1
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Cheng F, Pavliuk O, Hardt S, Hunt LA, Cai B, Kubart T, Hammarström L, Plumeré N, Berggren G, Tian H. Embedding biocatalysts in a redox polymer enhances the performance of dye-sensitized photocathodes in bias-free photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3202. [PMID: 38615087 PMCID: PMC11016092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoelectrodes consisting of photosensitizers and molecular catalysts with tunable structures and adjustable energy levels are attractive for low-cost and eco-friendly solar-assisted synthesis of energy rich products. Despite these advantages, dye-sensitized NiO photocathodes suffer from severe electron-hole recombination and facile molecule detachment, limiting photocurrent and stability in photoelectrochemical water-splitting devices. In this work, we develop an efficient and robust biohybrid dye-sensitized NiO photocathode, in which the intermolecular charge transfer is enhanced by a redox polymer. Owing to efficient assisted electron transfer from the dye to the catalyst, the biohybrid NiO photocathode showed a satisfactory photocurrent of 141±17 μA·cm-2 at neutral pH at 0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and a stable continuous output within 5 h. This photocathode is capable of driving overall water splitting in combination with a bismuth vanadate photoanode, showing distinguished solar-to-hydrogen efficiency among all reported water-splitting devices based on dye-sensitized photocathodes. These findings demonstrate the opportunity of building green biohybrid systems for artificial synthesis of solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 521, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olha Pavliuk
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steffen Hardt
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Leigh Anna Hunt
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 521, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 521, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Kubart
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Solid-State Electronics, Uppsala University, Box 65, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 521, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Uferstrasse 53, 94315, Straubing, Germany.
| | - Gustav Berggren
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 521, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Zhu K, Mul G, Huijser A. CuBO 2 : A Potential Alternative for NiO as a Hole Acceptor Layer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300800. [PMID: 37706622 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
P-type metal oxides, and in particular NiO, are typically used as hole accepting layers in dye-sensitized photocathodes. Delafossites (CuMO2 ) with M=B, Al, Cr or Ga have recently been proposed as attractive substitutes for NiO, with theoretically a higher hole mobility than NiO, therefore allowing a higher efficiency when the photocathode is applied in solar to fuel devices. We have experimentally validated the photoelectrochemical performance of photocathodes consisting of nanoporous CuBO2 (CBO) on Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide substrates, photosensitized with a light absorbing P1 dye. Femtosecond transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence studies show that light-induced hole injection occurs from the P1 dye into the CBO in a few ps, comparable to the time constant observed for NiO-based photocathodes. Importantly, the CBO-based photocathode shows significantly slower charge recombination than the NiO-based analogue. These results illustrate the promise of CBO as a p-type semiconductor in solar energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijian Zhu
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The, Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Huijser
- PhotoCatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The, Netherlands
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3
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Tang K, Shao JY, Zhong YW. A Multi-Pyridine-Anchored and -Linked Bilayer Photocathode for Water Reduction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302663. [PMID: 37782056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient photocathodes is of critical importance for the constructions of promising tandem photo-electrochemical cells. Most known dye-sensitized photocathodes are prepared with the conventional carboxylic or phosphonic acid anchors and require the presence of other terminal linking groups to connect catalysts; they suffer from high synthetic difficulty and low adsorption stability in aqueous media. Here, a compact bilayer photocathode has been prepared by using a pyrene-based photosensitizer with multiple terminal pyridine moieties as both the anchoring and linking groups to connect a Co hydrogen-evolution catalyst to the NiO substrate. The catalyst and dye molecule are assembled in a layer-by-layer manner on NiO through the metal-pyridine coordination. This photocathode exhibits good dye adsorption stability in aqueous media. A stable cathodic photocurrent of 70 μA cm-2 was achieved, with H2 being generated at the photocathode under the visible-light irradiation. The Faraday efficiency of H2 evolution was estimated to be 9.1 %. Transient absorption spectral studies suggest that the interfacial hole transfer occurs within a few picoseconds. The integration of the organic photosensitizer with pyridine anchoring and linking groups is expected to provide a simple method for the fabrication of stable and efficient photocathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Yang Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Wei Z, Philip AM, Jager WF, Grozema FC. Fast Charge Separation in Distant Donor-Acceptor Dyads Driven by Relaxation of a Hot Excited State. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:19250-19261. [PMID: 36424999 PMCID: PMC9677426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of three perylenemonoimide-p-oligophenylene-dimethylaniline molecular dyads undergo photoinduced charge separation (CS) with anomalous distance dependence as a function of increasing donor-acceptor (DA) distances. A comprehensive experimental and computational investigation of the photodynamics in the donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) chromophores reveals a clear demarcation concerning the nature of the CS accessed at shorter (bridgeless) and longer DA distances. At the shortest distance, a strong DA interaction and ground-state charge delocalization populate a hot excited state (ES) with prominent charge transfer (CT) character, via Franck-Condon vertical excitation. The presence of such a CT-polarized hot ES enables a subpicosecond CS in the bridgeless dyad. The incorporation of the p-oligophenylene bridge effectively decouples the donor and the acceptor units in the ground state and consequentially suppresses the CT polarization in the hot ES. Theoretically, this should render a slower CS at longer distances. However, the transient absorption measurement reveals a fast CS process at the longer distance, contrary to the anticipated exponential distance dependence of the CS rates. A closer look into the excited-state dynamics suggests that the hot ES undergoes ultrafast geometry relaxation (τ < 1 ps) to create a relaxed ES. As compared to a decoupled, twisted geometry in the hot ES, the geometry of the relaxed ES exhibits a more planar conformation of the p-oligophenylene bridges. Planarization of the bridge endorses an increased charge delocalization and a prominent CT character in the relaxed ES and forms the origin for the evident fast CS at the longest distance. Thus, the relaxation of the hot ES and the concomitantly enhanced charge delocalization adds a new caveat to the classic nature of distance-dependent CS in artificial DBA chromophores and recommends a cautious treatment of the attenuation factor (β) while discussing anomalous CS trends.
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5
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Lalaoui N, Abdellah M, Materna KL, Xu B, Tian H, Thapper A, Sa J, Hammarström L, Ott S. Gold nanoparticle-based supramolecular approach for dye-sensitized H 2-evolving photocathodes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15716-15724. [PMID: 36177940 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar conversion of water into the storable energy carrier H2 can be achieved through photoelectrochemical water splitting using light adsorbing anodes and cathodes bearing O2 and H2 evolving catalysts, respectively. Herein a novel photocathode nanohybrid system is reported. This photocathode consists of a dye-sensitized p-type nickel oxide (NiO) with a perylene-based chromophore (PCA) and a tetra-adamantane modified cobaloxime reduction catalyst (Co) that photo-reduces aqueous protons to H2. An original supramolecular approach was employed, using β-cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoparticles (β-CD-AuNPs) to link the alkane chain of the PCA dye to the adamantane moieties of the cobaloxime catalyst (Co). This new architecture was investigated by photoelectrochemical measurements and via femtosecond-transient absorption spectroscopy. The results show that irradiation of the complete NiO|PCA|β-CD-AuNPs|Co electrode leads to ultrafast hole injection into NiO (π = 3 ps) from the excited dye, followed by rapid reduction of the catalyst, and finally H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Lalaoui
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5250, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Kelly L Materna
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Thapper
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jacinto Sa
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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6
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Moinel A, Brochnow M, Aumaître C, Giannoudis E, Fize J, Saint-Pierre C, Pécaut J, Maldivi P, Artero V, Demadrille R, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. Push-pull organic dyes and dye-catalyst assembly featuring a benzothiadiazole unit for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2022; 6:3565-3572. [PMID: 35979141 PMCID: PMC9337615 DOI: 10.1039/d2se00292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the design and the preparation of two new dyes and a molecular dyad for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from water in a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DSPEC). We designed dyes that include a benzothiadiazole (BTD) and an indacenodithiophene (IDT) units, and we obtained a new molecular dyad by covalent coupling with the cobalt diimine-dioxime catalyst. The introduction of the benzothiadiazole core in the structure improves the absorption properties and leads to an extension of the spectrum in the visible range up to 650 nm. The photoelectrochemical properties of the new dyad were evaluated on pristine and lithium-doped NiO electrodes. We demonstrate that increasing the light harvesting efficiency of the dyad by introducing a IDT-BTD chromophore is clearly beneficial for the photoelectrochemical activity. We also demonstrate that lithium doping of NiO, which improves the electronic conductivity of the mesoporous film, leads to a significant increase in performance, in terms of TON and F.E., more than doubled with our new dyad. This BTD-based molecular system outperforms the results of previously reported dyads using the same catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moinel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - M Brochnow
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - C Aumaître
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - E Giannoudis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - J Fize
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - C Saint-Pierre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - J Pécaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - P Maldivi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - V Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - R Demadrille
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES 17 rue des martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - M Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38000 Grenoble France
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7
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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8
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Chown AL, Farnum BH. Defining the Role of Cr 3+ as a Reductant in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of CuCrO 2 Delafossite. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8349-8355. [PMID: 35587131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of nanocrystalline, p-type delafossite metal oxides (CuMO2) via hydrothermal methods has been explored for a variety of energy conversion and storage applications. However, isolation of the pure phase ternary product is challenging due to the facile growth of unwanted, binary byproducts (CuO, Cu2O, and M2O3) which could ultimately influence the optoelectronic properties of the resulting nanocrystals. Here, we report on the optimized hydrothermal synthesis of CuCrO2 nanocrystals to limit the production of such byproducts. This material possesses a wide band gap and high reported conductivity, making it attractive for applications as the hole transport layer in a variety of heterojunction solar cells. An important aspect of this work is the consideration of Cr3+ as the reductant used to reduce Cu2+ to Cu+. This was confirmed by detection and quantification of CrO42- as a product of hydrothermal synthesis in addition to the fact that CuCrO2 purity was maximized at a ratio of 4:3 Cr/Cu, consistent with the proposed stoichiometric reaction: 4Cr3+ + 3Cu2+ + 20 OH- → 3CuCrO2 + CrO42- + 10 H2O. Using a 4:3 ratio of Cr/Cu starting materials and allowing the synthesis to proceed for 60 h eliminates the presence of CuO beyond detection by powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD). Furthermore, washing the solid product in 0.5 M NH4OH removes Cu2O and Cr2O3 impurities, leaving behind the isolated CuCrO2 product as confirmed using pXRD and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Chown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Byron H Farnum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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9
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Belić J, Förster A, Menzel JP, Buda F, Visscher L. Automated assessment of redox potentials for dyes in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:197-210. [PMID: 34878470 PMCID: PMC8694061 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable solutions for hydrogen production, such as dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DS-PEC), rely on the fundamental properties of its components whose modularity allows for their separate investigation. In this work, we design and execute a high-throughput scheme to tune the ground state oxidation potential (GSOP) of perylene-type dyes by functionalizing them with different ligands. This allows us to identify promising candidates which can then be used to improve the cell's efficiency. First, we investigate the accuracy of different theoretical approaches by benchmarking them against experimentally determined GSOPs. We test different methods to calculate the vertical oxidation potential, including GW with different levels of self-consistency, Kohn-Sham (KS) orbital energies and total energy differences. We find that there is little difference in the performance of these methods. However, we show that it is crucial to take into account solvent effects as well as the structural relaxation of the dye after oxidation. Other thermodynamic contributions are negligible. Based on this benchmark, we decide on an optimal strategy, balancing computational cost and accuracy, to screen more than 1000 dyes and identify promising candidates which could be used to construct more robust DS-PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Belić
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno Förster
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Muñoz-García AB, Benesperi I, Boschloo G, Concepcion JJ, Delcamp JH, Gibson EA, Meyer GJ, Pavone M, Pettersson H, Hagfeldt A, Freitag M. Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12450-12550. [PMID: 34590638 PMCID: PMC8591630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Iacopo Benesperi
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- University Management and Management Council, Vice Chancellor, Uppsala University, Segerstedthuset, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Freitag
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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11
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Schild J, Reuillard B, Morozan A, Chenevier P, Gravel E, Doris E, Artero V. Approaching Industrially Relevant Current Densities for Hydrogen Oxidation with a Bioinspired Molecular Catalytic Material. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18150-18158. [PMID: 34677065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integration of efficient platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts to fuel cells and electrolyzers is a prerequisite to their large-scale deployment. Here, we describe the development of a molecular-based anode for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) through noncovalent integration of a DuBois type Ni bioinspired molecular catalyst at the surface of a carbon nanotube modified gas diffusion layer. This mild immobilization strategy enabled us to gain high control over the loading in catalytic sites. Additionally, through the adjustment of the hydration level of the active layer, a new record current density of 214 ± 20 mA cm-2 could be reached at 0.4 V vs RHE with the PGM-free anode, at 25 °C. Near industrially relevant current densities were obtained at 55 °C with 150 ± 20 and 395 ± 30 mA cm-2 at 0.1 and 0.4 V overpotentials, respectively. These results further demonstrate the relevance of such molecular approaches for the development of electrocatalytic platforms for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Schild
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Adina Morozan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Chenevier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble Cedex, France
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12
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Giannoudis E, Bold S, Müller C, Schwab A, Bruhnke J, Queyriaux N, Gablin C, Leonard D, Saint-Pierre C, Gasparutto D, Aldakov D, Kupfer S, Artero V, Dietzek B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. Hydrogen Production at a NiO Photocathode Based on a Ruthenium Dye-Cobalt Diimine Dioxime Catalyst Assembly: Insights from Advanced Spectroscopy and Post-operando Characterization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49802-49815. [PMID: 34637266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogen by efficient, low-cost, and integrated photoelectrochemical water splitting processes represents an important target for the ecological transition. This challenge can be addressed thanks to bioinspired chemistry and artificial photosynthesis approaches by designing dye-sensitized photocathodes for hydrogen production, incorporating bioinspired first-row transition metal-based catalysts. The present work describes the preparation and photoelectrochemical characterization of a NiO photocathode sensitized with a phosphonate-derivatized ruthenium tris-diimine photosensitizer covalently linked to a cobalt diimine dioxime hydrogen-evolving catalyst. Under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation, hydrogen is produced with photocurrent densities reaching 84 ± 7 μA·cm-2, which is among the highest values reported so far for dye-sensitized photocathodes with surface-immobilized catalysts. Thanks to the unique combination of advanced spectroscopy and surface characterization techniques, the fast desorption of the dyad from the NiO electrode and the low yield of electron transfer to the catalyst, resulting in the Co demetallation from the diimine dioxime framework, were identified as the main barriers limiting the performances and the stability of the system. This work therefore paves the way for a more rational design of molecular photocathodes for solar fuel production and represents a further step toward the development of sustainable processes for the production of hydrogen from sunlight and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Giannoudis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian Bold
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwab
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Bruhnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolas Queyriaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Leonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Didier Gasparutto
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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13
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Seidler B, Wahyuono RA, Wintergerst P, Ahner J, Hager MD, Rau S, Schubert US, Dietzek B. Red-light sensitized hole-conducting polymer for energy conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18026-18034. [PMID: 34612276 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel hole conductive polymer with photoactive Os(ii) complexes in the side chains. This PPV derivative can be activated upon absorption of red visible light and delivers notable photocurrents when used as photocathode material. Thus, the polymer presents as a stepping stone towards developing soft matter alternatives to NiO photocathodes, which function under visible light irradiation. To show the concept we combine electrical impedance spectroscopy with steady state spectroscopy. As light-driven hole injection from Os complex to the PPV polymer is thermodynamically feasible both based on reductive quenching of photoexcited PPV and based on oxidative quenching of the photoexcited Os chromophores we investigate the impact of illumination wavelengths on the photocathode behavior and photochemical stability of the material. While both blue and red light excitation, i.e., excitation of the chromophoric units PPV and excitation of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions in the side-chain pendant Os chromophores yield cathodic photocurrents, the photochemical stability is drastically enhanced upon red-light excitation. Hence, the results of the investigations discussed show the validity of the concept developing red-light sensitized hole-conducting polymers for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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14
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Segalina A, Lebègue S, Rocca D, Piccinin S, Pastore M. Structure and Energetics of Dye-Sensitized NiO Interfaces in Water from Ab Initio MD and Large-Scale GW Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5225-5238. [PMID: 34324810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energy-level alignment across solvated molecule/semiconductor interfaces is a crucial property for the correct functioning of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes, where, following the absorption of solar light, a cascade of interfacial hole/electron transfer processes has to efficiently take place. In light of the difficulty of performing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements at the molecule/solvent/metal-oxide interface, being able to accurately predict the level alignment by first-principles calculations on realistic structural models would represent an important step toward the optimization of the device. In this respect, dye/NiO surfaces, employed in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells, are undoubtedly challenging for ab initio methods and, also for this reason, much less investigated than the n-type dye/TiO2 counterpart. Here, we consider the C343-sensitized NiO surface in water and combine ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations with GW (G0W0) calculations, performed along the MD trajectory to reliably describe the structure and energetics of the interface when explicit solvation and finite temperature effects are accounted for. We show that the differential perturbative correction on the NiO and molecule states obtained at the GW level is mandatory to recover the correct (physical) interfacial energetics, allowing hole transfer from the semiconductor valence band to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the dye. Moreover, the calculated average driving force quantitatively agrees with the experimental estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekos Segalina
- Université de Lorraine & CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Lebègue
- Université de Lorraine & CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Dario Rocca
- Université de Lorraine & CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Song S, Lee J, Choi JH, Seo J. Electrochemical behaviors of a pincer-type NNN-Fe complex and catalytic H 2 evolution activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7497-7500. [PMID: 34250531 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe electrochemical reactivity of a pincer-type [NNN-Fe(tBuNC)3](ClO4)2 complex. Upon electron reduction, the Fe(i) species experienced disproportionation to Fe(0) and Fe(ii). An electron-reduced Fe center dissociated a tBuNC ligand to make an open coordination site, where a proton could be transferred. The low-spin Fe center, assisted by isocyanide and a pyridine-based NNN-pincer ligand, catalyzed efficiently the proton reduction reaction. Also, a Lewis basic amine site in the side 'arm' of the NNN-pincer ligand lowered the free energy for the protonation of an Fe center during the proton reduction process. DFT calculations provided insight into a plausible catalytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Bold S, Massin J, Giannoudis E, Koepf M, Artero V, Dietzek B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. Spectroscopic Investigations Provide a Rationale for the Hydrogen-Evolving Activity of Dye-Sensitized Photocathodes Based on a Cobalt Tetraazamacrocyclic Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bold
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julien Massin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanouil Giannoudis
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Koepf
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ.́ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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17
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Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of dopamine based on CuCrO2-TiO2 composite decorated screen-printed modified electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Zhao RD, Zhang YM, Liu QL, Zhao ZY. Effects of the Preparation Process on the Photocatalytic Performance of Delafossite CuCrO2. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16679-16689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Run-Dong Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Man Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lu Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-Yan Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Abstract
From the understanding of biological processes and metalloenzymes to the development of inorganic catalysts, electro- and photocatalytic systems for fuel generation have evolved considerably during the last decades. Recently, organic and hybrid organic systems have emerged to challenge the classical inorganic structures through their enormous chemical diversity and modularity that led earlier to their success in organic (opto)electronics. This Minireview describes recent advances in the design of synthetic organic architectures and promising strategies toward (solar) fuel synthesis, highlighting progress on materials from organic ligands and chromophores to conjugated polymers and covalent organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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21
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Wrede S, Tian H. Towards sustainable and efficient p-type metal oxide semiconductor materials in dye-sensitised photocathodes for solar energy conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13850-13861. [PMID: 32567609 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01363c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the ever-growing global energy demand for affordable and clean energy, it is essential to provide this energy by renewable resources and consider the eco-efficiency of the production and abundance of the utilised materials. While this is seldom discussed in the case of technologies still in the research stage, addressing the issue of sustainability is key to push research in the right direction. Here we provide an overview of the current p-type metal oxide semiconductor materials in dye-sensitised photocathodes, considering element abundance, synthetic methods and large scale fabrication as well as the underlying physical properties that are necessary for efficient solar harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Wrede
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Lab., Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Decavoli C, Boldrini CL, Manfredi N, Abbotto A. Molecular Organic Sensitizers for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Decavoli
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Liliana Boldrini
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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