1
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Wu Y, Dorresteijn JM, Weckhuysen BM. Ethylene Polymerization over Metal-Organic Framework-Supported Zirconocene Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9093-9103. [PMID: 38868100 PMCID: PMC11165446 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallocene immobilization onto a solid support helps to overcome the drawbacks of homogeneous metallocene complexes in the catalytic olefin polymerization. In this study, valuable insights have been obtained into the effects of pore size, linker composition, and surface groups of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on their role as support materials for metallocene-based ethylene polymerization catalysis. Three distinct Zn-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, MOF-5, IRMOF-3, and ZIF-8, with different linkers have been activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) and zirconocene complexes, followed by materials characterization and testing for ethylene polymerization. Characterization has been performed by multiple analytical tools, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and CO Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was found that the interactions between MOFs, MAO, and the zirconocene complex not only lead to both catalyst activation and deactivation but also result in the creation of multiple active sites. By alteration of the MOF support, it is possible to obtain polyethylene with different properties. Notably, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, M W = 5.34 × 106) was obtained using IRMOF-3 as support. This study reveals the potential of MOF materials as tunable porous supports for metallocene catalysts active in ethylene polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wu
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hydrogen
Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China
| | - Joren M. Dorresteijn
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhu B, Liu K, Luo L, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Sun M, Jie S, Wang WJ, Hu J, Shi S, Wang Q, Li BG, Liu P. Covalent Organic Framework-Supported Metallocene for Ethylene Polymerization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300913. [PMID: 37341127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The loading of homogeneous catalysts with support can dramatically improve their performance in olefin polymerization. However, the challenge lies in the development of supported catalysts with well-defined pore structures and good compatibility to achieve high catalytic activity and product performance. Herein, we report the use of an emergent class of porous material-covalent organic framework material (COF) as a carrier to support metallocene catalyst-Cp2 ZrCl2 for ethylene polymerization. The COF-supported catalyst demonstrates a higher catalytic activity of 31.1×106 g mol-1 h-1 at 140 °C, compared with 11.2×106 g mol-1 h-1 for the homogenous one. The resulting polyethylene (PE) products possess higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) and narrower molecular weight distribution (Ð) after COF supporting, that is, Mw increases from 160 to 308 kDa and Ð drops from 3.3 to 2.2. The melting point (Tm ) is also increased by up to 5.2 °C. Moreover, the PE product possesses a characteristic filamentous microstructure and demonstrates an increased tensile strength from 19.0 to 30.7 MPa and elongation at break from 350 to 1400 % after catalyst loading. We believe that the use of COF carriers will facilitate the future development of supported catalysts for highly efficient olefin polymerization and high-performance polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangban Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Yangke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Jijiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Shi
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
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3
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Malekshah R, Moharramnejad M, Gharanli S, Shahi M, Ehsani A, Haribabu J, Ouachtak H, Mirtamizdoust B, Kamwilaisak K, Sillanpää M, Erfani H. MOFs as Versatile Catalysts: Synthesis Strategies and Applications in Value-Added Compound Production. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31600-31619. [PMID: 37692216 PMCID: PMC10483527 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts played a crucial role in advancing modern human civilization, from ancient times to the industrial revolution. Due to high cost and limited availability of traditional catalysts, there is a need to develop cost-effective, high-activity, and nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as an ideal candidate for heterogeneous catalysis due to their physicochemical properties, hybrid inorganic/organic structures, uncoordinated metal sites, and accessible organic sections. MOFs are high nanoporous crystalline materials that can be used as catalysts to facilitate polymerization reactions. Their chemical and structural diversity make them effective for various reactions compared to traditional catalysts. MOFs have been applied in gas storage and separation, ion-exchange, drug delivery, luminescence, sensing, nanofilters, water purification, and catalysis. The review focuses on MOF-enabled heterogeneous catalysis for value-added compound production, including alcohol oxidation, olefin oligomerization, and polymerization reactions. MOFs offer tunable porosity, high spatial density, and single-crystal XRD control over catalyst properties. In this review, MOFs were focused on reactions of CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Overall, MOFs have great potential as versatile catalysts for diverse applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahime
Eshaghi Malekshah
- Medical
Biomaterial Research Centre (MBRC), Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
- Department
of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moharramnejad
- Young
Researcher and Elite Group, Qom University, Qom 37161-46611, Iran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Qom, Qom 37161-46611, Iran
| | - Sajjad Gharanli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Qom, Qom 37161-46611, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Shahi
- Department
of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Qom, Qom 37161-46611, Iran
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, Copiapo 1532502, Chile
- Chennai Institute of Technology (CIT), Chennai 600069, India
| | - Hassan Ouachtak
- Laboratory
of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80060, Morocco
- Faculty
of Applied Science, Ait Melloul, Ibn Zohr
University, Agadir 80060, Morocco
| | - Babak Mirtamizdoust
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Qom, Qom 37161-46611, Iran
| | - Khanita Kamwilaisak
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical
Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- International
Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212, India
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade
44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Hadi Erfani
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
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4
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Zhang CL, Zhou T, Li YQ, Lu X, Guan YB, Cao YC, Cao GP. Microenvironment Modulation of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Coordination Olefin Oligomerization and (co)Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205898. [PMID: 36534903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The majority of commercial polyolefins are produced by coordination polymerization using early or late transition metal catalysts. Molecular catalysts containing these transition metals (Ti, Zr, Cr, Ni, and Fe, etc.) are loaded on supports for controlled polymerization behavior and polymer morphology in slurry or gas phase processes. Within the last few years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of unique porous crystalline materials constructed from metal ions/clusters and organic ligands, have been designed and utilized as excellent supports for heterogeneous polymerization catalysis whose high density and uniform distribution of active sites would benefit the modulations of molecular weight distributions of high-performance olefin oligomers and (co)polymers. Impressive efforts have been made to modulate the microenvironment surrounding the active centers at the atomic level for improved activities of MOFs-based catalysts and controlled selectivity of olefin insertion. This review aims to draw a comprehensive picture of MOFs for coordination olefin oligomerization and (co)polymerization in the past decades with respect to different transition metal active centers, various incorporation sites, and finally microenvironment modulation. In consideration of more efforts are needed to overcome challenges for further industrial and commercial application, a brief outlook is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Lei Zhang
- Anhui Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Engineering Research Center, AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 261433, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Anhui Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Engineering Research Center, AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 261433, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- UNILAB, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Anhui Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Engineering Research Center, AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 261433, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Bin Guan
- Anhui Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Engineering Research Center, AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 261433, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Ping Cao
- UNILAB, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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5
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Iliescu A, Oppenheim JJ, Sun C, Dincǎ M. Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Solid-Gas Reactions. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6197-6232. [PMID: 36802581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of site-isolated and well-defined metal sites has enabled the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts that can be rationally modulated. Because MOFs can be addressed and manipulated through molecular synthetic pathways, they are chemically similar to molecular catalysts. They are, nevertheless, solid-state materials and therefore can be thought of as privileged solid molecular catalysts that excel in applications involving gas-phase reactions. This contrasts with homogeneous catalysts, which are overwhelmingly used in the solution phase. Herein, we review theories dictating gas phase reactivity within porous solids and discuss key catalytic gas-solid reactions. We further treat theoretical aspects of diffusion within confined pores, the enrichment of adsorbates, the types of solvation spheres that a MOF might impart on adsorbates, definitions of acidity/basicity in the absence of solvent, the stabilization of reactive intermediates, and the generation and characterization of defect sites. The key catalytic reactions we discuss broadly include reductive reactions (olefin hydrogenation, semihydrogenation, and selective catalytic reduction), oxidative reactions (oxygenation of hydrocarbons, oxidative dehydrogenation, and carbon monoxide oxidation), and C-C bond forming reactions (olefin dimerization/polymerization, isomerization, and carbonylation reactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Iliescu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincǎ
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Liu Q, Hoefer N, Berkbigler G, Cui Z, Liu T, Co AC, McComb DW, Wade CR. Strong CO 2 Chemisorption in a Metal–Organic Framework with Proximate Zn–OH Groups. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18710-18718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicole Hoefer
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Grant Berkbigler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhihao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne C. Co
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Casey R. Wade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Röß-Ohlenroth R, Kraft M, Bunzen H, Volkmer D. Inhibition, Binding of Organometallics, and Thermally Induced CO Release in an MFU-4-Type Metal-Organic Framework Scaffold with Open Bidentate Bibenzimidazole Coordination Sites. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16380-16389. [PMID: 36197843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triazolate-based MFU-4-type metal-organic frameworks are promising candidates for various applications, of which heterogeneous catalysis has emerged as a hot topic owing to the facile post-synthetic metal and ligand exchange in Kuratowski secondary building units (SBUs). Herein, we present the largest non-interpenetrated isoreticular MFU-4-type framework CFA-19 ([Co5IICl4(H2-bibt)3]; H4-bibt = 1,1',5,5'-tetrahydro-6,6'-biimidazo[4,5-f]benzotriazole; CFA-19 = Coordination Framework Augsburg University-19) and the CFA-19-Tp derivative featuring trispyrazolylborate inhibited SBUs as a scaffold with open bibenzimidazole coordination sites at the backbone of the H4-bibt linker. The proof-of-principle incorporation of accessible MIBr(CO)3 (M = Re, Mn) sites in CFA-19-Tp was revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and a thermally induced CO release was observed for MnBr(CO)3. Deprotonation of bibenzimidazole was also achieved by the reaction with ZnEt2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Röß-Ohlenroth
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Maryana Kraft
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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8
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Manianglung C, Lee JS, Ko YS. Olefin polymerization behavior of metallocene immobilized inside pore of metal-organic frameworks. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Alzamly A, Bakiro M, Hussein Ahmed S, Siddig LA, Nguyen HL. Linear α-olefin oligomerization and polymerization catalyzed by metal-organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Liu J, Goetjen TA, Wang Q, Knapp JG, Wasson MC, Yang Y, Syed ZH, Delferro M, Notestein JM, Farha OK, Hupp JT. MOF-enabled confinement and related effects for chemical catalyst presentation and utilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1045-1097. [PMID: 35005751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of nearly all catalytically functional MOFs is uniform, molecular-scale porosity. MOF pores, linkers and nodes that define them, help regulate reactant and product transport, catalyst siting, catalyst accessibility, catalyst stability, catalyst activity, co-catalyst proximity, composition of the chemical environment at and beyond the catalytic active site, chemical intermediate and transition-state conformations, thermodynamic affinity of molecular guests for MOF interior sites, framework charge and density of charge-compensating ions, pore hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, pore and channel rigidity vs. flexibility, and other features and properties. Collectively and individually, these properties help define overall catalyst functional behaviour. This review focuses on how porous, catalyst-containing MOFs capitalize on molecular-scale confinement, containment, isolation, environment modulation, energy delivery, and mobility to accomplish desired chemical transformations with potentially superior selectivity or other efficacy, especially in comparison to catalysts in homogeneous solution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Julia G Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Justin M Notestein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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11
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Goetjen TA, Knapp JG, Syed ZH, Hackler RA, Zhang X, Delferro M, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Ethylene polymerization with a crystallographically well-defined metal–organic framework supported catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Crystallographic characterization of a heterogeneous ethylene polymerization catalyst elucidates a chromium–carbon bond after alkyl aluminum activation and provides mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Julia G. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Ryan A. Hackler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, USA 60439
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA 60208
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12
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Bien CE, Cai Z, Wade CR. Using Postsynthetic X-Type Ligand Exchange to Enhance CO 2 Adsorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks with Kuratowski-Type Building Units. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11784-11794. [PMID: 34185507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Postsynthetic modification methods have emerged as indispensable tools for tuning the properties and reactivity of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). In particular, postsynthetic X-type ligand exchange (PXLE) at metal building units has gained increasing attention as a means of immobilizing guest species, modulating the reactivity of framework metal ions, and introducing new functional groups. The reaction of a Zn-OH functionalized analogue of CFA-1 (1-OH, Zn(ZnOH)4(bibta)3, where bibta2- = 5,5'-bibenzotriazolate) with organic substrates containing mildly acidic E-H groups (E = C, O, N) results in the formation of Zn-E species and water as a byproduct. This Brønsted acid-base PXLE reaction is compatible with substrates with pKa(DMSO) values as high as 30 and offers a rapid and convenient means of introducing new functional groups at Kuratwoski-type metal nodes. Gas adsorption and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy experiments reveal that the anilide-exchanged MOFs 1-NHPh0.9 and 1-NHPh2.5 exhibit enhanced low-pressure CO2 adsorption compared to 1-OH as a result of a Zn-NHPh + CO2 ⇌ Zn-O2CNHPh chemisorption mechanism. The MFU-4l analogue 2-NHPh ([Zn5(OH)2.1(NHPh)1.9(btdd)3], where btdd2- = bis(1,2,3-triazolo)dibenzodioxin), shows a similar improvement in CO2 adsorption in comparison to the parent MOF containing only Zn-OH groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Bien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Casey R Wade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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13
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Ezazi AA, Gao W, Powers DC. Leveraging Exchange Kinetics for the Synthesis of Atomically Precise Porous Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Ezazi
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas TX 77843 USA
| | - Wen‐Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas TX 77843 USA
- Department of Chemistry New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro NM 87801 USA
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas TX 77843 USA
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Jongkind MK, Rivera‐Torrente M, Nikolopoulos N, Weckhuysen BM. Influence of Pore Structure and Metal-Node Geometry on the Polymerization of Ethylene over Cr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2021; 27:5769-5781. [PMID: 33512729 PMCID: PMC8049024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received increasing interest as solid single-site catalysts, owing to their tunable pore architecture and metal node geometry. The ability to exploit these modulators makes them prominent candidates for producing polyethylene (PE) materials with narrow dispersity index (Ð) values. Here a study is presented in which the ethylene polymerization properties, with Et2 AlCl as activator, of three renowned Cr-based MOFs, MIL-101(Cr)-NDC (NDC=2,6-dicarboxynapthalene), MIL-53(Cr) and HKUST-1(Cr), are systematically investigated. Ethylene polymerization reactions revealed varying catalytic activities, with MIL-101(Cr)-NDC and MIL-53(Cr) being significantly more active than HKUST-1(Cr). Analysis of the PE products revealed large Ð values, demonstrating that polymerization occurs over a multitude of active Cr centers rather than a singular type of Cr site. Spectroscopic experiments, in the form of powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), UV/Vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and CO probe molecule Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy corroborated these findings, indicating that indeed for each MOF unique active sites are generated, however without alteration of the original oxidation state. Furthermore, the pXRD experiments indicated that one major prerequisite for catalytic activity was the degree of MOF activation by the Et2 AlCl co-catalyst, with the more active materials portraying a larger degree of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Miguel Rivera‐Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Nikolopoulos
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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15
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Recent Advances in the Application of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Polymerization and Oligomerization Reactions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers have become one of the major types of materials that are essential in our daily life. The controlled synthesis of value-added polymers with unique mechanical and chemical properties have attracted broad research interest. Metal–organic framework (MOF) is a class of porous material with immense structural diversity which offers unique advantages for catalyzing polymerization and oligomerization reactions including the uniformity of the catalytic active site, and the templating effect of the nano-sized channels. We summarized in this review the important recent progress in the field of MOF-catalyzed and MOF-templated polymerizations, to reveal the chemical principle and structural aspects of these systems and hope to inspire the future design of novel polymerization systems with improved activity and specificity.
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16
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Goetjen TA, Liu J, Wu Y, Sui J, Zhang X, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials as polymerization catalysts: a review and recent advances. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10409-10418. [PMID: 32745156 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous across both the industrial and consumer segments of the world economy. Catalysts enable rapid, efficient, selective, and even stereoselective, formation of desired polymers from any of a host of candidate monomers. While numerous molecular catalysts have been shown to be effective for these reactions, separation of the catalysts from reaction products is typically difficult - a potentially problematic complication that suggests instead the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Many of the most effective heterogeneous catalysts, however, comprise supported collections of reaction centres that are decidedly nonuniform in their composition, siting, and activity. Nonuniformity complicates atomic-scale evaluation of the basis for catalytic activity and thus impedes scientific hypothesis-driven understanding and development of superior catalysts. In view of the fundamental desirability of structural and chemical uniformity at the meso, nano, and even atomic scale, crystallographically well-defined, high-porosity metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention as model catalysts and/or catalyst-supports for a wide variety of chemical transformations. In the realm of synthetic polymers, catalyst-functionalized MOFs have been studied for reactions ranging from coordination-mediated polymerization of ethylene to visible-light initiated radical polymerizations. Nevertheless, many polymerization reactions remain to be explored - and, no doubt, will be explored, given the remarkable structural and compositional diversity of attainable MOFs. Noteworthy emerging studies include work directed toward more sophisticated catalytic schemes such as polymer templating using MOF pore architectures and tandem copolymerizations using MOF-supported reaction centres. Finally, it is appropriate to recognize that MOFs themselves are synthetic polymers - albeit, uncoventional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Goetjen
- International Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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