1
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An H, Wei Y, Zhu Q, Fu J, Xu T. Polyoxovanadate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Dual Active Sites for the Synthesis of p-Benzoquinones. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11113-11124. [PMID: 38837698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
p-Benzoquinones are important organic intermediates in the synthesis of biopharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In this study, two crystalline 3D polyoxovanadate-based metal-organic frameworks, H[Cu(tpi)2]{Cu2V7O21}·H2O (1, tpi = C18N5H13) and [Co(Htpi)2]{V4O12} (2, Htpi = C18N5H14), were synthesized, which as heterogeneous catalysts showed excellent catalytic activities for the synthesis of p-benzoquinones. Both compounds were characterized by IR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, TG, XPS, X-ray diffraction, etc. In 1, {Cu2V7} clusters are connected together by copper cations and 1D Cu-organic coordination chains to yield a 3D polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF); in 2, adjacent 2D bimetallic oxide layers, constructed from 1D polyoxovanadate chains and cobalt ions, are further connected by 1D Co-organic coordination chains to form a 3D POMOF. Noteworthily, in the synthesis of trimethyl-p-benzoquinone, the key intermediate of vitamin E, using 2,3,6-trimethylphenol as the model substrate, the turnover frequency values for compounds 1 and 2 can, respectively, reach 607 and 380 h-1 in 8 min. Furthermore, both compounds demonstrated excellent recyclability and structural stability, characterized by PXRD and IR. The catalytic mechanism reveals that both the homolytic radical mechanism and heterolytic oxygen atom transfer mechanism are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan An
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingshan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Tieqi Xu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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2
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Wang Y, Liu J, Sun W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Hu Q, Wen Z, Yao J, Li H. Oxygenation of Phenols with Water as the Oxygen Source and Oxoammonium Salt as the Oxidant. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2440-2447. [PMID: 38306296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic C-H oxygenation is important in both industrial production and organic synthesis. Here we report a metal-free approach for phenol oxygenation with water as the oxygen source using oxoammonium salts as the renewable oxidant. Employing this protocol, various alkyl-substituted phenols were converted into benzoquinones in yields of 59-98%. On the basis of 18O-labeling and kinetic studies, the hydroxy-oxoammonium adduct was proposed to attack the aromatic ring similarly to electrophilic aromatic substitution. We suppose that the findings described here not only provide an efficient and highly selective protocol for aromatic C-H oxygenation but also may encourage further developments of possible transition-metal-free catalytic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qixuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeyu Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Wan S, Zou Q, Zhu J, Luo H, Li Y, Abu-Reziq R, Tang J, Tang R, Pan C, Zhang C, Yu G. Building Porous Ni(Salen)-Based Catalysts from Waste Styrofoam via Autocatalytic Coupling Chemistry for Heterogeneous Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300340. [PMID: 37638476 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of robust and industrially viable catalysts from plastic waste is of great significance, and the facile construction of high performance heterogeneous catalyst systems for phenol-quinone conversions remains a grand challenge. Herein, a feasible strategy is demonstrated to reclaim Styrofoam into hierarchically porous nickel-salen-loaded hypercrosslinked polystyrene (PS@Ni-salen) catalysts with high activities through an unusual autocatalytic coupling route. The salen is immobilized onto PS chain by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzyl chloride derivatives, and the generated hydrogen chloride coordinately promotes the simultaneous crosslinking and bridge formation between aromatic rings via a Scholl coupling route, leading to hierarchically porous networks. After the metallization with Ni, the resultant networks exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone under mild conditions (303 K, 1 bar of O2 ). This catalyst also demonstrates attractive recycling performance without an obvious loss of catalytic efficiency over five consecutive cycles. This methodology might provide a potential sustainable alternative to construct environmentally benign and cost-effective catalysts for specific organic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuocheng Wan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingyang Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Huimin Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Raed Abu-Reziq
- Institute of Chemistry, Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Juntao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ruiren Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Sun W, Wang Y, Wen Z, Yao J, Li H. Mechanistic insights on base-DMSO mediated aerobic oxidation of (hetero)benzylic C-H bonds. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao J, Li H, Mochizuki K. A tiny charge-scaling in the OPLS-AA + L-OPLS force field delivers the realistic dynamics and structure of liquid primary alcohols. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:421-430. [PMID: 34962297 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We carry out molecular dynamics simulations for pure liquid primary alcohols ranging from methanol to 1-decanol under ambient conditions. Based on the OPLS-AA force field with the L-OPLS correction, we demonstrate that a few % increases in the partial charges deliver the realistic dynamics (self-diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity) and structure (density and X-ray scattering intensity) as well as enthalpy of vaporization and isothermal compressibility. The validity against thermal expansion coefficient, isobaric heat capacity, and static dielectric constant are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chang S, Chen Y, An H, Zhu Q, Luo H, Xu T. Highly Efficient Synthesis of p-Benzoquinones Catalyzed by Robust Two-Dimensional POM-Based Coordination Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21261-21271. [PMID: 33909400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted phenols offers efficient access to p-benzoquinones (BQs) that serve as key components for synthesizing biologically active compounds, but rational manufacture of efficient recyclable catalysts for such a reaction remains a severe challenge. Herein, two crystalline 2D polyoxometalate-based coordination polymers (POMCPs), formulated as H3[CuI3(L)3]2[PM12O40]·xH2O (M = Mo, x = 4 for 1; M = W, x = 6 for 2; and HL = 4-(1H-tetazol-5-yl)pyridine), are prepared by a mineralizer-assisted one-step synthesis strategy and explored as heterogeneous catalysts for p-BQs synthesis. Both compounds have been characterized through elemental analysis, EDS analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum, EPR, XPS, BET, single-crystal, and powder X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that both 1 and 2 exhibit an interesting 2D sheet structure composed of 2-connected Keggin type anions [PM12O40]3- and hexa-nuclear {CuI6(HL)6} cluster-based metal-organic chains via Cu···O interactions. When used as catalysts, POMCPs 1 and 2 have excellent catalytic activities in the selective oxidation of substituted phenols to p-BQs with H2O2. Notedly, in the model reaction from 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) to the vitamin E key intermediate trimethyl-p-benzoquinone (TMBQ), the catalytic activities expressed by turnover frequency (TOF) of 1 and 2 can reach an unprecedented 2400 and 2000 h-1, respectively, at close to 100% TMBQ yield. The truly heterogeneous nature, stability, and structural integrity of both catalysts were ascertained by FTIR, PXRD techniques, and the following cycles. Mechanism studies reveal that both catalysts can involve a dual reaction pathway through a heterolytic oxygen atom transfer mechanism and homolytic radical mechanism. Moreover, the 2D POMCPs with highly accessible bilateral active sites and efficient mass transfer efficiency possess superior catalytic performance to their analogous 3D species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan An
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieqi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wang Y, Wen Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yao J, Li H. Aerobic α-hydroxylation of 2-Me-1-tetralone in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5864-5869. [PMID: 33687394 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aerobic α-hydroxylation of 2-Me-1-tetralone was investigated in imidazol-based ionic liquids (ILs), where reactions in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates were found to generate considerable products. By correlating the conversion at 2 h with viscosity, relative permittivity and the ET(30) value of ILs, we found that the local polarity in ILs represented by the ET(30) value or the chemical shift of α-proton at the substrate was the critical factor influencing the reaction rate. Furthermore, two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D NOESY) was used to characterize the distribution of 2-Me-1-tetralone in ILs. As a result, the mesoscopic structures in ILs were recommended to have crucial influences on the distribution of the substrate in ILs, and the caused local polarity could affect the activation of 2-Me-1-tetralone. These findings revealed the solvent effects of ILs with different structures on the α-hydroxylation of 2-Me-1-tetralone, and may encourage the explorations of more types of aerobic oxidations in ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China. and Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zeyu Wen
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China. and Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China. and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Wang Y, Lu R, Yao J, Li H. 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene Enhances Activity of Peroxide Intermediates in Phosphine-Free α-Hydroxylation of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6631-6638. [PMID: 33289252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of double hydrogen bonds was addressed for the aerobic α-hydroxylation of ketones catalyzed by 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), in the absence of either a metal catalyst or phosphine reductant. Experimental and theoretical investigations were performed to study the mechanism. In addition to initiating the reaction by proton abstraction, a more important role of TBD was revealed, that is, to enhance the oxidizing ability of peroxide intermediates, allowing DMSO to be used rather than commonly used phosphine reductants. Further characterizations with nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) confirmed the presence of double hydrogen bonds between TBD and the ketone, and kinetic studies suggested the attack of dioxygen on the TBD-enol adduct to be the rate-determining step. This work should encourage the application of TBD as a catalyst for oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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9
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Wang Y, Lu R, Yao J, Li H. 1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene Enhances Activity of Peroxide Intermediates in Phosphine‐Free α‐Hydroxylation of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry and ZJU-NHU United R&D Center Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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Ji L, Wang Y, Huang L, Liu Y, Wang Q. Cooperative interactions of copper chloride aggregation in 1- and 3-hexanol solutions for multinuclear catalytic oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Xu Y, Tang C, Binks B. Ultraefficient stabilization of high internal phase emulsions by globular proteins in the presence of polyols: Importance of a core-shell nanostructure. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Wang Y, Guan J, Mei B, Fan M, Lu R, Du R, Chen K, Yao J, Jiang Z, Li H. Distribution of Spin Density on Phenoxyl Radicals Affects the Selectivity of Aerobic Oxygenation of Phenols. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3562-3569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bingbao Mei
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Mengtian Fan
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Renfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kaizhou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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