1
|
Moberg ME, Reid AG, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Pre-equilibrium reactions involving pendent relays improve CO 2 reduction mediated by molecular Cr-based electrocatalysts. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39189075 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous earth abundant transition-metal electrocatalysts capable of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to generate value-added chemical products are a possible strategy to minimize rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previously, it was determined that Cr-centered bipyridine-based N2O2 complexes for CO2 reduction are kinetically limited by a proton-transfer step during C-OH bond cleavage. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the inclusion of pendent relay groups in the secondary coordination sphere of these molecular catalysts could increase their catalytic activity. Here, it is shown that the introduction of a pendent methoxy group favorably impacts a pre-equilibrium protonation prior to the catalytic resting state, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic activity without a loss of product selectivity for generating carbon monoxide (CO) from CO2. Interestingly, combining the pendent methoxy group with a cationic acid causes a positive shift of the catalytic reduction potential of the system, while maintaining increased activity and quantitative selectivity. This work suggests that tuning the secondary coordination sphere with respect to cationic proton sources can result in activity improvements by modifying the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of proton transfer in the catalytic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moberg M, Machan CW. Design of Cr-Based Molecular Electrocatalyst Systems for the CO 2 Reduction Reaction. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2326-2335. [PMID: 39106035 PMCID: PMC11339921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusHuman influence on the climate system was recently summarized by the sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report, which noted that global surface temperatures have increased more rapidly in the last 50 years than in any other 50-year period in the last 2000 years. Elevated global surface temperatures have had detrimental impacts, including more frequent and intense extreme weather patterns like flooding, wildfires, and droughts. In order to limit greenhouse gas emissions, various climate change policies, like emissions trading schemes and carbon taxes, have been implemented in many countries. The most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitted is carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounted for 80% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2022. The reduction of CO2 through the use of homogeneous electrocatalysts generally follows a two-electron/two-proton pathway to produce either carbon monoxide (CO) with water (H2O) as a coproduct or formic acid (HCOOH). These reduced carbon species are relevant to industrial applications: the Fischer-Tropsch process uses CO and H2 to produce fuels and commodity chemicals, while HCOOH is an energy dense carrier for fuel cells and useful synthetic reagent. Electrochemically reducing CO2 to value-added products is a potential way to address its steadily increasing atmospheric concentrations while supplanting the use of nonrenewable petrochemical reserves through the generation of new carbon-based resources. The selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) by homogeneous catalyst systems was initially achieved with late (and sometimes costly) transition metal active sites, leading the field to conclude that transition metal complexes based on metals earlier in the periodic table, like chromium (Cr), were nonprivileged for the CO2RR. However, metals early in the table have sufficient reducing power to mediate the CO2RR and therefore could be selective in the correct coordination environment. This Account describes our efforts to develop and optimize novel Cr-based CO2RR catalyst systems through redox-active ligand modification strategies and the use of redox mediators (RMs). RMs are redox-active molecules which can participate cocatalytically during an electrochemical reaction, transferring electrons─often accompanied by protons─to a catalytic active site. Through mechanistic and computational work, we have found that ligand-based redox activity is key to controlling the intrinsic selectivity of these Cr compounds for CO2 activation. Ligand-based redox activity is also essential for developing cocatalytic systems, since it enables through-space interactions with reduced RMs containing redox-active planar aromatic groups, allowing charge transfer to occur within the catalyst assembly. Following a summary of our work, we offer a perspective on the possibilities for future development of catalytic and cocatalytic systems with early transition metals for small molecule activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan
E. Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reid AG, Zelenke EA, Moberg ME, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Improving co-electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction by optimizing the relative potentials of the redox mediator and catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8208-8211. [PMID: 39015067 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fixing the redox mediator (RM) reduction potential relative to a series of Cr-centered complexes capable of the reduction of CO2 to CO are disclosed. The greatest co-electrocatalytic activity enhancement is observed when the reduction potentials of the catalyst and RM are identical, implying that controlling the speciation of the Cr complex relative to RM activation is essential for improving catalytic performance. In all cases, the potential where co-catalytic activity is observed matches the reduction potential of the RM, regardless of the relative reduction potential of the Cr complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Ethan A Zelenke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang N, Jiang W, Yang J, Feng H, Zheng Y, Wang S, Li B, Heng JZX, Ong WC, Tan HR, Zhang YW, Wang D, Ye E, Li Z. Contact-electro-catalytic CO 2 reduction from ambient air. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5913. [PMID: 39003260 PMCID: PMC11246423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional catalytic techniques often encounter obstacles in the search for sustainable solutions for converting CO2 into value-added products because of their high energy consumption and expensive catalysts. Here, we introduce a contact-electro-catalysis approach for CO2 reduction reaction, achieving a CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.24%. The contact-electro-catalysis is driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride loaded with single Cu atoms-anchored polymeric carbon nitride (Cu-PCN) catalysts and quaternized cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the single Cu atoms on Cu-PCN can effectively enrich electrons during contact electrification, facilitating electron transfer upon their contact with CO2 adsorbed on quaternized CNF. Furthermore, the strong adsorption of CO2 on quaternized CNF allows efficient CO2 capture at low concentrations, thus enabling the CO2 reduction reaction in the ambient air. Compared to the state-of-the-art air-based CO2 reduction technologies, contact-electro-catalysis achieves a superior CO yield of 33 μmol g-1 h-1. This technique provides a solution for reducing airborne CO2 emissions while advancing chemical sustainability strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haisong Feng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Youbin Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7GJ, UK
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bofan Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jerry Zhi Xiong Heng
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai Chung Ong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Ru Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daoai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, 265503, China.
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen K, Gennari M, Philouze C, Velić A, Demeshko S, Meyer F, Duboc C. Chromium-Thiolate Complex Undergoing C-S Bond Cleavage. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9119-9128. [PMID: 38709854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The cleavage of C-S bonds represents a crucial step in fossil fuel refinement to remove organosulfur impurities. Efforts are required to identify alternatives that can replace the energy-intensive hydrodesulfurization process currently in use. In this context, we have developed a series of bis-thiolato-ligated CrIII complexes supported by the L2- ligand (L2- = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-diyl(bis(1,1-diphenylethanethiolate), one of them displaying desulfurization of one thiolate of the ligand under reducing and acidic conditions at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. While only 5-coordinated complexes were previously isolated by reaction of L2- with 3d metal MIII ions, both 5- and 6-coordinated mononuclear complexes have been obtained in the case of CrIII, viz., [CrIIILCl], [CrIIILCl2]-, and [CrIIILCl(CH3CN)]. The investigation of the reactivity of [CrIIILCl(CH3CN)] under reducing conditions led to a dinuclear [CrIII2L2(μ-Cl)(μ-OH)] compound and, in the presence of protons, to the mononuclear CrIII complex [CrIII(LN2S)2]+, where LN2S- is the partially desulfurized form of L2-. A desulfurization mechanism has been proposed involving the release of H2S, as evidenced experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiji Shen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5250, DCM Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Marcello Gennari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5250, DCM Grenoble F-38000, France
| | | | - Ajdin Velić
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen D- 37077, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen D- 37077, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen D- 37077, Germany
| | - Carole Duboc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5250, DCM Grenoble F-38000, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang JW, Luo ZM, Yang G, Gil-Sepulcre M, Kupfer S, Rüdiger O, Ouyang G. Highly efficient electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction by a Cr III quaterpyridine complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319288121. [PMID: 38527206 PMCID: PMC10998623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319288121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Design tactics and mechanistic studies both remain as fundamental challenges during the exploitations of earth-abundant molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, especially for the rarely studied Cr-based ones. Herein, a quaterpyridyl CrIII catalyst is found to be highly active for CO2 electroreduction to CO with 99.8% Faradaic efficiency in DMF/phenol medium. A nearly one order of magnitude higher turnover frequency (86.6 s-1) over the documented Cr-based catalysts (<10 s-1) can be achieved at an applied overpotential of only 190 mV which is generally 300 mV lower than these precedents. Such a high performance at this low driving force originates from the metal-ligand cooperativity that stabilizes the low-valent intermediates and serves as an efficient electron reservoir. Moreover, a synergy of electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance, and quantum chemical calculations allows to characterize the key CrII, CrI, Cr0, and CO-bound Cr0 intermediates as well as to verify the catalytic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Guangjun Yang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der RuhrD-45470, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der RuhrD-45470, Germany
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Droghetti F, Amati A, Pascale F, Crochet A, Pastore M, Ruggi A, Natali M. Catalytic CO 2 Reduction with Heptacoordinated Polypyridine Complexes: Switching the Selectivity via Metal Replacement. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300737. [PMID: 37846888 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) in the presence of water, which are both effective and selective towards the generation of carbon-based products, is a critical task. Herein we report the catalytic activity towards the CO2 RR in acetonitrile/water mixtures by a cobalt complex and its iron analog both featuring the same redox-active ligand and an unusual seven-coordination environment. Bulk electrolysis experiments show that the cobalt complex mainly yields formate (52 % selectivity at an applied potential of -2.0 V vs Fc+ /Fc and 1 % H2 O) or H2 (up to 86 % selectivity at higher applied bias and water content), while the iron complex always delivers CO as the major product (selectivity >74 %). The different catalytic behavior is further confirmed under photochemical conditions with the [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ sensitizer (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine as electron donor, where the cobalt complex leads to preferential H2 formation (up to 89 % selectivity), while the iron analog quantitatively generates CO (up to 88 % selectivity). This is ascribed to a preference towards a metal-hydride vs. a metal-carboxyl pathway for the cobalt and the iron complex, respectively, and highlights how metal replacement may effectively impact on the reactivity of transition metal complexes towards solar fuel formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Droghetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Amati
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabien Pascale
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yong WW, Zhang HT, Guo YH, Xie F, Zhang MT. Redox-Active Ligand Assisted Multielectron Catalysis: A Case of Electrocatalyzed CO 2-to-CO Conversion. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:384-392. [PMID: 38075450 PMCID: PMC10704577 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
The selective reduction of carbon dioxide remains a significant challenge due to the complex multielectron/proton transfer process, which results in a high kinetic barrier and the production of diverse products. Inspired by the electrostatic and H-bonding interactions observed in the second sphere of the [NiFe]-CODH enzyme, researchers have extensively explored these interactions to regulate proton transfer, stabilize intermediates, and ultimately improve the performance of catalytic CO2 reduction. In this work, a series of cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrins with varying numbers of redox-active nitro groups were synthesized and evaluated as CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. Analyses of the redox properties of these complexes revealed a consistent relationship between the number of nitro groups and the corresponding accepted electron number of the ligand at -1.59 V vs. Fc+/0. Among the catalysts tested, TNPPCo with four nitro groups exhibited the most efficient catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of 4.9 × 104 s-1 and a catalytic onset potential 820 mV more positive than that of the parent TPPCo. Furthermore, the turnover frequencies of the catalysts increased with a higher number of nitro groups. These results demonstrate the promising design strategy of incorporating multielectron redox-active ligands into CO2 reduction catalysts to enhance catalytic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Yong
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute
of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Hua Guo
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verma PK, Koellner CA, Hall H, Phister MR, Stone KH, Nichols AW, Dhakal A, Ashcraft E, Machan CW, Giri G. Solution Shearing of Zirconium (Zr)-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks NU-901 and MOF-525 Thin Films for Electrocatalytic Reduction Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53913-53923. [PMID: 37955400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution shearing, a meniscus-guided coating process, can create large-area metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films rapidly, which can lead to the formation of uniform membranes for separations or thin films for sensing and catalysis applications. Although previous work has shown that solution shearing can render MOF thin films, examples have been limited to a few prototypical systems, such as HKUST-1, Cu-HHTP, and UiO-66. Here, we expand on the applicability of solution shearing by making thin films of NU-901, a zirconium-based MOF. We study how the NU-901 thin film properties (i.e., crystallinity, surface coverage, and thickness) can be controlled as a function of substrate temperature and linker concentration. High fractional surface coverage of small-area (∼1 cm2) NU-901 thin films (0.88 ± 0.06) is achieved on a glass substrate for all conditions after one blade pass, while a low to moderate fractional surface coverage (0.73 ± 0.18) is obtained for large-area (∼5 cm2) NU-901 thin films. The crystallinity of NU-901 crystals increases with temperature and decreases with linker concentration. On the other hand, the adjusted thickness of NU-901 thin films increases with both increasing temperature and linker concentration. We also extend the solution shearing technique to synthesize MOF-525 thin films on a transparent conductive oxide that are useful for electrocatalysis. We show that Fe-metalated MOF-525 films can reduce CO2 to CO, which has implications for CO2 capture and utilization. The demonstration of thin film formation of NU-901 and MOF-525 using solution shearing on a wide range of substrates will be highly useful for implementing these MOFs in sensing and catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince K Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hailey Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Meagan R Phister
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Asa W Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ankit Dhakal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Earl Ashcraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reid AG, Moberg ME, Koellner CA, Machan CW, Thornton DA, Dickenson JC, Stober JJ, Turner DA, Tarring TJ, Brown CA, Harrison DP. Sterically attenuated electronic communication in cobalt complexes of meridional isoquinoline-derived ligands for applications in electrocatalysis. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194306. [PMID: 37982482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to synthetically tune the ligand frameworks of redox-active molecules is of critical importance to the economy of solar fuels because manipulating their redox properties can afford control over the operating potentials of sustained electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic processes. The electronic and steric properties of 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (Terpy) ligand frameworks can be tuned by functional group substitution on ligand backbones, and these correlate strongly to their Hammett parameters. The synthesis of a new series of tridentate meridional ligands of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines that engineers the ability to finely tune the redox potentials of cobalt complexes to more positive potentials than that of their Terpy analogs is achieved by aryl-functionalizing at the four-position and by including isoquinoline at the two- and six-positions of pyridine (Aryl-DiQ). Their cobalt complex syntheses, their electronic properties, and their catalytic activity for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction are reported and compared to their Terpy analogs. The cobalt derivatives generally experience a positive shift in their redox features relative to the Terpy-based analogs, covering a complementary potential range. Although those evaluated fail to produce any quantifiable products for the reduction of CO2 and suffer from long-term instability, these results suggest possible alternate strategies for stabilizing these compounds during catalysis. We speculate that lower equilibrium association constants to the cobalt center are intrinsic to these ligands, which originate from a steric interaction between protons on the pyridine and isoquinoline moieties. Nevertheless, the new Aryl-DiQ ligand framework has been engineered to selectively tune homoleptic cobalt complexes' redox potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Diana A Thornton
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - John C Dickenson
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Jeffry J Stober
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - David A Turner
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Travis J Tarring
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Caleb A Brown
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Daniel P Harrison
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reid AG, Moberg ME, Koellner CA, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Comparisons of bpy and phen Ligand Backbones in Cr-Mediated (Co-)Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Megan E. Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Connor A. Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Juan J. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L. Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Kira R. Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysis has been well studied over the past several decades for the conversion of small molecules to useful products for green energy applications or as chemical feedstocks. However, in order for these catalyst systems to be used in industrial applications, their activity and stability must be improved. In naturally occurring enzymes, redox equivalents (electrons, often in a concerted manner with protons) are delivered to enzyme active sites by small molecules known as redox mediators (RMs). Inspired by this, co-electrocatalytic systems with homogeneous catalysts and RMs have been developed for the conversion of alcohols, nitrogen, unsaturated organic substrates, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In these systems, the RMs have been shown to both increase the activity of the catalyst and shift selectivity to more desired products by altering catalytic cycles and/or avoiding high-energy intermediates. However, the area is currently underdeveloped and requires additional fundamental advancements in order to become a more general strategy. Here, we summarize the recent examples of homogeneous co-electrocatalysis and discuss possible future directions for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Two Novel Schiff Base Manganese Complexes as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction and Water Oxidation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031074. [PMID: 36770742 PMCID: PMC9920694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One mononuclear Mn(III) complex [MnIIIL(H2O)(MeCN)](ClO4) (1) and one hetero-binuclear complex [(CuIILMnII(H2O)3)(CuIIL)2](ClO4)2·CH3OH (2) have been synthesized with the Schiff base ligand (H2L = N,N'-bis(3-methoxysalicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine). Single crystal X-ray structural analysis manifests that the Mn(III) ion in 1 has an octahedral coordination structure, whereas the Mn(II) ion in 2 possesses a trigonal bipyramidal configuration and the Cu(II) ion in 2 is four-coordinated with a square-planar geometry. Electrochimerical catalytic investigation demonstrates that the two complexes can electrochemically catalyze water oxidation and CO2 reduction simultaneously. The coordination environments of the Mn(III), Mn(II), and Cu(II) ions in 1 and 2 were provided by the Schiff base ligand (L) and labile solvent molecules. The coordinately unsaturated environment of the Cu(II) center in 2 can perfectly facilitate the catalytic performance of 2. Complexes 1 and 2 display that the over potentials for water oxidation are 728 mV and 216 mV, faradaic efficiencies (FEs) are 88% and 92%, respectively, as well as the turnover frequency (TOF) values for the catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO are 0.38 s-1 at -1.65 V and 15.97 s-1 at -1.60 V, respectively. Complex 2 shows much better catalytic performance for both water oxidation and CO2 reduction than that of complex 1, which could be owing to a structural reason which is attributed to the synergistic catalytic action of the neighboring Mn(III) and Cu(II) active sites in 2. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first two compounds coordinated with Schiff base ligand for both water oxidation and CO2 reduction. The finding in this work can offer significant inspiration for the future development of electrocatalysis in this area.
Collapse
|
14
|
Group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) and Group 7 (Mn, Re) bipyridyl tetracarbonyl complex for electrochemical CO2 conversion: DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) study for effects of the central metal on redox potential, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
Reid AG, Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Homogeneous Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 by a CrN 3O Complex: Electronic Coupling with a Redox-Active Terpyridine Fragment Favors Selectivity for CO. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16963-16970. [PMID: 36260749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalyst design and optimization strategies continue to be an active area of research interest for the applied use of renewable energy resources. The electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an attractive approach in this context because of the added potential benefit of addressing its rising atmospheric concentrations. In previous experimental and computational studies, we have described the mechanism of the first molecular Cr complex capable of electrocatalytically reducing CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of an added proton donor, which contained a redox-active 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) fragment, CrN2O2. The high selectivity for CO in the bpy-based system was dependent on a delocalized CrII(bpy•-) active state. Subsequently, we became interested in exploring how expanding the polypyridyl ligand core would impact the selectivity and activity during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here, we report a new CrN3O catalyst, Cr(tpytbupho)Cl2 (1), where 2-(2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-6-yl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenolate = [tpytbupho]-, which reduces CO2 to CO with almost quantitative selectivity via a different mechanism than our previously reported Cr(tbudhbpy)Cl(H2O) catalyst. Computational analyses indicate that, although the stoichiometry of both reactions is identical, changes in the observed rate law are the combined result of a decrease in the intrinsic ligand charge (L3X vs L2X2) and an increase in the ligand redox activity, which result in increased electronic coupling between the doubly reduced tpy fragment of the ligand and the CrII center. The strong electronic coupling enhances the rate of protonation and subsequent C-OH bond cleavage, resulting in CO2 binding becoming the rate-determining step, which is an uncommon mechanism during protic CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Corrigendum: Mediated Inner‐Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO
2
via Through‐Space Electronic Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205139. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Berichtigung: Mediated Inner‐Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO
2
via Through‐Space Electronic Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Machan CW. Correction to DFT Study on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to CO by a Molecular Chromium Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7671. [PMID: 35486822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Wu CYL, Ngeow AJH, Chng CL, Yap FKP, Chan DKL. Interpreting thyroid function tests in babies of mothers with thyroid disease. Singapore Med J 2022; 63:225-227. [DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2022056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Li X, Panetier JA. Mechanistic Study of Tungsten Bipyridyl Tetracarbonyl Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Fixation: Exploring the Roles of Explicit Proton Sources and Substituent Effects. Top Catal 2022; 65:325-340. [PMID: 37645456 PMCID: PMC10465121 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten bipyridyl tetracarbonyl complexes were shown to reduce CO2 to CO in acetonitrile [Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 1894-1900]. Here, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the electronic structure and reactivity of a series of tungsten electrocatalysts, [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (where R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN), for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Our proposed mechanism suggests that initial reduction of the starting material by two electrons is required to access the active catalyst upon CO dissociation, which is slightly endergonic, consistent with the slow product release observed experimentally. The doubly reduced species, which has a closed-shell singlet ground state, can bind CO2 via an η2-CO2 binding mode to yield the metallocarboxylate intermediate. Based on the energy span model, CO2 addition is the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) in the presence of water as the proton source. Different substituents at the 4,4'-positions of the bipyridine ligand in [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN) were considered to comprehend the substituent effects for CO2RR. DFT results show that electron-withdrawing substituents, such as CN and CF3, do not yield efficient CO2 reduction catalysts due to the necessity of forming high energy intermediates for the protonation steps, resulting in low TOFs and high overpotentials. Among electron-donating groups, the parent compound and tert-butyl substituted complex are the most active catalysts for CO2RR due to higher TOFs at low overpotentials. Overall, based on the energy span model and theoretical Tafel plots, our computational approach provides quantitative information for designing CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Julien A. Panetier
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Mediated Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO 2 via Through-Space Electronic Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202109645. [PMID: 34695281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is an appealing method for converting renewable energy sources into value-added chemical feedstocks. We report a co-electrocatalytic system for the reduction of CO2 to CO comprised of a molecular Cr complex and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DBTD) as a redox mediator, which achieves high activity (TOF=1.51-2.84×105 s-1 ) and quantitative selectivity. Under aprotic or protic conditions, DBTD produces a co-electrocatalytic response with 1 by coordinating trans to the site of CO2 binding and mediating electron transfer from the electrode with quantitative efficiency for CO. This assembly is reliant on through-space electronic conjugation between the π frameworks of DBTD and the bpy fragment of the catalyst ligand, with contributions from dispersive interactions and weak sulfone coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Emma N Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Mediated Inner‐Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO
2
via Through‐Space Electronic Conjugation**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. Hooe
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Juan J. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Amelia G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Emma N. Cook
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reid AG, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Thomas IH, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Inverse Potential Scaling in Co-Electrocatalytic Activity for CO 2 Reduction Through Redox Mediator Tuning and Catalyst Design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9595-9606. [PMID: 36091894 PMCID: PMC9400620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive strategy to mitigate the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and generate value-added chemical products. A possible strategy to increase the activity of molecular...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Kira R Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Isobel H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rajeshwaree B, Ali A, Mir AQ, Grover J, Lahiri GK, Dutta A, Maiti D. Group 6 transition metal-based molecular complexes for sustainable catalytic CO2 activation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CO2 activation is one of the key steps towards CO2 mitigation. In this context, the group 6 transition metal-based molecular catalysts can lead the way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Rajeshwaree
- Chemistry Department, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Afsar Ali
- Chemistry Discipline, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, India
| | - Ab Qayoom Mir
- Chemistry Discipline, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Chemistry Department, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | | | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Chemistry Department, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Md Ahsan H, Breedlove BK, Cosquer G, Yamashita M. Enhancement of electrocatalytic abilities toward CO 2 reduction by tethering redox-active metal complexes to the active site. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13368-13373. [PMID: 34608918 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tethering metal complexes, like [Ru(bpy)2Cl2] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), which are redox-active at low reduction potentials and have the ability to transfer electrons to another complex, to a [Ni(cyclen)]2+ electrocatalyst enhanced the reduction of CO2 to CO at low overpotentials. The [Ni(cyclen)]2+ electrocatalyst was modified by tethering redox-active metal complexes via 4-methylpyridyl linkers. The redox-active metal complexes were reduced after CO2 bound to the active site. In controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments in 95 : 5 (v/v) CH3CN/H2O, [{([Ru]pic)4cyclen}NiCl]5+ ([Ru]+ = {Ru(bpy)2Cl}+; pic = 4-methylpyridyl) could be used to reduce CO2 into CO at a turnover frequency (TOF) of 708 s-1 with a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 80% at an onset potential of -1.60 V vs. NHE. At the same time, this electrocatalyst was active at an onset potential of -1.25 V vs. NHE, which is the reduction potential of one of the bpy ligands of the [Ru]+ moieties, with FE = 84% and TOF = 178 s-1. When the electrocatalysis was performed using [bn4cyclenNiCl]Cl (bn = benzyl) without tethered redox-active metal complexes, the TOF value was determined to be 8 s-1 with FE = 77% at an onset potential of -1.45 V vs. NHE. The results show that tethering redox-active metal complexes significantly improves the electrocatalytic activities by lowering the potential needed to reduce CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Md Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Chemistry Discipline, Science, Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
| | - Brian K Breedlove
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Goulven Cosquer
- Chemistry Department, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Garcia Bellido C, Álvarez‐Miguel L, Miguel D, Lalaoui N, Cabon N, Gloaguen F, Le Poul N. Electrochemically Driven Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Mediated by Mono‐Reduced Mo‐Diimine Tetracarbonyl Complexes: Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical and Theoretical Studies. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia Bellido
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Lucía Álvarez‐Miguel
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMET-IU CINQUIMA, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Valladolid 7 Paseo de Belén 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Noémie Lalaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Nolwenn Cabon
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Frédéric Gloaguen
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Machan CW. DFT Study on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to CO by a Molecular Chromium Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3635-3650. [PMID: 33657314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A variety of molecular transition metal-based electrocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) have been developed to explore the viability of utilization strategies for addressing its rising atmospheric concentrations and the corresponding effects of global warming. Concomitantly, this approach could also meet steadily increasing global energy demands for value-added carbon-based chemical feedstocks as nonrenewable petrochemical resources are consumed. Reports on the molecular electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 mediated by chromium (Cr) complexes are scarce relative to other earth-abundant transition metals. Recently, our group reported a Cr complex that can efficiently catalyze the reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) at low overpotentials. Here, we present new mechanistic insight through a computational (density functional theory) study, exploring the origin of kinetic selectivity, relative energetic positioning of the intermediates, speciation with respect to solvent coordination and spin state, as well as the role of the redox-active bipyridine moiety. Importantly, these studies suggest that under certain reducing conditions, the formation of bicarbonate could become a competitive reaction pathway, informing new areas of interest for future experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lashgari A, Williams CK, Glover JL, Wu Y, Chai J, Jiang JJ. Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of a Zinc Porphyrin for CO 2 Reduction: Cooperative Effects of Triazole Units in the Second Coordination Sphere. Chemistry 2020; 26:16774-16781. [PMID: 32701198 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The control of the second coordination sphere in a coordination complex plays an important role in improving catalytic efficiency. Herein, we report a zinc porphyrin complex ZnPor8T with multiple flexible triazole units comprising the second coordination sphere, as an electrocatalyst for the highly selective electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to carbon monoxide (CO). This electrocatalyst converted CO2 to CO with a Faradaic efficiency of 99 % and a current density of -6.2 mA cm-2 at -2.4 V vs. Fc/Fc+ in N,N-dimethylformamide using water as the proton source. Structure-function relationship studies were carried out on ZnPor8T analogs containing different numbers of triazole units and distinct triazole geometries; these unveiled that the triazole units function cooperatively to stabilize the CO2 -catalyst adduct in order to facilitate intramolecular proton transfer. Our findings demonstrate that incorporating triazole units that function in a cooperative manner is a versatile strategy to enhance the activity of electrocatalytic CO2 conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Caroline K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Jenna L Glover
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Yueshen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, United States
| | - Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Derrick JS, Loipersberger M, Chatterjee R, Iovan DA, Smith PT, Chakarawet K, Yano J, Long JR, Head-Gordon M, Chang CJ. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity via Exchange Coupling Promotes Iron- Catalyzed Electrochemical CO2 Reduction at Low Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20489-20501. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Williams CK, Lashgari A, Tomb JA, Chai J, Jiang JJ. Atropisomeric Effects of Second Coordination Spheres on Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jenny A. Tomb
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Williams CK, Lashgari A, Chai J, Jiang JJ. Enhanced Molecular CO 2 Electroreduction Enabled by a Flexible Hydrophilic Channel for Relay Proton Shuttling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3412-3417. [PMID: 32379922 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of primary and second coordination spheres on molecular electrocatalysis have been extensively studied, yet investigations of third functional spheres are rarely reported. Here, an electrocatalyst (ZnPEG8T) was developed with a hydrophilic channel as a third functional sphere that facilitates relay proton shuttling to the primary and second coordination spheres for enhanced catalytic CO2 reduction. Using foot-of-the-wave analysis, the ZnPEG8T catalyst displayed CO2 -to-CO activity (TOFmax ) thirty times greater than that of the benchmark catalyst without a third functional sphere. A kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) study, in conjunction with voltammetry and UV/Vis spectroscopy, uncovered that the rate-limiting step was not the protonation step of the metallocarboxylate intermediate, as observed in many other molecular CO2 reduction electrocatalysts, but rather the replenishment of protons in the proton-shuttling channel. Controlled-potential electrolysis using ZnPEG8T displayed a faradaic efficiency of 100 % for CO2 -to-CO conversion at -2.4 V vs. Fc/Fc+ . A Tafel plot was also generated for a comparison to other reported molecular catalysts. This report validates a strategy for incorporating higher functional spheres for enhanced catalytic efficiency in proton-coupled electron-transfer reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, United States
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, United States
| | - Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kumar Pandey I, Kumar A, Choudhury J. Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction with a Half-Sandwich Cobalt Catalyst: Selectivity towards CO. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:904-909. [PMID: 32040262 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present herein a Cp*Co(III)-half-sandwich catalyst system for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction in aqueous acetonitrile solution. In addition to an electron-donating Cp* ligand (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), the catalyst featured a proton-responsive pyridyl-benzimidazole-based N,N-bidentate ligand. Owing to the presence of a relatively electron-rich Co center, the reduced Co(I)-state was made prone to activate the electrophilic carbon center of CO2 . At the same time, the proton-responsive benzimidazole scaffold was susceptible to facilitate proton-transfer during the subsequent reduction of CO2 . The above factors rendered the present catalyst active toward producing CO as the major product over the other potential 2e/2H+ reduced product HCOOH, in contrast to the only known similar half-sandwich CpCo(III)-based CO2 -reduction catalysts which produced HCOOH selectively. The system exhibited a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of about 70% while the overpotential for CO production was found to be 0.78 V, as determined by controlled-potential electrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indresh Kumar Pandey
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| | - Joyanta Choudhury
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, India
| |
Collapse
|