bacterium Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017 catalyzed the hydroxylation of l-His and l-Gln in a regioselective and stereoselective fashion. Furthermore, we biotechnologically synthesized both l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln with a titer of over 20 g L-1 through whole-cell bioconversion using recombinant Escherichia coli cells. As β-hydroxy-α-amino acids are important compounds for pharmaceutical development, this achievement would facilitate future sustainable and economical industrial applications.
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19
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Park SH, Seo H, Seok J, Kim H, Kwon KK, Yeom SJ, Lee SG, Kim KJ. Cβ-Selective Aldol Addition of d-Threonine Aldolase by Spatial Constraint of Aldehyde Binding. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Park
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seok
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Haseong Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Koang Kwon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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20
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Marsden SR, Mestrom L, Wijma HJ, Noordam SJ, McMillan DGG, Hanefeld U. Thermodynamics Determine the Diastereochemical Outcome of Catalytic Reactions. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. Wijma
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Noordam
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
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21
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Wang L, Xu L, Su B, Lin W, Xu X, Lin J. Improving the C β Stereoselectivity of l-Threonine Aldolase for the Synthesis of l-threo-4-Methylsulfonylphenylserine by Modulating the Substrate-Binding Pocket To Control the Orientation of the Substrate Entrance. Chemistry 2021; 27:9654-9660. [PMID: 33843095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine aldolase from Actinocorallia herbida (AhLTA) is an ideal catalyst for producing l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine [(2S,3R)-1 b], a key chiral precursor for florfenicol and thiamphenicol. The moderate Cβ stereoselectivity is the main obstacle to the industrial application of AhLTA. To address this issue, a combinatorial active-site saturation test (CAST) together with sequence conservatism analysis was applied to engineer the AhLTA toward improved Cβ stereoselectivity. The optical mutant Y314R could asymmetrically synthesize l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine with 81 % diastereomeric excess (de), which is 23 % higher than wild-type AhLTA. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations revealed that the mechanism for the improvement in Cβ stereoselectivity of Y314R is due to the acylamino group of residues Arg314 controlling the orientation of substrate 4-methylsulfonyl benzaldehyde (1 a) in the active pocket by directed interaction with the methylsulfonyl group; this leads to asymmetric synthesis of l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine. The success in this study demonstrates that direct control of substrates in an active pocket is an attract strategy to address the Cβ stereoselectivity problem of LTA and contribute to the industrial application of LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinqi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Liu M, Wei D, Wen Z, Wang JB. Progress in Stereoselective Construction of C-C Bonds Enabled by Aldolases and Hydroxynitrile Lyases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:653682. [PMID: 33968915 PMCID: PMC8097096 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.653682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of C-C bonds is an effective strategy for constructing complex compounds from simple synthetic blocks. Although many methods have been developed for C-C bond construction, the stereoselective creation of new C-C bonds remains a challenge. The selectivities (enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, and chemoselectivity) of biocatalysts are higher than those of chemical catalysts, therefore biocatalysts are excellent candidates for use in stereoselective C-C bond formation. Here, we summarize progress made in the past 10 years in stereoselective C-C bond formation enabled by two classic types of enzyme, aldolases and hydroxynitrile lyases. The information in this review will enable the development of new routes to the stereoselective construction of C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zexing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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23
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Zheng W, Yu H, Fang S, Chen K, Wang Z, Cheng X, Xu G, Yang L, Wu J. Directed Evolution of l-Threonine Aldolase for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-α-amino Acids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Sai Fang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaitong Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Xiuli Cheng
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
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24
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Xu L, Wang LC, Su BM, Xu XQ, Lin J. Efficient biosynthesis of (2S, 3R)-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine by artificial self-assembly of enzyme complex combined with an intensified acetaldehyde elimination system. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104766. [PMID: 33662895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
(2S, 3R)-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine [(2S, 3R)-MPS], a key chiral precursor for antibiotics florfenicol and thiamphenicol, could be asymmetrically synthesized by l-threonine transaldolase (LTTA) coupled with an acetaldehyde elimination system. The low efficiency of acetaldehyde elimination system blocked further accumulation of (2S, 3R)-MPS. To address this issue, strengthening acetaldehyde elimination system and enzyme self-assembly strategy were combined to accelerate biosynthesis of (2S, 3R)-MPS. The new multi-enzyme cascade with intensified acetaldehyde elimination system BL21 (PsLTTAD2/ScADH/BtGDH) could produce (2S, 3R)-MPS with a titer of 157.6 mM, 1.7-folds than that produced by the original system BL21 (PsLTTAD2/ApADH/CbFDH). Moreover, self-assembly of PsLTTAD2 and ScADH by respective fusion of SpyTag and SpyCatcher were carried out to develop a self-assembled multi-enzyme cascade BL21 (ST-PsLTTAD2/SC-ScADH/BtGDH). As a result, the yield of (2S, 3R)-MPS was up to 248.1 mM with 95% de. As far as we knew, that represented the highest yield of (2S, 3R)-MPS by enzymatic synthesis, and therefore was a promising and green route for industrial production of this valuable compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Li-Chao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bing-Mei Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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25
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Zhao W, Yang B, Zha R, Zhang Z, Tang S, Pan Y, Qi N, Zhu L, Wang B. A recombinant L-threonine aldolase with high diastereoselectivity in the synthesis of L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Zhong X, Zhong Z, Wu Z, Ye Z, Feng Y, Dong S, Liu X, Peng Q, Feng X. Chiral Lewis acid-bonded picolinaldehyde enables enantiodivergent carbonyl catalysis in the Mannich/condensation reaction of glycine ester. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4353-4360. [PMID: 34163698 PMCID: PMC8179594 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new strategy of asymmetric carbonyl catalysis via a chiral Lewis acid-bonded aldehyde has been developed for the direct Mannich/condensation cascade reaction of glycine ester with aromatic aldimines. The co-catalytic system of 2-picolinaldehyde and chiral YbIII-N,N'-dioxides was identified to be efficient under mild conditions, providing a series of trisubstituted imidazolidines in moderate to good yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Enantiodivergent synthesis was achieved via changing the sub-structures of the chiral ligands. The reaction could be carried out in a three-component version involving glycine ester, aldehydes, and anilines with equally good results. Based on control experiments, the X-ray crystal structure study and theoretical calculations, a possible dual-activation mechanism and stereo-control modes were provided to elucidate carbonyl catalysis and enantiodivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Ziwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Zhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
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27
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Kumar P, Meza A, Ellis JM, Carlson GA, Bingman CA, Buller AR. l-Threonine Transaldolase Activity Is Enabled by a Persistent Catalytic Intermediate. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:86-95. [PMID: 33337128 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine transaldolases (lTTAs) are a poorly characterized class of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of diverse β-hydroxy amino acids. Here, we study the catalytic mechanism of ObiH, an lTTA essential for biosynthesis of the β-lactone natural product obafluorin. Heterologously expressed ObiH purifies as a mixture of chemical states including a catalytically inactive form of the PLP cofactor. Photoexcitation of ObiH promotes the conversion of the inactive state of the enzyme to the active form. UV-vis spectroscopic analysis reveals that ObiH catalyzes the retro-aldol cleavage of l-threonine to form a remarkably persistent glycyl quinonoid intermediate, with a half-life of ∼3 h. Protonation of this intermediate is kinetically disfavored, enabling on-cycle reactivity with aldehydes to form β-hydroxy amino acids. We demonstrate the synthetic potential of ObiH via the single step synthesis of (2S,3R)-β-hydroxyleucine. To further understand the structural features underpinning this desirable reactivity, we determined the crystal structure of ObiH bound to PLP as the Schiff's base at 1.66 Å resolution. This high-resolution model revealed a unique active site configuration wherein the evolutionarily conserved Asp that traditionally H-bonds to the cofactor is swapped for a neighboring Glu. Molecular dynamics simulations combined with mutagenesis studies indicate that a structural rearrangement is associated with l-threonine entry into the catalytic cycle. Together, these data explain the basis for the unique reactivity of lTTA enzymes and provide a foundation for future engineering and mechanistic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anthony Meza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Grace A. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Craig A. Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew R. Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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28
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Zhang R, Tan J, Luo Z, Dong H, Ma N, Liao C. Stereo-selective synthesis of non-canonical γ-hydroxy-α-amino acids by enzymatic carbon–carbon bond formation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A feasible and sustainable approach for stereo-selective synthesis of non-canonical γ-hydroxy-α-amino acids from l-aspartic acid and different aldehydes has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiamu Tan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haihong Dong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ningshan Ma
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
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29
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30
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Song W, Xu X, Gao C, Zhang Y, Wu J, Liu J, Chen X, Luo Q, Liu L. Open Gate of Corynebacterium glutamicum Threonine Deaminase for Efficient Synthesis of Bulky α-Keto Acids. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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31
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Xu L, Wang LC, Su BM, Xu XQ, Lin J. Multi-enzyme cascade for improving β-hydroxy-α-amino acids production by engineering L-threonine transaldolase and combining acetaldehyde elimination system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123439. [PMID: 32361648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
L-threonine transaldolase(PsLTTA) could asymmetric synthesize β-hydroxy-α-amino acids (HAAs) with excellentstereoselectivity, while the poor yield limited its further application. Here we provided a combinatorial strategy to improve HAAs production, by directed evolution of PsLTTA towards enhanced activity and introducing an acetaldehyde elimination system to avoid acetaldehyde over-accumulation. A novel high throughput screening (HTS) method for evaluating PsLTTA activity was developed andapplied for directed evolution of PsLTTA. Subsequently, we co-expressedalcohol dehydrogenase andformate dehydrogenase to construct an acetaldehyde elimination system toremove acetaldehyde inhibition.Moreover, the above positive strategies were integrated. As a result,the (2S,3R)-p-methylsulfonyl phenylserine yield reached 154.0 mM andwith 94.6% devalue, the highest productivity and stereoselectivity of (2S,3R)-HAAs reported by enzymatic synthesis so far. Taken together, our studies provided an efficient and green route for chiral synthesis of (2S,3R)-HAAs, which might contribute to the industrialization production of these useful building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Li-Chao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bing-Mei Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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32
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Zheng W, Chen K, Wang Z, Cheng X, Xu G, Yang L, Wu J. Construction of a Highly Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction System with l-Threonine Aldolase by Computer-Assisted Rational Molecular Modification and Medium Engineering. Org Lett 2020; 22:5763-5767. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaitong Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Huadong Medicine Co Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Xiuli Cheng
- Huadong Medicine Co Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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33
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Liu Z, Chen X, Chen Q, Feng J, Wang M, Wu Q, Zhu D. Engineering of l-threonine aldolase for the preparation of 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenylserine, an important intermediate for the synthesis of florfenicol and thiamphenicol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 137:109551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bioaldehydes and beyond: Expanding the realm of bioderived chemicals using biogenic aldehydes as platforms. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:37-46. [PMID: 32454426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels and biochemicals derived from renewable resources are sconsidered as potential solutions for the energy crisis and associated environmental problems that human beings are facing today. However, so far the available types of bioderived chemicals are rather limited, and production efficiency is generally low. Expanding the realm of bioderived chemicals and relevant derivatives can help motivate the development of bioenergy and the general bioeconomy. Aldehydes, possessing unique reactivity, hold great promise as platform chemicals for producing a large portfolio of bioproducts. In this review, we focus on production of aldehydes from renewable bioresources and derivatization of aldehydes through chemocatalysis, biocatalysis, or de novo biosynthesis. Perspectives on combining protein engineering and cascade reactions for advanced aldehyde derivatization are also provided.
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35
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Song W, Chen X, Wu J, Xu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Chen J, Liu L. Biocatalytic derivatization of proteinogenic amino acids for fine chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Xu L, Han F, Dong Z, Wei Z. Engineering Improves Enzymatic Synthesis of L-Tryptophan by Tryptophan Synthase from Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040519. [PMID: 32260519 PMCID: PMC7232222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the thermostability of tryptophan synthase, the molecular modification of tryptophan synthase was carried out by rational molecular engineering. First, B-FITTER software was used to analyze the temperature factor (B-factor) of each amino acid residue in the crystal structure of tryptophan synthase. A key amino acid residue, G395, which adversely affected the thermal stability of the enzyme, was identified, and then, a mutant library was constructed by site-specific saturation mutation. A mutant (G395S) enzyme with significantly improved thermal stability was screened from the saturated mutant library. Error-prone PCR was used to conduct a directed evolution of the mutant enzyme (G395S). Compared with the parent, the mutant enzyme (G395S /A191T) had a Km of 0.21 mM and a catalytic efficiency kcat/Km of 5.38 mM−1∙s−1, which was 4.8 times higher than that of the wild-type strain. The conditions for L-tryptophan synthesis by the mutated enzyme were a L-serine concentration of 50 mmol/L, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, pH of 8, a reaction time of 12 h, and an L-tryptophan yield of 81%. The thermal stability of the enzyme can be improved by using an appropriate rational design strategy to modify the correct site. The catalytic activity of tryptophan synthase was increased by directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xu
- Department of Life and Food Science, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (F.H.); (Z.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-557-287-1681
| | - Fangkai Han
- Department of Life and Food Science, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (F.H.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zeng Dong
- Department of Life and Food Science, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China; (F.H.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;
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37
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Xu L, Wang LC, Xu XQ, Lin J. Characteristics of l-threonine transaldolase for asymmetric synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01608b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic a l-threonine transaldolase (LTTA) and reaction conditions optimization for asymmetric synthesis of l-threo-β-hydroxy-α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering
| | - Li-Chao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering
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