1
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Fang G, Yu W, Wang X, Lin J. Heterogeneous catalysis of methane hydroxylation with nearly total selectivity under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11034-11051. [PMID: 39254608 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02802c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The efficient utilization of methane, a vital component of natural gas, shale gas and methane hydrate, holds significant importance for global energy security and environmental sustainability. However, converting methane into value-added oxygenates presents a formidable challenge due to its inert nature. Direct selective oxidation of methane (DSOM) under mild conditions is essential for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions compared with traditional indirect routes. Achieving total selectivity in methane hydroxylation remains elusive due to the competitive CO2 formation. This feature article highlights recent advancements in methane hydroxylation using thermo-, photo-, and electro-catalytic systems. Through strategically designing the structure of catalysts to control the reactive oxygen species and optimizing reaction parameters, significant progress has been made in enhancing oxygenate selectivity and minimizing overoxidation. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying methane hydroxylation with total selectivity offers insights for improving catalyst design and reaction parameter optimization, promoting sustainable methane utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geqian Fang
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Wenjun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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2
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Yang Z, Shi A, Zhang R, Ji Z, Li J, Lyu J, Qian J, Chen T, Wang X, You F, Xie J. When Metal Nanoclusters Meet Smart Synthesis. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39316700 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) represent a fascinating class of ultrasmall nanoparticles with molecule-like properties, bridging conventional metal-ligand complexes and nanocrystals. Despite their potential for various applications, synthesis challenges such as a precise understanding of varied synthetic parameters and property-driven synthesis persist, hindering their full exploitation and wider application. Incorporating smart synthesis methodologies, including a closed-loop framework of automation, data interpretation, and feedback from AI, offers promising solutions to address these challenges. In this perspective, we summarize the closed-loop smart synthesis that has been demonstrated in various nanomaterials and explore the research frontiers of smart synthesis for MNCs. Moreover, the perspectives on the inherent challenges and opportunities of smart synthesis for MNCs are discussed, aiming to provide insights and directions for future advancements in this emerging field of AI for Science, while the integration of deep learning algorithms stands to substantially enrich research in smart synthesis by offering enhanced predictive capabilities, optimization strategies, and control mechanisms, thereby extending the potential of MNC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhucheng Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Anye Shi
- Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, United States
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zuowei Ji
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jingkuan Lyu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Jing Qian
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Tiankai Chen
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fengqi You
- Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, United States
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell University AI for Science Institute (CUAISci), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianping Xie
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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3
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Wang Y, Hao Q, Lv Q, Shang X, Wu M, Li Z. The research progress on COF solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10046-10063. [PMID: 39171458 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries have garnered significant attention due to their high energy density and broad application prospects. However, the practical use of traditional liquid electrolytes is constrained by safety and stability challenges. In the exploration of novel electrolytes, solid-state electrolyte materials have emerged as a focal point. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with their large conjugated structures and unique electronic properties, are gradually gaining attention as an emerging class of solid-state electrolyte materials. In recent years, outstanding electrochemical performance has been achieved through the design and synthesis of various types of COF-based solid-state electrolytes, along with successful integration with other functional materials. This review will provide an overview of the research progress on COFs as solid-state electrolyte materials for lithium metal batteries and offer insights into their future potential in battery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Qinglin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Xinchao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
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4
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Tom G, Schmid SP, Baird SG, Cao Y, Darvish K, Hao H, Lo S, Pablo-García S, Rajaonson EM, Skreta M, Yoshikawa N, Corapi S, Akkoc GD, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Seifrid M, Aspuru-Guzik A. Self-Driving Laboratories for Chemistry and Materials Science. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9633-9732. [PMID: 39137296 PMCID: PMC11363023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) promise an accelerated application of the scientific method. Through the automation of experimental workflows, along with autonomous experimental planning, SDLs hold the potential to greatly accelerate research in chemistry and materials discovery. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art in SDL technology, its applications across various scientific disciplines, and the potential implications for research and industry. This review additionally provides an overview of the enabling technologies for SDLs, including their hardware, software, and integration with laboratory infrastructure. Most importantly, this review explores the diverse range of scientific domains where SDLs have made significant contributions, from drug discovery and materials science to genomics and chemistry. We provide a comprehensive review of existing real-world examples of SDLs, their different levels of automation, and the challenges and limitations associated with each domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Stefan P. Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sterling G. Baird
- Acceleration
Consortium, 80 St. George
St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yang Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, 80 St. George
St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kourosh Darvish
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, 80 St. George
St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Han Hao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, 80 St. George
St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stanley Lo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergio Pablo-García
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Ella M. Rajaonson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Marta Skreta
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Naruki Yoshikawa
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Samantha Corapi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gun Deniz Akkoc
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
for Renewable Energy Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- School of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University
of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße
20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States of America
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute
for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration
Consortium, 80 St. George
St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Lebovic
Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced
Research (CIFAR), 661
University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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5
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Liang W, Zheng S, Shu Y, Huang J. Machine Learning Optimizing Enzyme/ZIF Biocomposites for Enhanced Encapsulation Efficiency and Bioactivity. JACS AU 2024; 4:3170-3182. [PMID: 39211601 PMCID: PMC11350574 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present the first example of using a machine learning (ML)-assisted design strategy to optimize the synthesis formulation of enzyme/ZIFs (zeolitic imidazolate framework) for enhanced performance. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were chosen as model enzymes, while Zn(eIM)2 (eIM = 2-ethylimidazolate) was selected as the model ZIF to test our ML-assisted workflow paradigm. Through an iterative ML-driven training-design-synthesis-measurement workflow, we efficiently discovered GOx/ZIF (G151) and HRP/ZIF (H150) with their overall performance index (OPI) values (OPI represents the product of encapsulation efficiency (E in %), retained enzymatic activity (A in %), and thermal stability (T in %)) at least 1.3 times higher than those in systematic seed data studies. Furthermore, advanced statistical methods derived from the trained random forest model qualitatively and quantitatively reveal the relationship among synthesis, structure, and performance in the enzyme/ZIF system, offering valuable guidance for future studies on enzyme/ZIFs. Overall, our proposed ML-assisted design strategy holds promise for accelerating the development of enzyme/ZIFs and other enzyme immobilization systems for biocatalysis applications and beyond, including drug delivery and sensing, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Liang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | | | - Ying Shu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
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6
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Kim S, Jung Y, Schrier J. Large Language Models for Inorganic Synthesis Predictions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19654-19659. [PMID: 38991051 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
We evaluate the effectiveness of pretrained and fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) for predicting the synthesizability of inorganic compounds and the selection of precursors needed to perform inorganic synthesis. The predictions of fine-tuned LLMs are comparable to─and sometimes better than─recent bespoke machine learning models for these tasks but require only minimal user expertise, cost, and time to develop. Therefore, this strategy can serve both as an effective and strong baseline for future machine learning studies of various chemical applications and as a practical tool for experimental chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yousung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (BK21 four), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joshua Schrier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, The Bronx, New York 10458, United States
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7
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DuBose JT, Scott SB, Moss B. Physical Chemistry Education and Research in an Open-Sourced Future. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:292-301. [PMID: 39069973 PMCID: PMC11274280 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Proficiency in physical chemistry requires a broad skill set. Successful trainees often receive mentoring from senior colleagues (research advisors, postdocs, etc.). Mentoring introduces trainees to experimental design, instrumental setup, and complex data interpretation. In lab settings, trainees typically learn by customizing experimental setups, and developing new ways of analyzing data. Learning alongside experts strengthens these fundamentals, and places a focus on the clear communication of research problems. However, this level of input is not scalable, nor can it easily be shared with all researchers or students, particularly those that face socioeconomic barriers to accessing mentoring. New approaches to training will therefore progress the field of physical chemistry. Technology is disrupting and democratising scientific education and research. The emergence of free online courses and video resources enables students to learn in a style that suits them. Higher degrees of automation remove cumbersome and sometimes arbitrary technical barriers to learning new techniques, allowing one to collect high quality data quickly. Open sourcing of data and analysis tools has increased transparency, lowered barriers to access, and accelerated scientific dissemination. However, these advances also can lead to "black box" approaches to acquiring and analyzing data, where convenience replaces understanding and errors and misrepresentations become more common. The risk is a breakdown in education: if one does not understand the fundamentals of a technique or analysis, it is difficult to correctly discern the practical limits of an experiment, distinguish signal from noise, troubleshoot problems, or take full advantage of powerful analytical procedures. Our vision of the future of physical chemistry is built around democratized learning, where deep technical and analytical expertise from physical chemists is made freely available. Advancements in technical education through expert-generated educational resources and AI-based tools will enrich physical chemistry education. A holistic approach to education will prepare the physical chemists of 2050 to adapt to rapidly advancing technological tools, which accelerate the pace of research. Technical education will be enhanced by accessible open-source instrumentation and analysis procedures, which will provide instruments and analysis scripts specifically designed for education. High quality, comparable data from standardized open-source instruments will feed into accessible databases and analysis projects, providing others the opportunity to store and analyze both failed and successful experiments. The coupling of open-source education, hardware, and analysis will democratize physical chemistry while addressing risks associated with "black box" approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. DuBose
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Soren. B Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Moss
- Department
of Materials & iX institute, Imperial
College London Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2BX, United
Kingdom
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8
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Oppenheim JJ, Dincǎ M. Isoreticular Curves: A Theory of Capillary Condensation To Model Water Sorption within Microporous Sorbents. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39038174 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks have gained traction as leading materials for water sorption applications due to precise chemical tunability of their well-ordered pores. These applications include atmospheric water capture, heat pumps, desiccation, desalination, humidity control, and thermal batteries. However, the relationships between the framework pore structure and the measurable water sorption properties, namely critical relative humidity for condensation, maximal capacity, and pore size or temperature for the onset of hysteresis, have not been clearly delineated. Herein, we precisely formulate these relationships by application of the theory of capillary condensation and macroscopic thermodynamic models to a large data set of MOF water isotherms. These relationships include a concept termed isoreticular curves that relates the critical pressure for pore condensation (α), gravimetric capacity (Qmax), and hydrophilicity (the Gibbs free energy for binding water, ΔG) as Qmax = a1(ΔG/ln α)2 + a2(ΔG/ln α), with constants a1 and a2 dependent upon the density and volume occupied by the linker and secondary building unit, and framework topology. Through this analysis, we propose guidelines for the maximization of sorption capacity at a given relative humidity with minimal hysteresis and discuss the theoretical limits for capacity at low relative humidity. This model provides an explanation for the lack of high-capacity frameworks at low relative humidity, as increasing pore size also causes an increase in relative humidity. We propose a loose upper bound of Qmax = -0.25(1/ln α)2 - 1.75(1/ln α) for the limit of maximal capacity at a given relative humidity in the dry regime. These guidelines are consequential for the design of new materials for water sorption applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincǎ
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Wahab MF, Handlovic TT, Roy S, Burk RJ, Armstrong DW. Solving Advanced Task-Specific Problems in Measurement Sciences with Generative AI. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39017630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The Generative Pre-Trained Transformer known as ChatGPT-4 has undergone extensive pretraining on a diverse data set, enabling it to generate coherent and contextually relevant text based on the input it receives. This capability allows it to perform tasks from answering questions and has attracted significant interest in material sciences, synthetic chemistry, and drug discovery. In this work, we posed four advanced task-specific problems to ChatGPT, which were recently published in leading journals for topics in analytical chemistry, spectroscopy, bioimage super-resolution, and electrochemistry. ChatGPT-4 successfully implemented the four ideas after assigning the "persona" to the AI and posing targeted questions. We show two cases where "unguided" ChatGPT could complete the assignments with minimal human direction. The construction of a microwave spectrum from a free induction curve and super-resolution of bioimages was accomplished using this approach. Two other specific tasks, correcting a complex baseline with morphological operations of set theory and estimating the diffusion current, required additional input, e.g., equations and specific directions from the user. In each case, the MATLAB code was eventually generated by ChatGPT-4 even when the original authors did not provide any code themselves. We show that a validation test must be implemented to detect and correct mistakes made by ChatGPT-4, followed by feedback correction. These approaches will pave the way for open and transparent science and eliminate the black boxes in measurement science when it comes to advanced data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Troy T Handlovic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ryan Jacob Burk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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10
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Bai X, Xie Y, Zhang X, Han H, Li JR. Evaluation of Open-Source Large Language Models for Metal-Organic Frameworks Research. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4958-4965. [PMID: 38529913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Along with the development of machine learning, deep learning, and large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 (GPT: Generative Pre-Trained Transformer), artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been playing an increasingly important role in chemical and material research to facilitate the material screening and design. Despite the exciting progress of GPT-4 based AI research assistance, open-source LLMs have not gained much attention from the scientific community. This work primarily focused on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a subdomain of chemistry and evaluated six top-rated open-source LLMs with a comprehensive set of tasks including MOFs knowledge, basic chemistry knowledge, in-depth chemistry knowledge, knowledge extraction, database reading, predicting material property, experiment design, computational scripts generation, guiding experiment, data analysis, and paper polishing, which covers the basic units of MOFs research. In general, these LLMs were capable of most of the tasks. Especially, Llama2-7B and ChatGLM2-6B were found to perform particularly well with moderate computational resources. Additionally, the performance of different parameter versions of the same model was compared, which revealed the superior performance of higher parameter versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Honggui Han
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory for Urban Mass Transit and Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligence System, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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11
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Prieto T, Ponte C, Guntermann R, Medina DD, Salonen LM. Synthetic Strategies to Extended Aromatic Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2024:e202401344. [PMID: 38771916 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated materials are highly attractive owing to their unique optical and electronic properties. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a great opportunity for precise arrangement of building units in a π-conjugated crystalline matrix and tuning of the properties through choice of functionalities or post-synthetic modification. With this review, we aim at summarizing both the most representative as well as emerging strategies for the synthesis of π-conjugated COFs. We give examples of direct synthesis using large, π-extended building blocks. COFs featuring fully conjugated linkages such as vinylene, pyrazine, and azole are discussed. Then, post-synthetic modification methods that result in the extension of the COF π-system are reviewed. Throughout, mechanistic insights are presented when available. In the context of their utilization as film devices, we conduct a concise survey of the prominent COF layer deposition techniques reported and their aptness for the deposition of fused aromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Prieto
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Clara Ponte
- Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Salonen
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
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12
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Lu M, Gao F, Tang X, Chen L. Analysis and prediction in SCR experiments using GPT-4 with an effective chain-of-thought prompting strategy. iScience 2024; 27:109451. [PMID: 38523781 PMCID: PMC10960113 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the use of large language models (LLMs) in interpreting and predicting experimental outcomes based on given experimental variables, leveraging the human-like reasoning and inference capabilities of LLMs, using selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 as a case study. We implement the chain of thought (CoT) concept to formulate logical steps for uncovering connections within the data, introducing an "Ordered-and-Structured" CoT (OSCoT) prompting strategy. We compare the OSCoT strategy with the more conventional "One-Pot" CoT (OPCoT) approach and with human experts. We demonstrate that GPT-4, equipped with this new OSCoT prompting strategy, outperforms the other two settings and accurately predicts experimental outcomes and provides intuitive reasoning for its predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Lu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Fengyu Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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13
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Zheng Z, Alawadhi AH, Chheda S, Neumann SE, Rampal N, Liu S, Nguyen HL, Lin YH, Rong Z, Siepmann JI, Gagliardi L, Anandkumar A, Borgs C, Chayes JT, Yaghi OM. Shaping the Water-Harvesting Behavior of Metal-Organic Frameworks Aided by Fine-Tuned GPT Models. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28284-28295. [PMID: 38090755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We construct a data set of metal-organic framework (MOF) linkers and employ a fine-tuned GPT assistant to propose MOF linker designs by mutating and modifying the existing linker structures. This strategy allows the GPT model to learn the intricate language of chemistry in molecular representations, thereby achieving an enhanced accuracy in generating linker structures compared with its base models. Aiming to highlight the significance of linker design strategies in advancing the discovery of water-harvesting MOFs, we conducted a systematic MOF variant expansion upon state-of-the-art MOF-303 utilizing a multidimensional approach that integrates linker extension with multivariate tuning strategies. We synthesized a series of isoreticular aluminum MOFs, termed Long-Arm MOFs (LAMOF-1 to LAMOF-10), featuring linkers that bear various combinations of heteroatoms in their five-membered ring moiety, replacing pyrazole with either thiophene, furan, or thiazole rings or a combination of two. Beyond their consistent and robust architecture, as demonstrated by permanent porosity and thermal stability, the LAMOF series offers a generalizable synthesis strategy. Importantly, these 10 LAMOFs establish new benchmarks for water uptake (up to 0.64 g g-1) and operational humidity ranges (between 13 and 53%), thereby expanding the diversity of water-harvesting MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali H Alawadhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Saumil Chheda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - S Ephraim Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nakul Rampal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shengchao Liu
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ha L Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yen-Hsu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zichao Rong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - J Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anima Anandkumar
- Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Christian Borgs
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer T Chayes
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Information, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Omar M Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- KACST-UC Berkeley Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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