1
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Pharr CR, Esselman BJ, McMahon RJ. Photochemistry of 1-(2- and 3-Thienyl)diazoethanes: Spectroscopy and Tunneling Reaction of Triplet 1-(3-Thienyl)ethylidene. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16176-16185. [PMID: 37948641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis (λ > 613 nm) of 1-(3-thienyl)diazoethane (21) yields the s-E rotamer of triplet 1-(3-thienyl)ethylidene (3), as characterized by UV/vis and EPR spectroscopy. The s-Z rotamer of 3 was not observed. EPR and UV/vis signals attributed to carbene 3 decrease by approximately 50% upon standing in the dark for 68 h at 10 K. Although formally spin-forbidden, an intramolecular [1,2]-hydrogen shift in triplet carbene 3 to afford singlet s-E 3-vinylthiophene (8) is presumed to occur via quantum mechanical tunneling. The behavior of the CD3 analogue supports this interpretation. Photolysis (λ > 613 nm) of 1-(3-thienyl)diazoethane-d3 (21-d3) yields triplet 1-(3-thienyl)ethylidene-d3 (3-d3), as characterized by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. No change in the signal intensity of EPR and UV/vis signals of triplet 3-d3 is observed upon standing in the dark for 68 h at 10 K. In a series of 2-substituted thienyl derivatives, irradiation of 1-(2-thienyl)diazoethane (22), 1-(2-thienyl)diazoethane-d3 (22-d3), or (3-methyl-2-thienyl)diazomethane (23) does not yield triplet carbene intermediates. Positioning and labeling of the methyl group proved to have a large effect on products observed for these species. 1-(2-Thienyl)diazoethane (22) yields the products of [1,2]-hydrogen migration, s-Z and s-E 2-vinylthiophene (7), while 22-d3 and 23 give products derived from opening of the thiophene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Pharr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Brian J Esselman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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2
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Huai L, Wang Z, Fang Y. α-Arylsulfonyloxyacrylates: attractive O-centered electrophiles for synthesis of α-substituted acrylates via Pd-catalysed Suzuki reactions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9180-9185. [PMID: 36950707 PMCID: PMC10026373 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report α-arylsulfonyloxyacrylates as a kind of useful and attractive O-centered electrophiles for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. A range of α-(hetero)aryl substituted acrylates has been prepared via the palladium-catalysed C-C cross-coupling reactions between potassium (hetero)aryltrifluoroborates and α-arylsulfonyloxyacrylates. Moreover, α-arylsulfonyloxyacrylate could also react with B-alkyl-9-BBN to produce α-alkyl substituted acrylates. The synthetic application of this new method was demonstrated by the preparation of the intermediate for synthesis of retinoid X receptors-selective retinoids. These Suzuki reaction-based protocols feature broad substrate scope, generality, and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Land and Resources of China, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University No. 126 Yanta Road Xi'an 710054 China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Fundamental Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University No. 666 Siming Road Ningbo 315500 China
| | - Linge Huai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University No. 61 Daizong Road Tai'an 271018 China
| | - Zhentao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University No. 61 Daizong Road Tai'an 271018 China
| | - Yewen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Land and Resources of China, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University No. 126 Yanta Road Xi'an 710054 China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University No. 201 Fenghua Road Ningbo 315211 China
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3
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Li H, Zhu C. Defluorinative Esterification and 1,3-Dietherification of (Trifluoromethyl)alkenes with Alcohols: Controlled Synthesis of α-Arylacrylates and 1,3-Diethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4134-4144. [PMID: 36912630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Purification-controlled defluorinative esterification and 1,3-dietherification of (trifluoromethyl)alkenes with alcohols are achieved, delivering various useful α-arylacrylates and 1,3-diethers in high yields. Remarkably, this reaction enables the cleavage of three C-F bonds in a CF3 group, and it is transition-metal free and catalyst-free, has simple operation, features mild conditions, is gram-scalable, and has broad substrate scope and valuable functional group tolerance. Mechanism studies indicated that the isolated monofluoroalkene-decorated 1,3-diethers are the intermediates, and the acidic property of silica gel assisted the defluorinative transformation of these 1,3-diethers to access α-arylacrylates with H2O as the oxygen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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4
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Wei B, Sharland JC, Blackmond DG, Musaev DG, Davies HML. In-situ Kinetic Studies of Rh(II)-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization to Achieve High Catalyst Turnover Numbers. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13400-13410. [PMID: 37274060 PMCID: PMC10237631 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic studies on the functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbon sp3 C-H bonds by dirhodium-catalyzed reaction of aryldiazoacetates revealed that the C-H functionalization step is rate-determining. The efficiency of this step was increased by using the hydrocarbon as solvent and using donor/acceptor carbenes with an electron-withdrawing substituent on the aryl donor group. The optimum catalyst for these reactions is the tetraphenylphthalimido derivative Rh2(R-TPPTTL)4 and a further beneficial refinement was obtained by using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as an additive. Under the optimum conditions with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol %, effective enantioselective C-H functionalization (66-97% yield, 83-97% ee) was achieved of cycloalkanes with a range of aryldiazoacetates as long as the aryldiazoacetate was not to sterically demanding. The reaction with cyclohexane using a catalyst loading of 0.0005 mol % could be recharged twice with additional aryldiazoacetate, resulting in an overall dirhodium catalyst turnover number of 580,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jack C. Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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5
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Design, synthesis, and applications of stereospecific 1,3-diene carbonyls. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Lennon G, O'Boyle C, Carrick AI, Dingwall P. Investigating the mechanism and origins of selectivity in palladium-catalysed carbene insertion cross-coupling reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01702d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of palladium-catalysed carbene insertion cross-coupling reactions has been experimentally and computationally studied, with carbene insertion identified as the likely selectivity determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Lennon
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Antrim, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Christina O'Boyle
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Antrim, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Andrew I. Carrick
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Antrim, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Paul Dingwall
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Antrim, BT7 1NN, UK
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7
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Thomas GT, Ronda K, McIndoe JS. A mechanistic investigation of the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling between N-tosylhydrazones and aryl halides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15533-15537. [PMID: 34647949 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cross-coupling of N-tosylhydrazones and aryl halides forms carbon-carbon bonds, producing 1,1-disubstituted alkenes. Though it has proven extremely useful in several fields of chemistry, its mechanism remains experimentally unexplored. Combining benchtop NMR and real-time mass spectrometry afforded the ability to monitor the catalytic intermediates as well as the rate of product formation.
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8
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Freure GPR, Skrotzki EA, Lavertu JDE, Newman SG. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Superbase-Generated C(sp 3) Nucleophiles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P. R. Freure
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Eric A. Skrotzki
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jean-Danick E. Lavertu
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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9
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Hatridge TA, Wei B, Davies HML, Jones CW. Copper-Catalyzed, Aerobic Oxidation of Hydrazone in a Three-Phase Packed Bed Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
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10
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Wei B, Hatridge TA, Jones CW, Davies HML. Copper(II) Acetate-Induced Oxidation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds under Flow Conditions Followed by Dirhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclopropanation Reactions. Org Lett 2021; 23:5363-5367. [PMID: 34228465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A tandem system comprising in-line diazo compound synthesis and downstream consumption in a rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction has been developed. Passing hydrazone through a silica column absorbed with Cu(OAc)2-H2O/N,N-dimethylaminopyridine oxidized the hydrazone to generate an aryldiazoacetate in flow. The crude aryldiazoacetate elutes from this column directly into a downstream cyclopropanation reaction, catalyzed by the chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylates, Rh2(R-p-Ph-TPCP)4 and Rh2(R-PTAD)4. This convenient flow to batch method was applied to the synthesis of a range of 1,2-diarylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates in high yields and with high levels of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Taylor A Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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11
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12
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Liu W, Twilton J, Wei B, Lee M, Hopkins MN, Bacsa J, Stahl SS, Davies HML. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds Using Oxygen as the Terminal Oxidant. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Maizie Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Melissa N. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
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13
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Hatridge TA, Liu W, Yoo C, Davies HML, Jones CW. Optimized Immobilization Strategy for Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts for C−H Functionalization and Their Implementation in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Dr Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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14
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Hatridge TA, Liu W, Yoo CJ, Davies HML, Jones CW. Optimized Immobilization Strategy for Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts for C-H Functionalization and Their Implementation in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19525-19531. [PMID: 32483912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate a packed bed flow reactor capable of achieving highly regio- and stereoselective C-H functionalization reactions using a newly developed Rh2 (S-2-Cl-5-CF3 TPCP)4 catalyst. To optimize the immobilized dirhodium catalyst employed in the flow reactor, we systematically study both (i) the effects of ligand immobilization position, demonstrating the critical factor that the catalyst-support attachment location can have on the catalyst performance, and (ii) silica support mesopore length, demonstrating that decreasing diffusional limitations leads to increased accessibility of the active site and higher catalyst turnover frequency. We employ the immobilized dirhodium catalyst in a simple packed bed flow reactor achieving comparable yields and levels of enantioselectivity to the homogeneous catalyst employed in batch and maintain this performance over ten catalyst recycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Hatridge
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Wang B, He D, Ren B, Yao T. Synthesis of imides via palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of aryl halides, isocyanides and carboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:900-903. [PMID: 31850412 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed three-component synthesis of acyclic imides from feedstock aryl halides, carboxylic acids and isocyanides through the intermediacy of isoimides has been developed. The key to the success of this approach was controlled isocyanide slow addition and organic/aqueous biphasic conditions. This transition-metal-catalyzed approach features readily available starting materials, atom- and step-economy, good functional group compatibility and gram-scale synthetic capability. Utilization of this new method is illustrated in the late-stage functionalization of drugs Carprofen, Loxoprofen and Flurbiprofen. This strategy has also been successfully applied in the synthesis of cyclic imides including phthalimide, homophthalimide, and 2H-2-benzazepine-1,3-dione derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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