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Freitas Paiva M, Sadula S, Vlachos DG, Wojcieszak R, Vanhove G, Bellot Noronha F. Advancing Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionation through Molten Salt Hydrates: Catalyst-Enhanced Pretreatment for Sustainable Biorefineries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400396. [PMID: 38872421 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Developing a process that performs the lignocellulosic biomass fractionation under milder conditions simultaneously with the depolymerization and/or the upgrading of all fractions is fundamental for the economic viability of future lignin-first biorefineries. The molten salt hydrates (MSH) with homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts are a potential alternative to biomass pretreatment that promotes cellulose's dissolution and its conversion to different platform molecules while keeping the lignin reactivity. This review investigates the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass using MSH to produce chemicals and fuels. First, the MSH properties and applications are discussed. In particular, the use of MSH in cellulose dissolution and hydrolysis for producing high-value chemicals and fuels is presented. Then, the biomass treatment with MSH is discussed. Different strategies for preventing sugar degradation, such as biphasic media, adsorbents, and precipitation, are contrasted. The potential for valorizing isolated lignin from the pretreatment with MSH is debated. Finally, challenges and limitations in utilizing MSH for biomass valorization are discussed, and future developments are presented. Cellulose Avicel®PH-101 ZnCl2 ⋅ 4H2O, ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O, LiCl ⋅ 8H2O, LiBr ⋅ 4H2O H2SO4, (0.2 M); H3PW12O40 (0.067 M); H4SiW12O40 (0.05 M) T (145-175 °C); Time (30-120 min) Organic solvent (MIBK) LA (94 %) and HMF (3.4 %) Dissolution time: ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O<>2O<>2 ⋅ 4H2O<>2O; The highest conversion of pretreated cellulose and yield of glucose were obtained with ZnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O (88 % and 80 %, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Freitas Paiva
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- UMR 8522 - PC2 A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Univ. Lille, CNRS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sunitha Sadula
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150/221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150/221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Robert Wojcieszak
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- L2CM UMR 7053, Université de Lorraine and CNRS, F-5400, Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Vanhove
- UMR 8522 - PC2 A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Univ. Lille, CNRS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fábio Bellot Noronha
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR, 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- National Institute of Technology, Catalysis, Biocatalysis and Chemical Processes Division, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-312, Brazil
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2
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Tong Z, Zeng S, Li X, Wang W, Xia Q, Yu H. Glycosidic bond protection of cellulose during solvent dissolution by coordination interaction competition strategy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121665. [PMID: 38220316 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting new solvents on efficiently dissolving cellulose is imperative to promote the utilization of cellulosic resources. The process of cellulose dissolution typically necessitates extreme conditions, such as high-temperature treatment, utilization of potent acidic or basic solvents, or the catalytic action of Lewis acids. As a result, the structure of the cellulose is invariably compromised, subsequently obstructing the creation of high-performance materials. In this study, we address this challenge through a simple process, introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as glycosidic bond protecting agent, to preserve the polymerization degree of cellulose during its room-temperature dissolution in ZnCl2-phosporic acid eutectic solvent. The PEG units preferentially coordinate with Zn2+ to weaken the hydrolysis of glycosidic bond of cellulose through ether bond competition. The polymerization degree of regenerated cellulose is thus greatly improved, reaching up to seven times that of unprotected cellulose. Overall, this study offers an easy and cost-effective approach to develop cellulose solvents and provides a significant drive towards the fabrication of practical materials through cellulose dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tong
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Suqing Zeng
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qinqin Xia
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Yuan X, Liu J, Jia X. Recent Advances in Zeolites-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion to Hydroxymethylfurfural: The Role of Porosity and Acidity. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300399. [PMID: 37889167 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is an attractive raw material for the production of fuel oil and chemical intermediates due to its abundant reserves, low price, easy biodegradability, and renewable use. Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a valuable platform chemically derived from biomass that has gained significant research interest owing to its economic and environmental benefits. In this review, recent advances in biomass catalytic conversion systems for 5-HMF production were examined with a focus on the catalysts selection and feedstocks' impact on the 5-HMF selectivity and yield. Specifically, the potential of zeolite-based catalysts for efficient biomass catalysis was evaluated given their unique pore structure and tunable (Lewis and Brønsted) acidity. The benefits of hierarchical modifications and the interactions between porosity and acidity in zeolites, which are critical factors for the development of green catalytic systems to convert biomass to 5-HMF efficiently, were summarized and assessed. This Review suggests that zeolite-based catalysts hold significant promise in facilitating the sustainable utilization of biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, P.R. China
| | - Xicheng Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay, 83400, P.R. China
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4
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Teng S, Zhang Z, Li B, Li L, Tan MCL, Jia Z, Loh TP. Thiol-Specific Silicon-Containing Conjugating Reagent: β-Silyl Alkynyl Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311906. [PMID: 37721855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific modification of thiol-containing biomolecules has been recognized as a versatile and powerful strategy for probing our biological systems and discovering novel therapeutics. The addition of lipophilic silicon moiety opens up new avenues for multi-disciplinary research with broad applications in both the medicinal and material sciences. However, adhering to the strict biocompatibility requirements, and achieving the introduction of labile silicon handle and high chemo-selectivity have been formidable. In this paper, we report silicon-based conjugating reagents including β-trialkylsilyl and silyl ether-tethered alkynones that selectively react with thiols under physiological conditions. The pH-neutral, metal-free and additive-free reaction yields stable products with broad substrate compatibility and full retention of silicon handles in most cases. Besides simple aliphatic and aromatic thiols, this approach is applicable in the labeling of thiols present in proteins, sugars and payloads, thereby expanding the toolbox of thiol conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Teng
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bohan Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lanyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Melinda Chor Li Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Hou Y, Wang S, Deng B, Ma Y, Long X, Qin C, Liang C, Huang C, Yao S. Selective separation of hemicellulose from poplar by hydrothermal pretreatment with ferric chloride and pH buffer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126374. [PMID: 37595709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly lignocellulosic biomass separation technology, hydrothermal pretreatment (HP) has a strong application prospect. However, the low separation efficiency is a main factor limiting its application. In this study, the poplar components were separated using HP with ferric chloride and pH buffer (HFB). The optimal conditions were ferric chloride concentration of 0.10 M, reaction temperature of 150 °C, reaction time of 15 min and pH 1.9. The separation of hemicellulose was increased 34.03 % to 77.02 %. The pH buffering resulted in the highest cellulose and lignin retention yields compared to ferric chloride pretreatment (FC). The high efficiency separation of hemicellulose via HFB pretreatment inhibited the degradation of xylose. The hydrolysate was effectively reused for five times. The fiber crystallinity index reached 60.05 %, and the highest C/O ratio was obtained. The results provide theoretical support for improving the efficiency of HP and promoting its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Baojuan Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yun Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xing Long
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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6
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Mahala S, Arumugam SM, Kumar S, Devi B, Elumalai S. Tuning of MgO's base characteristics by blending it with amphoteric ZnO facilitating the selective glucose isomerization to fructose for bioenergy development. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2470-2486. [PMID: 37143812 PMCID: PMC10153107 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose serves as an important intermediate in the preparation of liquid fuel compounds. Herein, we report its selective production via a chemical catalysis method over ZnO/MgO nanocomposite. The blending of an amphoteric ZnO with MgO reduced the latter's unfavorable moderate/strong basic sites that can influence the side reactions in the sugar interconversion, reducing fructose productivity. Of all the ZnO/MgO combinations, a 1 : 1 ratio of ZnO and MgO showed a 20% reduction in moderate/strong basic sites in MgO with ∼2-2.5 times increase in weak basic sites (overall), which is favorable for the reaction. The analytical characterizations affirmed that MgO settles on the surface of ZnO by blocking the pores. The amphoteric ZnO undertakes the neutralization of the strong basic sites and improves the weak basic sites (cumulative) by the Zn-MgO alloy formation. Therefore, the composite afforded as high as 36% fructose yield and 90% selectivity at 90 °C; especially, the improved selectivity can be accounted for by the effect of both basic and acidic sites. The favorable action of acidic sites in controlling the unwanted side reactions was maximum when an aqueous medium contained 1/5th methanol. However, ZnO's presence regulated the glucose's degradation rate by up to 40% compared to the kinetics of pristine MgO. From the isotopic labelling experiments, the proton transfer pathway (or LdB-AvE mechanism by the formation of 1,2-enediolate) is dominant in the glucose-to-fructose transformation. The composite exhibited a long-lasting ability based on the good recycling efficiency of up to 5 cycles. The insights into the fine-tuning of the physicochemical characteristics of widely available metal oxides would help develop a robust catalyst for sustainable fructose production for biofuel production (via a cascade approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Mahala
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Mohali Punjab 140306 India +91-172-5221-444
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Senthil M Arumugam
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Mohali Punjab 140306 India +91-172-5221-444
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Mohali Punjab 140306 India +91-172-5221-444
| | - Bhawana Devi
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Mohali Punjab 140306 India +91-172-5221-444
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sasikumar Elumalai
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Mohali Punjab 140306 India +91-172-5221-444
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Di Fidio N, Tozzi F, Martinelli M, Licursi D, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Sustainable valorisation and efficient downstream processing of giant reed by high‐pressure carbon dioxide pretreatment. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200189. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa ITALY
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Marco Martinelli
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Domenico Licursi
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Sara Fulignati
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
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8
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Messori A, Fasolini A, Mazzoni R. Advances in Catalytic Routes for the Homogeneous Green Conversion of the Bio-Based Platform 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200228. [PMID: 35385607 PMCID: PMC9401906 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfufural (HMF) is an intriguing platform molecule that can be obtained from biomasses and that can lead to the production of a wide range of products, intermediates, or monomers. The presence of different moieties in HMF (hydroxy, aldehyde, furan ring) allows to carry out different transformations such as selective oxidations and hydrogenations, reductive aminations, etherifications, decarbonylations, and acetalizations. This is a great chance in a biorefinery perspective but requires the development of active and highly selective catalysts. In this view, homogeneous catalysis can lead to efficient conversion of HMF at mild reaction conditions. This Review discussed the recent achievements in homogeneous catalysts development and application to HMF transformations. The effects of metal nature, ligands, solvents, and reaction conditions were reported and critically reviewed. Current issues and future chances have been presented to drive future studies toward more efficient and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Messori
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Fasolini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
- Center for Chemical Catalysis – C3University of BolognaViale Risorgimento, 440136BolognaItaly
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9
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Zhang T, Li W, Xiao H, Jin Y, Wu S. Recent progress in direct production of furfural from lignocellulosic residues and hemicellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127126. [PMID: 35398210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Furfural is a vital biomass-derived platform molecule, which can be used to synthesize a wide range of value-added chemicals. Furfural and its derivatives are promising alternatives to conventional petroleum chemicals. However, recent industrial production of furfural existed some thorny problems, including low efficiency, energy waste, and environmental pollution. Therefore, tremendous and continuous efforts have been made by researchers to develop novel furfural production processes with high economic viability, production efficiency, and sustainability. This review summarized the merits and shortcomings of disparate catalytic systems for the synthesis of furfural from biomass and biomass pretreatment hydrolysate on the basis of recently published literature. Furthermore, the suggestions for furfural production research were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shufang Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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10
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Rahaman MS, Tulaphol S, Hossain MA, Jasinski JB, Lalvani S, Crocker M, Maihom T, Sathitsuksanoh N. Aluminum‐containing metal‐organic frameworks as selective and reusable catalysts for glucose isomerization to fructose. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacek B. Jasinski
- University of Louisville Conn Center for Renewable Research UNITED STATES
| | - Shashi Lalvani
- Miami University Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Mark Crocker
- University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Thana Maihom
- Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus Chemistry THAILAND
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- University of Louisville chemical engineering 216 eastern parkway 40292 Louisville UNITED STATES
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11
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Wang J, Wang J, Cui H, Li Z, Wang M, Yi W. Spontaneous Biphasic System with Lithium Chloride Hydrate for Efficient Esterification of Levulinic Acid. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Hongyou Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Zhihe Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Weiming Yi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
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12
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Yang Y, Qi H, Xu Z, Zhang ZC. Evolution of catalytically active species in paired PdCl2-CuCl2/[BMim]Cl for hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we identified the prevailing catalytically active species evolved from paired PdCl2-CuCl2 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMim]Cl) that displayed dramatic synergism between the two metal chlorides in catalyzing the...
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13
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He W, Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Fang Z, Zhao L, Guo K. The integration of catalyst design and process intensification in the efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid from fructose. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Liu Q, Zhou L, Fan D, Guan M, Ma Q, Li S, Ouyang X, Qiu X, Fan W. Adsorption-Enhanced Glucan Oligomer Production from Cellulose Hydrolysis over Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymer in Molten Salt Hydrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52082-52091. [PMID: 34383477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective saccharification of cellulose into glucose is a critical step for utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Molten salt hydrates (MSHs) have shown promising performance in selectively converting cellulose into glucose because of the high solubility of cellulose in the solvent. However, the separation of formed glucose from the MSHs is still a grand challenge. To address this issue, we developed a two-step process, where crystalline cellulose is hydrolyzed into short-chain glucan oligomers in MSHs followed by separation and subsequent hydrolysis of the formed oligomers into glucose under mild conditions. The two-step method provides an easy separation for glucan oligomers from the MSHs without sacrificing the selectivity to glucose. Application of the method for crystalline cellulose is, however, limited to a relatively low concentration, 26.2 mg/mL, because of the formation of byproducts in the MSH that facilitate oligomers degradation. In this work, reactive adsorption was employed to in situ remove the byproducts formed during cellulose hydrolysis in the MSH. It was found that hyper-cross-linked polymer (HCP) made from the polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride and divinylbenzene can selectively adsorb 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) while showing negligible sugar adsorption in both water and the MSH. With the reactive adsorption approach, byproducts including 5-HMF and LA were removed from the reaction media under reaction conditions, and their negative effects on oligomer degradation were inhibited. In the presence of the HCP, the obtained glucan oligomer concentration was enhanced from less than 54.2 to 247.1 mg mL-1 when the weight ratio of cellulose was increased to MSH from 1:60 to 1:4, exhibiting an oligomer yield of 69.5%. The HCP can be effectively separated from the reaction media by filtration and regenerated by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Application of reactive adsorption with HCP for cellulose hydrolysis in the MSH provides a promising method to produce glucan oligomers and glucose with an improved yield and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 233022, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 233022, China
| | - Di Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 233022, China
| | - Mingzhao Guan
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiaozhi Ma
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Song Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xinping Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 233022, China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 233022, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 159 Goessman Lab, 686 N Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
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15
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Liu Y, Huang H, Tang R, Han L, Yang J, Xu M, Ge M, Tang Y, Fu X, Liu H, Qian Y. NMR study on the cellulose dissolution mechanism in CaCl 2·6H 2O-LiCl molten salt hydrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20489-20495. [PMID: 34499059 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02769g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As there is a rising interest in upgrading cellulose to high-performance bio-products, the studies on innovative reaction media and processes have been leaping forward. Green solvents in terms of cellulose dissolution and brief processes for upgrading are critical to green chemistry. However, most solvent systems generally exhibit defects in harsh pH operating windows with limited temperature ranges, environmental pollution, long reaction times, complicated processes, etc. In this work, we have provided a novel molten salt hydrate (CaCl2·6H2O-LiCl) as a green solvent and investigated the role of hydrated molten salts in the dissolution process via the solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The cellulose could be dissolved in CaCl2·6H2O-LiCl molten salt hydrated at 120 °C with 3.0% solubility and regenerated in-situ by cooling down to ambient temperature. The regenerated cellulose exhibited a high solubility and excellent stability. From 7Li single pulse NMR experiments, it was observed that two types of Li+ existed in the cellulose dissolution, and the Li+ significantly impacted the dissolving process and the dissolution ability of cellulose. This work would provide an environmental-friendly strategy to prepare cellulose solutions for biocompatible cellulose materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Physics and Electronic Science & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Ling Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Min Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Min Ge
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Xiaobin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Yuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology and Department of Molten Salt Chemistry and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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16
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Yang Y, Qi H, Li H, Xu Z, Liu X, Yu S, Zhang ZC. Heterometallic Pd II–Cl–Cu I Catalyst for Efficient Hydrolysis of β-1,4-Glycosidic Bonds in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Huixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shuyin Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zongchao Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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17
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Facas G, Maliekkal V, Zhu C, Neurock M, Dauenhauer PJ. Cooperative Activation of Cellulose with Natural Calcium. JACS AU 2021; 1:272-281. [PMID: 34467292 PMCID: PMC8395691 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring metals, such as calcium, catalytically activate the intermonomer β-glycosidic bonds in long chains of cellulose, initiating reactions with volatile oxygenates for renewable applications. In this work, the millisecond kinetics of calcium-catalyzed reactions were measured via the method of the pulse-heated analysis of solid and surface reactions (PHASR) at high temperatures (370-430 °C) to reveal accelerated glycosidic ether scission with a second-order rate dependence on the Ca2+ ions. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to identify stable binding configurations for two Ca2+ ions that demonstrated accelerated transglycosylation kinetics, with an apparent activation barrier of 50 kcal mol-1 for a cooperative calcium-catalyzed cycle. The agreement of the mechanism with calcium cooperativity to the experimental barrier (48.7 ± 2.8 kcal mol-1) suggests that calcium enhances the reactivity through a primary role of stabilizing charged transition states and a secondary role of disrupting native H-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
G. Facas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vineet Maliekkal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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18
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Abstract
Ionic liquids play a larger and larger as well as more and more diversified role in catalysis [...]
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19
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Tan H, Wang S, Wang J, Song F, Sun X, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Cui H. High-efficiency catalytic wet air oxidation of high salinity phenolic wastewater under atmospheric pressure in molten salt hydrate media. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient continuous operation of an improved CWAO process coupled with desalination in MSHs via the temperature-increasing effect and common-ion salting-out effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzi Tan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuyu Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyou Cui
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- P. R. China
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20
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Chen TY, Cheng Z, Desir P, Saha B, Vlachos DG. Fast microflow kinetics and acid catalyst deactivation in glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow microreactors operating at short residence times and high temperatures can give high HMF productivity and contribute to process intensification of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Ziwei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Pierre Desir
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
- Delaware 19716
- USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Delaware 19716
- USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation
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21
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Zhang T, Wei H, Xiao H, Li W, Jin Y, Wei W, Wu S. Advance in constructing acid catalyst-solvent combinations for efficient transformation of glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Abstract
This mini-review briefly describes the recent progress in the design and development of catalysts based on the presence of ionic liquids. In particular, the focus was on heterogeneous systems (supported ionic liquid (IL) phase catalysts (SILPC), solid catalysts with ILs (SCILL), porous liquids), which due to the low amounts of ionic liquids needed for their production, eliminate basic problems observed in the case of the employment of ionic liquids in homogeneous systems, such as high price, high viscosity, and efficient isolation from post-reaction mixtures.
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23
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Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, De Bari I, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Optimisation of glucose and levulinic acid production from the cellulose fraction of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) performed in the presence of ferric chloride under microwave heating. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123650. [PMID: 32585455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two-step exploitation of the giant reed cellulose to glucose and levulinic acid, after the complete removal of the hemicellulose fraction, was investigated using FeCl3 as catalyst. In the first step, the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose was optimised by response surface methodology analysis, considering the effect of temperature, reaction time and catalyst amount. Under the optimised reaction conditions, the glucose yield was 39.9 mol%. The cellulose-rich residue was also converted by enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving the glucose yield of 39.8 mol%. The exhausted residue deriving from the chemical hydrolysis was further converted to levulinic acid by microwave treatment at harsher reaction conditions. The maximum levulinic acid yield was 64.3 mol%. On the whole, this cascade approach ensured an extensive and sustainable exploitation of the C6 carbohydrates to glucose and levulinic acid, corresponding to about 70 mol% of glucan converted to these valuable bioproducts in the two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella De Bari
- Laboratory for Processes and Technologies for Biorefineries and Green Chemistry, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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24
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Effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of hemicellulose from bamboo. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Pichler CM, Uekert T, Reisner E. Photoreforming of biomass in metal salt hydrate solutions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5743-5746. [PMID: 32329757 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal salt hydrate (MSH) solutions allow for the complete solubilisation of biomass and we demonstrate its use as a reaction medium for the photocatalytic reforming of lignocellulose. Different types of photocatalysts such as TiO2 and carbon nitride can be employed in MSH to produce H2 and organic products under more benign conditions than the commonly required extreme pH aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Pichler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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26
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Multi-Step Exploitation of Raw Arundo donax L. for the Selective Synthesis of Second-Generation Sugars by Chemical and Biological Route. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the most important feedstocks for future biorefineries, being a precursor of valuable bio-products, obtainable through both chemical and biological conversion routes. Lignocellulosic biomass has a complex matrix, which requires the careful development of multi-step approaches for its complete exploitation to value-added compounds. Based on this perspective, the present work focuses on the valorization of hemicellulose and cellulose fractionsof giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to give second-generation sugars, minimizing the formation of reaction by-products. The conversion of hemicellulose to xylose was undertaken in the presence of the heterogeneous acid catalyst Amberlyst-70 under microwave irradiation. The effect of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst, and biomass loadings on sugars yield was studied, developing a high gravity approach. Under the optimised reaction conditions (17 wt% Arundo donax L. loading, 160 °C, Amberlyst-70/Arundo donax L. weight ratio 0.2 wt/wt), the xylose yield was 96.3 mol%. In the second step, the cellulose-rich solid residue was exploited through the chemical or enzymatic route, obtaining glucose yields of 32.5 and 56.2 mol%, respectively. This work proves the efficiency of this innovative combination of chemical and biological catalytic approaches, for the selective conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of Arundo donax L. to versatile platform products.
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