1
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Vlahakis N, Holton J, Sauter NK, Ercius P, Brewster AS, Rodriguez JA. 3D Nanocrystallography and the Imperfect Molecular Lattice. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:483-508. [PMID: 38941528 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Crystallographic analysis relies on the scattering of quanta from arrays of atoms that populate a repeating lattice. While large crystals built of lattices that appear ideal are sought after by crystallographers, imperfections are the norm for molecular crystals. Additionally, advanced X-ray and electron diffraction techniques, used for crystallography, have opened the possibility of interrogating micro- and nanoscale crystals, with edges only millions or even thousands of molecules long. These crystals exist in a size regime that approximates the lower bounds for traditional models of crystal nonuniformity and imperfection. Accordingly, data generated by diffraction from both X-rays and electrons show increased complexity and are more challenging to conventionally model. New approaches in serial crystallography and spatially resolved electron diffraction mapping are changing this paradigm by better accounting for variability within and between crystals. The intersection of these methods presents an opportunity for a more comprehensive understanding of the structure and properties of nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Vlahakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics; and STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - James Holton
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics; and STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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2
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Lightowler M, Li S, Ou X, Cho J, Liu B, Li A, Hofer G, Xu J, Yang T, Zou X, Lu M, Xu H. Phase Identification and Discovery of an Elusive Polymorph of Drug-Polymer Inclusion Complex Using Automated 3D Electron Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317695. [PMID: 38380831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
3D electron diffraction (3D ED) has shown great potential in crystal structure determination in materials, small organic molecules, and macromolecules. In this work, an automated, low-dose and low-bias 3D ED protocol has been implemented to identify six phases from a multiple-phase melt-crystallisation product of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, griseofulvin (GSF). Batch data collection under low-dose conditions using a widely available commercial software was combined with automated data analysis to collect and process over 230 datasets in three days. Accurate unit cell parameters obtained from 3D ED data allowed direct phase identification of GSF Forms III, I and the known GSF inclusion complex (IC) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (GSF-PEG IC-I), as well as three minor phases, namely GSF Forms II, V and an elusive new phase, GSF-PEG IC-II. Their structures were then directly determined by 3D ED. Furthermore, we reveal how the stabilities of the two GSF-PEG IC polymorphs are closely related to their crystal structures. These results demonstrate the power of automated 3D ED for accurate phase identification and direct structure determination of complex, beam-sensitive crystallisation products, which is significant for drug development where solid form screening is crucial for the overall efficacy of the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lightowler
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jungyoun Cho
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Binbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gerhard Hofer
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jiaoyan Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Taimin Yang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
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3
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Goodall JC, Sajjad MA, Thompson EA, Page SJ, Kerrigan AM, Jenkins HT, Lynam JM, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. In crystallo lattice adaptivity triggered by solid-gas reactions of cationic group 7 pincer complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10749-10752. [PMID: 37602809 PMCID: PMC10484290 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The group 7 complexes [M(κ3-2,6-(R2PO)2C5H3N)(CO)2L][BArF4] [M = Mn, R = iPr, L = THF; M = Re, R = tBu, L = vacant site] undergo in crystallo solid-gas reactivity with CO to form the products of THF substitution or CO addition respectively. There is a large, local, adaptive change of [BArF4] anions for M = Mn, whereas for M = Re the changes are smaller and also remote to the site of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe C Goodall
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M Arif Sajjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | - Samuel J Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Adam M Kerrigan
- The York-JEOL Nanocentre, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5BR, UK
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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4
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Andrusenko I, Hall CL, Mugnaioli E, Potticary J, Hall SR, Schmidt W, Gao S, Zhao K, Marom N, Gemmi M. True molecular conformation and structure determination by three-dimensional electron diffraction of PAH by-products potentially useful for electronic applications. IUCRJ 2023; 10:131-142. [PMID: 36598508 PMCID: PMC9812223 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252201154x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The true molecular conformation and the crystal structure of benzo[e]dinaphtho[2,3-a;1',2',3',4'-ghi]fluoranthene, 7,14-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]bisanthene and 7,16-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]helianthrene were determined ab initio by 3D electron diffraction. All three molecules are remarkable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The molecular conformation of two of these compounds could not be determined via classical spectroscopic methods due to the large size of the molecule and the occurrence of multiple and reciprocally connected aromatic rings. The molecular structure of the third molecule was previously considered provisional. These compounds were isolated as by-products in the synthesis of similar products and were at the same time nanocrystalline and available only in very limited amounts. 3D electron diffraction data, taken from submicrometric single crystals, allowed for direct ab initio structure solution and the unbiased determination of the internal molecular conformation. Detailed synthetic routes and spectroscopic analyses are also discussed. Based on many-body perturbation theory simulations, benzo[e]dinaphtho[2,3-a;1',2',3',4'-ghi]fluoranthene may be a promising candidate for triplet-triplet annihilation and 7,14-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]bisanthene may be a promising candidate for intermolecular singlet fission in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Andrusenko
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | - Charlie L. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Jason Potticary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
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5
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Calcium‐Pyrazolonato Complex. Observation of
In‐Situ
Desolvation During Micro‐Electron Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Saha S, Averkiev B, Sues PE. Ruthenium Phosphinimine Complex as a Fast-Initiating Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with Competing Catalytic Cycles. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Boris Averkiev
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Peter E. Sues
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Electron crystallography
has a storied history which rivals that
of its more established X-ray-enabled counterpart. Recent advances
in data collection and analysis have sparked a renaissance in the
field, opening a new chapter for this venerable technique. Burgeoning
interest in electron crystallography has spawned innovative methods
described by various interchangeable labels (3D ED, MicroED, cRED,
etc.). This Review covers concepts and findings relevant to the practicing
crystallographer, with an emphasis on experiments aimed at using electron
diffraction to elucidate the atomic structure of three-dimensional
molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarneil Saha
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shervin S Nia
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - José A Rodríguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Kharel P, Janicek BE, Bae SH, Loutris AL, Carmichael PT, Huang PY. Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Small Organic Molecules on Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3628-3635. [PMID: 35413204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging of light elements in small organic molecules on graphene. We use low-dose, room-temperature, aberration-corrected STEM to image 2D monolayer and bilayer molecular crystals, followed by advanced image processing methods to create high-quality composite images from ∼102-104 individual molecules. In metalated porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives, these images contain an elementally sensitive contrast with up to 1.3 Å resolution─sufficient to distinguish individual carbon and nitrogen atoms. Importantly, our methods can be applied to molecules with low masses (∼0.6 kDa) and nanocrystalline domains containing just a few hundred molecules, making it possible to study systems for which large crystals cannot easily be grown. Our approach is enabled by low-background graphene substrates, which we show increase the molecules' critical dose by 2-7×. These results indicate a new route for low-dose, atomic-resolution electron microscopy imaging to solve the structures of small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Blanka E Janicek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sang Hyun Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amanda L Loutris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Patrick T Carmichael
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Doyle LR, Thompson EA, Burnage AL, Whitwood AC, Jenkins HT, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. MicroED characterization of a robust cationic σ-alkane complex stabilized by the [B(3,5-(SF 5) 2C 6H 3) 4] - anion, via on-grid solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3661-3665. [PMID: 35156982 PMCID: PMC8902584 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline (∼1 μm) [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornadiene)][S-BArF4], [S-BArF4] = [B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4]−, reacts with H2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornane)][S-BArF4], for which the structure was determined by microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED), to 0.95 Å resolution, via an on-grid hydrogenation, and a complementary single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on larger, but challenging to isolate, crystals. Comparison with the [BArF4]− analogue [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2(C6H3)] shows that the [S-BArF4]− anion makes the σ-alkane complex robust towards decomposition both thermally and when suspended in pentane. Subsequent reactivity with dissolved ethene in a pentane slurry, forms [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ethene)2][S-BArF4], and the catalytic dimerisation/isomerisation of ethene to 2-butenes. The increased stability of [S-BArF4]− salts is identified as being due to increased non-covalent interactions in the lattice, resulting in a solid-state molecular organometallic material with desirable stability characteristics. The thermally and chemically robust σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norborane)][B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4] is characterized by micro-electron diffraction using on-grid single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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10
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Meng Z, Jones CG, Farid S, Khan IU, Nelson HM, Mirica KA. Unraveling the Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Layered Conductive Metal‐Organic Framework With Atomic Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Burke Laboratory Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Christopher G. Jones
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sidra Farid
- Material Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry GC University Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Islam Ullah Khan
- Material Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry GC University Lahore 54000 Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry University of Mianwali Mianwali 42200 Pakistan
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Burke Laboratory Hanover NH 03755 USA
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11
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Lightowler M, Li S, Ou X, Zou X, Lu M, Xu H. Indomethacin Polymorph δ Revealed To Be Two Plastically Bendable Crystal Forms by 3D Electron Diffraction: Correcting a 47‐Year‐Old Misunderstanding**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lightowler
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
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12
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Lightowler M, Li S, Ou X, Zou X, Lu M, Xu H. Indomethacin Polymorph δ Revealed to be Two Plastically Bendable Crystal Forms by 3D Electron Diffraction: Correcting a 47-Year-Old Misunderstanding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114985. [PMID: 34902212 PMCID: PMC9306882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indomethacin is a clinically classical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug that has been marketed since 1965. The third polymorph, Form δ, was discovered by both melt and solution crystallization in 1974. δ‐indomethacin cannot be cultivated as large single crystals suitable for X‐ray crystallography and, therefore, its crystal structure has not yet been determined. Here, we report the structure elucidation of δ‐indomethacin by 3D electron diffraction and reveal the truth that melt‐crystallized and solution‐crystallized δ‐indomethacin are in fact two polymorphs with different crystal structures. We propose to keep the solution‐crystallized polymorph as Form δ and name the melt‐crystallized polymorph as Form θ. Intriguingly, both structures display plastic flexibility based on a slippage mechanism, making indomethacin the first drug to have two plastic polymorphs. This discovery and correction of a 47‐year‐old misunderstanding signify that 3D electron diffraction has become a powerful tool for polymorphic structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lightowler
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, SWEDEN
| | - Shuting Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHINA
| | - Xiao Ou
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHINA
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, SWEDEN
| | - Ming Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHINA
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Stockholm University, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius vag 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, SWEDEN
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13
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Meng Z, Jones CG, Farid S, Khan IU, Nelson HM, Mirica KA. Unraveling the Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Layered Conductive Metal-Organic Framework With Atomic Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113569. [PMID: 34784436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes structural elucidation of a layered conductive metal-organic framework (MOF) material Cu3 (C6 O6 )2 by microcrystal electron diffraction with sub-angstrom precision. This insight enables the first identification of an unusual π-stacking interaction in a layered MOF material characterized by an extremely short (2.73 Å) close packing of the ligand arising from pancake bonding and ordered water clusters within pores. Band structure analysis suggests semiconductive properties of the MOF, which are likely related to the localized nature of pancake bonds and the formation of a singlet dimer of the ligand. The spin of CuII within the Kagomé arrangement dominates the paramagnetism of the MOF, leading to strong geometrical magnetic frustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sidra Farid
- Material Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Islam Ullah Khan
- Material Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, 42200, Pakistan
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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14
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A Comparison of Structure Determination of Small Organic Molecules by 3D Electron Diffraction at Cryogenic and Room Temperature. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D electron diffraction (3D ED), also known as micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED), is a rapid, accurate, and robust method for structure determination of submicron-sized crystals. 3D ED has mainly been applied in material science until 2013, when MicroED was developed for studying macromolecular crystals. MicroED was considered as a cryo-electron microscopy method, as MicroED data collection is usually carried out in cryogenic conditions. As a result, some researchers may consider that 3D ED/MicroED data collection on crystals of small organic molecules can only be performed in cryogenic conditions. In this work, we determined the structure for sucrose and azobenzene tetracarboxylic acid (H4ABTC). The structure of H4ABTC is the first crystal structure ever reported for this molecule. We compared data quality and structure accuracy among datasets collected under cryogenic conditions and room temperature. With the improvement in data quality by data merging, it is possible to reveal hydrogen atom positions in small organic molecule structures under both temperature conditions. The experimental results showed that, if the sample is stable in the vacuum environment of a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the data quality of datasets collected under room temperature is at least as good as data collected under cryogenic conditions according to various indicators (resolution, I/σ(I), CC1/2 (%), R1, Rint, ADRA).
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15
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Gruene T, Mugnaioli E. 3D Electron Diffraction for Chemical Analysis: Instrumentation Developments and Innovative Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11823-11834. [PMID: 34533919 PMCID: PMC8517952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, many exciting papers reported results based on crystal structure determination by electron diffraction. The aim of this review is to provide general and practical information to structural chemists interested in stepping into this emerging field. We discuss technical characteristics of electron microscopes for research units that would like to acquire their own instrumentation, as well as those practical aspects that appear different between X-ray and electron crystallography. We also include a discussion about applications where electron crystallography provides information that is different, and possibly complementary, with respect to what is available from X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gruene
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, IT-56127 Pisa, Italy
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16
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Lee HB, Shiau AA, Marchiori DA, Oyala PH, Yoo B, Kaiser JT, Rees DC, Britt RD, Agapie T. CaMn
3
IV
O
4
Cubane Models of the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex: Spin Ground States
S
<9/2 and the Effect of Oxo Protonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heui Beom Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Angela A. Shiau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - David A. Marchiori
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Paul H. Oyala
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Byung‐Kuk Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jens T. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - R. David Britt
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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17
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Kim LJ, Ohashi M, Zhang Z, Tan D, Asay M, Cascio D, Rodriguez JA, Tang Y, Nelson HM. Prospecting for natural products by genome mining and microcrystal electron diffraction. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:872-877. [PMID: 34312563 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than 60% of pharmaceuticals are related to natural products (NPs), chemicals produced by living organisms. Despite this, the rate of NP discovery has slowed over the past few decades. In many cases the rate-limiting step in NP discovery is structural characterization. Here we report the use of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), an emerging cryogenic electron microscopy (CryoEM) method, in combination with genome mining to accelerate NP discovery and structural elucidation. As proof of principle we rapidly determine the structure of a new 2-pyridone NP, Py-469, and revise the structure of fischerin, an NP isolated more than 25 years ago, with potent cytotoxicity but hitherto ambiguous structural assignment. This study serves as a powerful demonstration of the synergy of MicroED and synthetic biology in NP discovery, technologies that when taken together will ultimately accelerate the rate at which new drugs are discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masao Ohashi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Asay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Lee HB, Shiau AA, Marchiori DA, Oyala PH, Yoo BK, Kaiser JT, Rees DC, Britt RD, Agapie T. CaMn 3 IV O 4 Cubane Models of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex: Spin Ground States S<9/2 and the Effect of Oxo Protonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17671-17679. [PMID: 34042234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the single crystal XRD and MicroED structure, magnetic susceptibility, and EPR data of a series of CaMn3 IV O4 and YMn3 IV O4 complexes as structural and spectroscopic models of the cuboidal subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The effect of changes in heterometal identity, cluster geometry, and bridging oxo protonation on the spin-state structure was investigated. In contrast to previous computational models, we show that the spin ground state of CaMn3 IV O4 complexes and variants with protonated oxo moieties need not be S=9/2. Desymmetrization of the pseudo-C3 -symmetric Ca(Y)Mn3 IV O4 core leads to a lower S=5/2 spin ground state. The magnitude of the magnetic exchange coupling is attenuated upon oxo protonation, and an S=3/2 spin ground state is observed in CaMn3 IV O3 (OH). Our studies complement the observation that the interconversion between the low-spin and high-spin forms of the S2 state is pH-dependent, suggesting that the (de)protonation of bridging or terminal oxygen atoms in the OEC may be connected to spin-state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Beom Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Angela A Shiau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - David A Marchiori
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Byung-Kuk Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jens T Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Douglas C Rees
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd MC 127-72, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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19
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Abstract
The bedrock of drug discovery and a key tool for understanding cellular function and drug mechanisms of action is the structure determination of chemical compounds, peptides, and proteins. The development of new structure characterization tools, particularly those that fill critical gaps in existing methods, presents important steps forward for structural biology and drug discovery. The emergence of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) expands the application of cryo-electron microscopy to include samples ranging from small molecules and membrane proteins to even large protein complexes using crystals that are one-billionth the size of those required for X-ray crystallography. This review outlines the conception, achievements, and exciting future trajectories for MicroED, an important addition to the existing biophysical toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelang Mu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Cody Gillman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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20
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Jellen MJ, Liepuoniute I, Jin M, Jones CG, Yang S, Jiang X, Nelson HM, Houk KN, Garcia-Garibay MA. Enhanced Gearing Fidelity Achieved Through Macrocyclization of a Solvated Molecular Spur Gear. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7740-7747. [PMID: 33998231 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular spur gear dynamics with high gearing fidelity can be achieved through a careful selection of constituent molecular components that favorably position and maintain the two gears in a meshed configuration. Here, we report the synthesis of a new macrocyclic molecular spur gear with a bibenzimidazole stator combined with a second naphthyl bis-gold-phosphine gold complex stator to place two 3-fold symmetric 9,10-diethynyl triptycene cogs at the optimal distance of 8.1 Å for gearing. Micro electron diffraction (μED) analysis confirmed the formation of the macrocyclic structure and the proper alignment of the triptycene cogs. Gearing dynamics in solution are predicted to be extremely fast and, in fact, were too fast to be observed with variable-temperature 1H NMR using CD2Cl2 as the solvent. A combination of molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations predict that the barriers for gearing and slippage are ca. 4 kcal mol-1 and ca. 9 kcal mol-1, respectively. This system is characterized by enhanced gearing fidelity compared to the acyclic analog. This is achieved by rigidification of the structure, locking the two triptycenes in the preferred gearing distance and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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21
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Ueda M, Aoki T, Akiyama T, Nakamuro T, Yamashita K, Yanagisawa H, Nureki O, Kikkawa M, Nakamura E, Aida T, Itoh Y. Alternating Heterochiral Supramolecular Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5121-5126. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Ueda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Aoki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Cho HJ, Kim KS, Kim H, Kim T, Malyutin AG, Rees DC, Yoo BK, Song C. Microcrystal Electron Diffraction Elucidates Water-Specific Polymorphism-Induced Emission Enhancement of Bis-arylacylhydrazone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7546-7555. [PMID: 33544590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomena have gained intense interest over the last decades because of its importance in solid-state emission. However, the elucidation of a working mechanism is difficult owing to the limited characterization methods on solid-state molecules, further complicated if dynamic structural changes occur. Here, a series of bis-arylacylhydrazones (BAHs) were synthesized, for which their AIE properties are only turned on by the reversible adsorption of water molecules. We used microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to determine the molecular structures of two BAHs directly from bulk powders (without attempting to grow crystals) prepared in the absence or presence of water adsorption. This study reveals the unambiguous characterization of the dependence of crystal packing on the specific cocrystallization with hydrates. The structural analysis demonstrates that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with three neighboring BAH-1, resulting in the almost complete planarization and restriction of the intramolecular rotation of the molecule. MicroED plays an important role in providing a decisive clue for the reversible polymorphism changes induced by the adsorption of water molecules, regulating emissive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Janan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Janan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Janan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Janan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Andrey G Malyutin
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C Rees
- HHMI, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Byung-Kuk Yoo
- HHMI, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Janan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419 Republic of Korea
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23
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Samkian AE, Kiel GR, Jones CG, Bergman HM, Oktawiec J, Nelson HM, Tilley TD. Elucidation of Diverse Solid-State Packing in a Family of Electron-Deficient Expanded Helicenes via Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2493-2499. [PMID: 33090649 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state packing plays a defining role in the properties of a molecular organic material, but it is difficult to elucidate in the absence of single crystals that are suitable for X-ray diffraction. Herein, we demonstrate the coupling of divergent synthesis with microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) for rapid assessment of solid-state packing motifs, using a class of chiral nanocarbons-expanded helicenes-as a proof of concept. Two highly selective oxidative dearomatizations of a readily accessible helicene provided a divergent route to four electron-deficient analogues containing quinone or quinoxaline units. Crystallization efforts consistently yielded microcrystals that were unsuitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction, but ideal for MicroED. This technique facilitated the elucidation of solid-state structures of all five compounds with <1.1 Å resolution. The otherwise-inaccessible data revealed a range of notable packing behaviors, including four different space groups, homochirality in a crystal for a helicene with an extremely low enantiomerization barrier, and nanometer scale cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Samkian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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24
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Abstract
Structural elucidation of small macromolecules such as peptides has recently been facilitated by a growing number of technological advances to existing crystallographic methods. The emergence of electron micro-diffraction (MicroED) of protein nanocrystals under cryogenic conditions has enabled the interrogation of crystalline peptide assemblies only hundreds of nanometers thick. Collection of atomic or near-atomic resolution data by these methods has permitted the ab initio determination of structures of various amyloid-forming peptides, including segments derived from prions and ice-nucleating proteins. This chapter focuses on the process of ab initio structural determination from nano-scale peptide assemblies and other similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambarneil Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-DOE Institute, Departments of Biological Chemistry, Chemistry & Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Samkian AE, Kiel GR, Jones CG, Bergman HM, Oktawiec J, Nelson HM, Tilley TD. Elucidation of Diverse Solid‐State Packing in a Family of Electron‐Deficient Expanded Helicenes via Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E. Samkian
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Gavin R. Kiel
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Christopher G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Harrison M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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26
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Das A, Wang CH, Van Trieste GP, Sun CJ, Chen YS, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC. In Crystallo Snapshots of Rh 2-Catalyzed C-H Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19862-19867. [PMID: 33179914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While X-ray crystallography routinely provides structural characterization of kinetically stable pre-catalysts and intermediates, elucidation of the structures of transient reactive intermediates, which are intimately engaged in bond-breaking and -making during catalysis, is generally not possible. Here, we demonstrate in crystallo synthesis of Rh2 nitrenoids that participate in catalytic C-H amination, and we characterize these transient intermediates as triplet adducts of Rh2. Further, we observe the impact of coordinating substrate, which is present in excess during catalysis, on the structure of transient Rh2 nitrenoids. By providing structural characterization of authentic C-H functionalization intermediates, and not kinetically stabilized model complexes, these experiments provide the opportunity to define critical structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chen-Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gerard P Van Trieste
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph H Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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27
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Némethová I, Šebesta R. Are Organozirconium Reagents Applicable in Current Organic Synthesis? SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe search for mild, user-friendly, easily accessible, and robust organometallic reagents is an important feature of organometallic chemistry. Ideally, new methodologies employing organometallics should be developed with respect to practical applications in syntheses of target compounds. In this short review, we investigate if organozirconium reagents can fulfill these criteria. Organozirconium compounds are typically generated via in situ hydrozirconation of alkenes or alkynes with the Schwartz reagent. Alkyl and alkenylzirconium reagents have proven to be convenient in conjugate additions, allylic substitutions, cross-coupling reactions, and additions to carbonyls or imines. Furthermore, the Schwartz reagent itself is a useful reducing agent for polar functional groups.1 Introduction2 Synthesis and Generation of the Schwartz Reagent3 Structure and Properties of Cp2Zr(H)Cl4 Reactivity of Organozirconium Reagents4.1 Asymmetric Conjugate Addition4.2 Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations4.3 Desymmetrization Reactions4.4 Cross-Coupling Reactions4.5 1,2-Additions5 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry
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28
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Encapsulated Nanodroplet Crystallization of Organic-Soluble Small Molecules. Chem 2020; 6:1755-1765. [PMID: 32685768 PMCID: PMC7357602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (SCXRD) constitutes a universal approach for the elucidation of molecular structure and the study of crystalline forms. However, the discovery of viable crystallization conditions remains both experimentally challenging and resource intensive in both time and the quantity of analyte(s). We report a robot-assisted, high-throughput method for the crystallization of organic-soluble small molecules in which we employ only micrograms of analyte per experiment. This allows hundreds of crystallization conditions to be screened in parallel with minimal overall sample requirements. Crystals suitable for SCXRD are grown from nanoliter droplets of a solution of analyte in organic solvent(s), each of which is encapsulated within an inert oil to control the rate of solvent loss. This encapsulated nanodroplet crystallization methodology can also be used to search for new crystal forms, as exemplified through both our discovery of a new (13th) polymorph of the olanzapine precursor ROY and SCXRD analysis of the “uncrystallizable” agrochemical dithianon. Single crystals of small molecules are grown from nanoscale droplets of organic solvent Discovery of the 13th polymorph (R18) of olanzapine precursor ROY X-ray diffraction analysis of “uncrystallizable” agrochemical dithianon
Small molecules can form crystalline solids, in which individual molecules pack together into ordered three-dimensional arrays. Once a suitable crystal is grown, the packing and atomic connectivity of the constituent molecules can be studied by X-ray diffraction. However, the discovery of experimental conditions for successful crystal growth is often challenging. We have developed a nanoscale crystallization technique for organic-soluble small molecules by using high-throughput liquid-handling robotics to undertake multiple crystallization experiments simultaneously with minimal sample requirements and high success rates. We showcase our methodology through the crystallization of a diverse set of small molecules, including “uncrystallizables,” combined with structural analysis by X-ray diffraction. We anticipate that this rapid and reliable method for small-molecule crystallization will have far-reaching impact, facilitating academic and industrial research in the molecular sciences.
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29
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Martynowycz MW, Hattne J, Gonen T. Experimental Phasing of MicroED Data Using Radiation Damage. Structure 2020; 28:458-464.e2. [PMID: 32023481 PMCID: PMC7313391 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) can be used to determine atomic-resolution structures from vanishingly small three-dimensional crystals. Here, we present an example of an experimentally phased structure using only MicroED data. The structure of a seven-residue peptide is solved starting from differences to the diffraction intensities induced by structural changes due to radiation damage. The same wedge of reciprocal space was recorded twice by continuous-rotation MicroED from a set of 11 individual crystals. The data from the first pass were merged to make a "low-dose dataset." The data from the second pass were similarly merged to form a "damaged dataset." Differences between these two datasets were used to identify a single heavy-atom site from a Patterson difference map, and initial phases were generated. Finally, the structure was completed by iterative cycles of modeling and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Martynowycz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Johan Hattne
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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30
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Alvarez R, Nievergelt PP, Slyshkina E, Müller P, Alberto R, Spingler B. Single crystal growth of water-soluble metal complexes with the help of the nano-crystallization method. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9632-9640. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Let pipetting robots set up nano crystallization trials of water-soluble metal complexes in order to obtain single crystals!
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
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