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Weng C, Tan YLK, Koh WG, Ang WH. Harnessing Transition Metal Scaffolds for Targeted Antibacterial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310040. [PMID: 37621226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent threats to global public health. The limited pipeline of experimental antibiotics in development further exacerbates this looming crisis and new drugs with alternative modes of action are needed to tackle evolving pathogenic adaptation. Transition metal complexes can replenish this diminishing stockpile of drug candidates by providing compounds with unique properties that are not easily accessible using pure organic scaffolds. We spotlight four emerging strategies to harness these unique properties to develop new targeted antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Wayne Gareth Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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2
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Wang Y, Mesdom P, Purkait K, Saubaméa B, Burckel P, Arnoux P, Frochot C, Cariou K, Rossel T, Gasser G. Ru(ii)/Os(ii)-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as photodynamic therapy photosensitizers for the treatment of hypoxic tumours. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11749-11760. [PMID: 37920359 PMCID: PMC10619633 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03932c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical technique for the treatment of cancer. It is based on the use of non-toxic molecules, called photosensitizers (PSs), that become toxic when irradiated with light and produce reactive oxygen specious (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2). This light-induced toxicity is rather selective since the physician only targets a specific area of the body, leading to minimal side effects. Yet, a strategy to improve further the selectivity of this medical technique is to confine the delivery of the PS to cancer cells only instead of spreading it randomly throughout the body prior to light irradiation. To address this problem, we present here novel sulfonamide-based monopodal and dipodal ruthenium and osmium polypyridyl complexes capable of targeting carbonic anhydrases (CAs) that are a major target in cancer therapy. CAs are overexpressed in the membrane or cytoplasm of various cancer cells. We therefore anticipated that the accumulation of our complexes in or outside the cell prior to irradiation would improve the selectivity of the PDT treatment. We show that our complexes have a high affinity for CAs, accumulate in cancer cells overexpressing CA cells and importantly kill cancer cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions upon irradiation at 540 nm. More importantly, Os(ii) compounds still exhibit some phototoxicity under 740 nm irradiation under normoxic conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first description of ruthenium/osmium-based PDT PSs that are CA inhibitors for the selective treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Wang
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité F-75006 Paris France
| | - Pierre Burckel
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Biogéochimie à; l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents 75005 Paris France
| | | | | | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
| | - Thibaud Rossel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel Avenue de Bellevaux 51 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University 75005 Paris France +33185784151 https://www.gassergroup.com
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3
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Wang W, Tachibana R, Zou Z, Chen D, Zhang X, Lau K, Pojer F, Ward TR, Hu X. Manganese Transfer Hydrogenases Based on the Biotin-Streptavidin Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311896. [PMID: 37671593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial (transfer) hydrogenases have been developed for organic synthesis, but they rely on precious metals. Native hydrogenases use Earth-abundant metals, but these cannot be applied for organic synthesis due, in part, to their substrate specificity. Herein, we report the design and development of manganese transfer hydrogenases based on the biotin-streptavidin technology. By incorporating bio-mimetic Mn(I) complexes into the binding cavity of streptavidin, and through chemo-genetic optimization, we have obtained artificial enzymes that hydrogenate ketones with nearly quantitative yield and up to 98 % enantiomeric excess (ee). These enzymes exhibit broad substrate scope and high functional-group tolerance. According to QM/MM calculations and X-ray crystallography, the S112Y mutation, combined with the appropriate chemical structure of the Mn cofactor plays a critical role in the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the artificial metalloenzyme (ArMs). Our work highlights the potential of ArMs incorporating base-meal cofactors for enantioselective organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dongping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility (PTPSP), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility (PTPSP), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Kumar A, Yang X, Li J, Lewis JC. First and second sphere interactions accelerate non-native N-alkylation catalysis by the thermostable, methanol-tolerant B 12-dependent enzyme MtaC. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4798-4801. [PMID: 37000588 PMCID: PMC10134074 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The corrinoid protein MtaC, which is natively involved in methyl transferase catalysis, catalyzes N-alkylation of aniline using ethyl diazoacetate. Our results show how the native preference of B12 scaffolds for radical versus polar chemistry translates to non-native catalysis, which could guide selection of B12-dependent proteins for biocatalysis. MtaC also has high thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance, remaining folded even in pure methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Xinhang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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5
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Weng C, Yang H, Loh BS, Wong MW, Ang WH. Targeting Pathogenic Formate-Dependent Bacteria with a Bioinspired Metallo-Nitroreductase Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6453-6461. [PMID: 36881731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitroreductases (NTRs) constitute an important class of oxidoreductase enzymes that have evolved to metabolize nitro-containing compounds. Their unique characteristics have spurred an array of potential uses in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and bioengineering toward harnessing nitro caging groups and constructing NTR variants for niche applications. Inspired by how they carry out enzymatic reduction via a cascade of hydride transfer reactions, we sought to develop a synthetic small-molecule NTR system based on transfer hydrogenation mediated by transition metal complexes harnessing native cofactors. We report the first water-stable Ru-arene complex capable of selectively and fully reducing nitroaromatics into anilines in a biocompatible buffered aqueous environment using formate as the hydride source. We further demonstrated its application to activate nitro-caged sulfanilamide prodrug in formate-abundant bacteria, specifically pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This proof of concept paves the way for a new targeted antibacterial chemotherapeutic approach leveraging on redox-active metal complexes for prodrug activation via bioinspired nitroreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Boon Shing Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School─Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School─Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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6
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Hanreich S, Bonandi E, Drienovská I. Design of Artificial Enzymes: Insights into Protein Scaffolds. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200566. [PMID: 36418221 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial enzymes has emerged as a promising tool for the generation of potent biocatalysts able to promote new-to-nature reactions with improved catalytic performances, providing a powerful platform for wide-ranging applications and a better understanding of protein functions and structures. The selection of an appropriate protein scaffold plays a key role in the design process. This review aims to give a general overview of the most common protein scaffolds that can be exploited for the generation of artificial enzymes. Several examples are discussed and categorized according to the strategy used for the design of the artificial biocatalyst, namely the functionalization of natural enzymes, the creation of a new catalytic site in a protein scaffold bearing a wide hydrophobic pocket and de novo protein design. The review is concluded by a comparison of these different methods and by our perspective on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanreich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Bonandi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
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Denison M, Ahrens JJ, Dunbar MN, Warmahaye H, Majeed A, Turro C, Kocarek TA, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Dynamic Ir(III) Photosensors for the Major Human Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Cytochrome P450 3A4. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3305-3320. [PMID: 36758158 PMCID: PMC10268476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Probing the activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is critical for monitoring the metabolism of pharmaceuticals and identifying drug-drug interactions. A library of Ir(III) probes that detect occupancy of the CYP3A4 active site were synthesized and characterized. These probes show selectivity for CYP3A4 inhibition, low cellular toxicity, Kd values as low as 9 nM, and are highly emissive with lifetimes up to 3.8 μs in cell growth media under aerobic conditions. These long emission lifetimes allow for time-resolved gating to distinguish probe from background autofluorescence from growth media and live cells. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed structure-activity relationships and the preference or indifference of CYP3A4 toward resolved stereoisomers. Ir(III)-based probes show emission quenching upon CYP3A4 binding, then emission increases following displacement with CYP3A4 inhibitors or substrates. Importantly, the lead probes inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 at concentrations as low as 300 nM in CYP3A4-overexpressing HepG2 cells that accurately mimic human hepatic drug metabolism. Thus, the Ir(III)-based agents show promise as novel chemical tools for monitoring CYP3A4 active site occupancy in a high-throughput manner to gain insight into drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Justin J Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Habon Warmahaye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aliza Majeed
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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8
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Bloomer BJ, Natoli SN, Garcia-Borràs M, Pereira JH, Hu DB, Adams PD, Houk KN, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Mechanistic and structural characterization of an iridium-containing cytochrome reveals kinetically relevant cofactor dynamics. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Denison M, Steinke SJ, Majeed A, Turro C, Kocarek TA, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Ir(III)-Based Agents for Monitoring the Cytochrome P450 3A4 Active Site Occupancy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13673-13677. [PMID: 35994607 PMCID: PMC9547529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and drug metabolism. Monitoring the activity of CYP3A4, the major human drug-metabolizing enzyme, is vital for assessing the metabolism of pharmaceuticals and identifying harmful drug-drug interactions. Existing probes for CYP3A4 are irreversible turn-on substrates that monitor activity at specific time points in end-point assays. To provide a more dynamic approach, we designed, synthesized, and characterized emissive Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes that allow monitoring of the CYP3A4 active-site occupancy in real time. In the bound state, probe emission is quenched by the active-site heme. Upon displacement from the active site by CYP3A4-specific inhibitors or substrates, these probes show high emission turn-on. Direct probe binding to the CYP3A4 active site was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The lead Ir(III)-based probe has nanomolar Kd and high selectivity for CYP3A4, efficient cellular uptake, and low toxicity in CYP3A4-overexpressing HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aliza Majeed
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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10
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Van Stappen C, Deng Y, Liu Y, Heidari H, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Ledray AP, Lu Y. Designing Artificial Metalloenzymes by Tuning of the Environment beyond the Primary Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11974-12045. [PMID: 35816578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes catalyze a variety of reactions using a limited number of natural amino acids and metallocofactors. Therefore, the environment beyond the primary coordination sphere must play an important role in both conferring and tuning their phenomenal catalytic properties, enabling active sites with otherwise similar primary coordination environments to perform a diverse array of biological functions. However, since the interactions beyond the primary coordination sphere are numerous and weak, it has been difficult to pinpoint structural features responsible for the tuning of activities of native enzymes. Designing artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) offers an excellent basis to elucidate the roles of these interactions and to further develop practical biological catalysts. In this review, we highlight how the secondary coordination spheres of ArMs influence metal binding and catalysis, with particular focus on the use of native protein scaffolds as templates for the design of ArMs by either rational design aided by computational modeling, directed evolution, or a combination of both approaches. In describing successes in designing heme, nonheme Fe, and Cu metalloenzymes, heteronuclear metalloenzymes containing heme, and those ArMs containing other metal centers (including those with non-native metal ions and metallocofactors), we have summarized insights gained on how careful controls of the interactions in the secondary coordination sphere, including hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, allow the generation and tuning of these respective systems to approach, rival, and, in a few cases, exceed those of native enzymes. We have also provided an outlook on the remaining challenges in the field and future directions that will allow for a deeper understanding of the secondary coordination sphere a deeper understanding of the secondary coordintion sphere to be gained, and in turn to guide the design of a broader and more efficient variety of ArMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hirbod Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aaron P Ledray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Maity B, Taher M, Mazumdar S, Ueno T. Artificial metalloenzymes based on protein assembly. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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