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Bailly C. Covalent binding of withanolides to cysteines of protein targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116405. [PMID: 38969301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Withanolides represent an important category of natural products with a steroidal lactone core. Many of them contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety with a high reactivity toward sulfhydryl groups, including protein cysteine thiols. Different withanolides endowed with marked antitumor and anti-inflammatory have been shown to form stable covalent complexes with exposed cysteines present in the active site of oncogenic kinases (BTK, IKKβ, Zap70), metabolism enzymes (Prdx-1/6, Pin1, PHGDH), transcription factors (Nrf2, NFκB, C/EBPβ) and other structural and signaling molecules (GFAP, β-tubulin, p97, Hsp90, vimentin, Mpro, IPO5, NEMO, …). The present review analyzed the covalent complexes formed through Michael addition alkylation reactions between six major withanolides (withaferin A, physalin A, withangulatin A, 4β-hydroxywithanolide E, withanone and tubocapsanolide A) and key cysteine residues of about 20 proteins and the resulting biological effects. The covalent conjugation of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system of withanolides with reactive protein thiols can occur with a large set of soluble and membrane proteins. It points to a general mechanism, well described with the leading natural product withaferin A, but likely valid for most withanolides harboring a reactive (electrophilic) enone moiety susceptible to react covalently with cysteinyl residues of proteins. The multiplicity of reactive proteins should be taken into account when studying the mechanism of action of new withanolides. Proteomic and network analyses shall be implemented to capture and compare the cysteine covalent-binding map for the major withanolides, so as to identify the protein targets at the origin of their activity and/or unwanted effects. Screening of the cysteinome will help understanding the mechanism of action and designing cysteine-reactive electrophilic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institute, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, F-59006 Lille, France; OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, F-59290 Lille, France.
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2
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Wijeratne EMK, Xu YM, Padumadasa C, Astashkin AV, Gunatilaka AAL. A Homodimer of Withaferin A Formed by Base-Promoted Elimination of Acetic Acid from 27- O-Acetylwithaferin A Followed by a Diels-Alder Reaction. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:583-590. [PMID: 38414352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of 27-O-acetylwithaferin A (2) with the non-nucleophilic base, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU), afforded 5β,6β-epoxy-4β-hydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2(3),23(24),25(27)-trienolide (3) and 4, a homodimer of withaferin A resulting from a Diels-Alder [4 + 2] type cycloaddition of the intermediate α,β-dimethylene-δ-lactone (9). Structures of 3 and 4 were elucidated using HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The structure of 4 was also confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of its bis-4-O-p-nitrobenzoate (8). Formation of withaferin A homodimer (4) as the major product suggests regio- and stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 9. Acetylation of 2-4 afforded their acetyl derivatives 5-7, respectively. Compounds 2-4 and 6-8 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against four prostate cancer (PC) cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1, DU-145, and PC-3) and normal human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Significantly, 4 exhibited improved activity compared to the other compounds for most of the tested cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Ya-Ming Xu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Chayanika Padumadasa
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
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3
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Wang K, Chen L, Dai X, Ye Z, Zhou C, Zhang CJ, Feng Z. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N - (3 - (1H-imidazol-2-yl) phenyl) - 3-phenylpropionamide derivatives as a novel class of covalent inhibitors of p97/VCP ATPase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115094. [PMID: 36634454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent inhibitors of p97 have entered clinical studies. Compared with noncovalent inhibitors, covalent inhibitors have unique advantages in maintaining inhibitory effect and improving the resistance of the target. We previously employed the activity-based protein profiling to definitely identify p97 as the protein target of FL-18 that has a unique scaffold of benpropargylamide coupled with an imidazole. In this study, we report a thorough structure-activity-relationship study involving the new scaffold. A total of three rounds of optimization led to the discovery of the most potent covalent inhibitor of p97 to date. A chemical proteomics study indicated that the newly-synthesized compounds still targeted the C522 residue of p97 and retained selectivity among the complicated whole proteome. This study provides a suite of new covalent inhibitors of p97 to assist in its biological study and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Zi Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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Kilgas S, Ramadan K. Inhibitors of the ATPase p97/VCP: From basic research to clinical applications. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:3-21. [PMID: 36640759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis deficiencies underlie various cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are responsible for most of the protein degradation in mammalian cells and, therefore, represent attractive targets for cancer therapy and that of neurodegenerative diseases. The ATPase p97, also known as VCP, is a central component of the UPS that extracts and disassembles its substrates from various cellular locations and also regulates different steps in autophagy. Several UPS- and autophagy-targeting drugs are in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the development of various p97 inhibitors, including the ATPase inhibitors CB-5083 and CB-5339, which reached clinical trials by demonstrating effective anti-tumor activity across various tumor models, providing an effective alternative to targeting protein degradation for cancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of how different p97 inhibitors have evolved over time both as basic research tools and effective UPS-targeting cancer therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kilgas
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Abstract
Covering: March 2010 to December 2020. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 705This review summarizes the latest progress and perspectives on the structural classification, biological activities and mechanisms, metabolism and pharmacokinetic investigations, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and structural modifications, as well as future research directions of the promising natural withanolides. The literature from March 2010 to December 2020 is reviewed, and 287 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Xia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China. .,Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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6
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Zhang G, Li S, Wang F, Jones AC, Goldberg AFG, Lin B, Virgil S, Stoltz BM, Deshaies RJ, Chou TF. A covalent p97/VCP ATPase inhibitor can overcome resistance to CB-5083 and NMS-873 in colorectal cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113148. [PMID: 33476933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of p97 are useful tools to study p97 function. Human p97 is an important AAA ATPase due to its diverse cellular functions and implication in mediating the turnover of proteins involved in tumorigenesis and virus infections. Multiple p97 inhibitors identified from previous high-throughput screening studies are thiol-reactive compounds targeting Cys522 in the D2 ATP-binding domain. Thus, these findings suggest a potential strategy to develop covalent p97 inhibitors. We first used purified p97 to assay several known covalent kinase inhibitors to determine if they can inhibit ATPase activity. We evaluated their selectivity using our dual reporter cells that can distinguish p97 dependent and independent degradation. We selected a β-nitrostyrene scaffold to further study the structure-activity relationship. In addition, we used p97 structures to design and synthesize analogues of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP). We incorporated electrophiles into a PP-like compound 17 (4-amino-1-tert-butyl-3-phenyl pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) to generate eight compounds. A selective compound 18 (N-(1-(tert-butyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)acrylamide, PPA) exhibited excellent selectivity in an in vitro ATPase activity assay: IC50 of 0.6 μM, 300 μM, and 100 μM for wild type p97, yeast Cdc48, and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), respectively. To further examine the importance of Cys522 on the active site pocket during PPA inhibition, C522A and C522T mutants of p97 were purified and shown to increase IC50 values by 100-fold, whereas replacement of Thr532 of yeast Cdc48 with Cysteine decreased the IC50 by 10-fold. The molecular modeling suggested the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in addition to the covalent bonding at Cys522 between WT-p97 and PPA. Furthermore, tandem mass spectrometry confirmed formation of a covalent bond between Cys522 and PPA. An anti-proliferation assay indicated that the proliferation of HCT116, HeLa, and RPMI8226 was inhibited by PPA with IC50 of 2.7 μM, 6.1 μM, and 3.4 μM, respectively. In addition, PPA is able to inhibit proliferation of two HCT116 cell lines that are resistant to CB-5083 and NMS-873, respectively. Proteomic analysis of PPA-treated HCT116 revealed Gene Ontology enrichment of known p97 functional pathways such as the protein ubiquitination and the ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane. In conclusion, we have identified and characterized PPA as a selective covalent p97 inhibitor, which will allow future exploration to improve the potency of p97 inhibitors with different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Amanda C Jones
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Alexander F G Goldberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Scott Virgil
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, United States.
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States; Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
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7
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Moujir LM, Llanos GG, Araujo L, Amesty A, Bazzocchi IL, Jiménez IA. Withanolide-Type Steroids from Withania aristata as Potential Anti-Leukemic Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E5744. [PMID: 33291428 PMCID: PMC7731379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a blood or bone marrow cancer with increasing incidence in developed regions of the world. Currently, there is an ongoing need for novel and safe anti-leukemic agents, as no fully effective chemotherapy is available to treat this life-threatening disease. Herein, are reported the isolation, structural elucidation, and anti-leukemic evaluation of twenty-nine withanolide-type steroids (1-29) from Withania aristata. Among them, the new isolated withanolides, withaperoxidins A-D (1-4) have an unusual six-membered cyclic peroxide moiety on the withasteroid skeleton as a structural novelty. Their structures have been elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments. In addition, extensive structure-activity relationships and in silico ADME studies were employed to understand the pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties of this series of withasteroids. Compounds 15, 16, and 22 together with withaferin A (14) were identified as having improved antiproliferative effect (IC50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 μM) on human leukemia HL-60 cell lines compared with the reference drug, etoposide. This cytotoxic potency was also coupled with good selectivity index (SI 33.0-9.2) on non-tumoral Vero cell line and in silico drug likeness. These findings revealed that these natural withasteroids are potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M. Moujir
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (L.M.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Gabriel G. Llanos
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Liliana Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (L.M.M.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Laboratory Career, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Avenida Antonio José de Sucre, Riobamba 060150, Ecuador
| | - Angel Amesty
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Isabel L. Bazzocchi
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Ignacio A. Jiménez
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
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Mofers A, Selvaraju K, Gubat J, D'Arcy P, Linder S. Identification of proteasome inhibitors using analysis of gene expression profiles. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173709. [PMID: 33166494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the 20S proteasome such as bortezomib (Velcade®) and carfilzomib (Kypriolis®) are in clinical use for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In an attempt to identify novel inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) we used the connectivity map (CMap) resource, based on alterations of gene expression profiles by perturbagens, and performed COMPARE analyses of drug sensitivity patterns in the NCI60 panel. Cmap analysis identified a large number of small molecules with strong connectivity to proteasome inhibition, including both well characterized inhibitors of the 20S proteasome and molecules previously not described to inhibit the UPS. A number of these compounds have been reported to be cytotoxic to tumor cells and were tested for their ability to decrease processing of proteasome substrates. The antibiotic thiostrepton and the natural products celastrol and curcumin induced strong accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteasome substrates in exposed cells. Other compounds elicited modest increases of proteasome substrates, including the protein phosphatase inhibitor BCI-Cl and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin A, suggesting that these compounds inhibit proteasome function. Induction of chaperone expression in the absence of proteasome inhibition was observed by a number of compounds, suggesting other effects on the UPS. We conclude that the combination of bioinformatic analyses and cellular assays resulted in the identification of compounds with potential to inhibit the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Mofers
- Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gubat
- Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The transcription factor NRF2 is one of the body's major defense mechanisms, driving transcription of >300 antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated genes that are involved in many critical cellular processes including redox regulation, proteostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and primary metabolism. The transcription factor NRF2 and natural products have an intimately entwined history, as the discovery of NRF2 and much of its rich biology were revealed using natural products both intentionally and unintentionally. In addition, in the last decade a more sinister aspect of NRF2 biology has been revealed. NRF2 is normally present at very low cellular levels and only activated when needed, however, it has been recently revealed that chronic, high levels of NRF2 can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and may play a role in other diseases. Again, this "dark side" of NRF2 was revealed and studied largely using a natural product, the quassinoid, brusatol. In the present review, we provide an overview of NRF2 structure and function to orient the general reader, we will discuss the history of NRF2 and NRF2-activating compounds and the biology these have revealed, and we will delve into the dark side of NRF2 and contemporary issues related to the dark side biology and the role of natural products in dissecting this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Hassannia B, Logie E, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vanden Berghe W. Withaferin A: From ayurvedic folk medicine to preclinical anti-cancer drug. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Dom M, Vanden Berghe W, Van Ostade X. Broad-spectrum antitumor properties of Withaferin A: a proteomic perspective. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:30-50. [PMID: 33479603 PMCID: PMC7523023 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional antitumor properties of Withaferin A (WA), the manifold studied bioactive compound of the plant Withania somnifera, have been well established in many different in vitro and in vivo cancer models. This undoubtedly has led to a much better insight in the underlying mechanisms of WAs broad antitumor activity range, but also raises additional challenging questions on how all these antitumor properties could be explained on a molecular level. Therefore, a lot of effort was made to characterize the cellular WA target proteins, since these binding events will lead and initiate the observed downstream effects. Based on a proteomic perspective, this review provides novel insights in the molecular chain of events by which WA potentially exercises its antitumor activities. We illustrate that WA triggers multiple cellular stress pathways such as the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, the heat shock response and protein translation events and at the same time inhibits these cellular protection mechanisms, driving stressed cancer cells towards a fatal state of collapse. If cancer cells manage to restore homeostasis and survive, a stress-independent WA antitumor response comes into play. These include the known inhibition of cytoskeleton proteins, NFκB pathway inhibition and cell cycle inhibition, among others. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview which integrates the numerous WA-protein binding partners to formulate a general WA antitumor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dom
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry , Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES) , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Antwerp (UA) , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium . ; Tel: +3232562319
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry , Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES) , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Antwerp (UA) , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium . ; Tel: +3232562319
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry , Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES) , Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Antwerp (UA) , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium . ; Tel: +3232562319
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12
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Dutta R, Khalil R, Green R, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Withaferin A: Potential in Integrative Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215310. [PMID: 31731424 PMCID: PMC6862083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera, WS), belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an Ayurvedic herb known worldwide for its numerous beneficial health activities since ancient times. This medicinal plant provides benefits against many human illnesses such as epilepsy, depression, arthritis, diabetes, and palliative effects such as analgesic, rejuvenating, regenerating, and growth-promoting effects. Several clinical trials of the different parts of the herb have demonstrated safety in patients suffering from these diseases. In the last two decades, an active component of Withaferin A (WFA) has shown tremendous cytotoxic activity suggesting its potential as an anti-carcinogenic agent in treatment of several cancers. In spite of enormous progress, a thorough elaboration of the proposed mechanism and mode of action is absent. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the properties of WS extracts (WSE) containing complex mixtures of diverse components including WFA, which have shown inhibitory properties against many cancers, (breast, colon, prostate, colon, ovarian, lung, brain), along with their mechanism of actions and pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Dutta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Roukiah Khalil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-4127
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13
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Huryn DM, Kornfilt DJP, Wipf P. p97: An Emerging Target for Cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Viral Infections. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1892-1907. [PMID: 31550150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase, p97, also referred to as VCP, plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), mitochondrial-associated degradation (MAD), chromatin-associated degradation, autophagy, and endosomal trafficking. Mutations in p97 have been linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and overexpression of wild type p97 is observed in numerous cancers. Furthermore, p97 activity has been shown to be essential for the replication of certain viruses, including poliovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and influenza. Taken together, these observations highlight the potential for targeting p97 as a therapeutic approach in neurodegeneration, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. This Perspective reviews recent advances in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of p97, their optimization and characterization, and therapeutic potential.
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Muli CS, Tian W, Trader DJ. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Proteasome's Regulatory Particle. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1739-1753. [PMID: 30740849 PMCID: PMC6765334 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells need to synthesize and degrade proteins consistently. Maintaining a balanced level of protein in the cell requires a carefully controlled system and significant energy. Degradation of unwanted or damaged proteins into smaller peptide units can be accomplished by the proteasome. The proteasome is composed of two main subunits. The first is the core particle (20S CP), and within this core particle are three types of threonine proteases. The second is the regulatory complex (19S RP), which has a myriad of activities including recognizing proteins marked for degradation and shuttling the protein into the 20S CP to be degraded. Small-molecule inhibitors of the 20S CP have been developed and are exceptional treatments for multiple myeloma (MM). 20S CP inhibitors disrupt the protein balance, leading to cellular stress and eventually to cell death. Unfortunately, the 20S CP inhibitors currently available have dose-limiting off-target effects and resistance can be acquired rapidly. Herein, we discuss small molecules that have been discovered to interact with the 19S RP subunit or with a protein closely associated with 19S RP activity. These molecules still elicit their toxicity by preventing the proteasome from degrading proteins, but do so through different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Muli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Darci J. Trader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Ding R, Zhang T, Wilson DJ, Xie J, Williams J, Xu Y, Ye Y, Chen L. Discovery of Irreversible p97 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2814-2829. [PMID: 30830772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of human p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein) have been actively pursued because of their potential therapeutic applications in cancer and other diseases. However, covalent and irreversible p97 inhibitors have not been well explored. Herein, we report our design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of covalent and irreversible inhibitors of p97. Among an amide and a reverse amide series we synthesized, we have identified a p97 inhibitor whose functional irreversibility has been established both in vitro and in cells. Also importantly, mass spectrometry reveals three potential cysteine residues labeled by this compound, and mutagenesis together with computer modeling suggests Cys522 as a major site, which when modified, could compromise the function of p97. Taken together, this new inhibitor may provide a template for designing more potent p97 inhibitors with covalent and irreversible characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jessica Williams
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yue Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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16
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Wang HC, Hu HH, Chang FR, Tsai JY, Kuo CY, Wu YC, Wu CC. Different effects of 4β-hydroxywithanolide E and withaferin A, two withanolides from Solanaceae plants, on the Akt signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:213-222. [PMID: 30668401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a clinical challenge because it lacks sensitivity to hormone therapy or other available molecule-targeted agents. In addition, TNBC frequently exhibits over-activation of the PI3K/Akt survival pathway that can contribute to chemotherapy resistance. 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E (4-HW) and withaferin A (WA) are two withanolides from Solanaceae plants that exhibit promising anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the effects of 4-HW and WA on TNBC cells and underling mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The anticancer effects of 4-HW and WA were evaluated by cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis assays. PI3K/Akt signaling and the expression of survivin, Bcl-2 family proteins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors were evaluated by Western blot. The role of PI3K/Akt signaling in the withanolides-induced anticancer effects was examined by using a PI3K inhibitor and overexpression of a constitutively active form of Akt. RESULTS In TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells, 4-HW and WA displayed different kinetic effect on cell availability. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 4-HW induced the G1-phase arrest while WA caused the G2/M-phase block. Both withanolides induced apoptosis, but WA also caused necrosis. 4-HW inhibited the PI3K/Akt pathway and survivin expression as well as up-regulated the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. In contrast, WA is a more potent inhibitor of Hsp90 and elicited Akt activation at low doses but inhibited Akt signaling at higher doses by depleting the Akt protein. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the effects of 4-HW and potentiated the cytotoxic activity of WA. In contrast, overexpressing a constitutively active form of myristoylated Akt rescue cancer cells from 4-HW-induced cell death. CONCLUSION The withanolides 4-HW and WA potently inhibit the viability of TNBC cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis/necrosis. The PI3K/Akt pathway plays distinct roles in cancer cells respond to 4-HW and WA. These results suggest the potential applications of the withanolides for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Product and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Han Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Product and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ying Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Product and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Product and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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17
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LaPorte MG, Burnett JC, Colombo R, Bulfer SL, Alverez C, Chou TF, Neitz RJ, Green N, Moore WJ, Yue Z, Li S, Arkin MR, Wipf P, Huryn DM. Optimization of Phenyl Indole Inhibitors of the AAA+ ATPase p97. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1075-1081. [PMID: 30429948 PMCID: PMC6231190 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Optimization
of the side-chain of a phenyl indole scaffold identified
from a high-throughput screening campaign for inhibitors of the AAA+
ATPase p97 is reported. The addition of an N-alkyl
piperazine led to high potency of this series in a biochemical assay,
activity in cell-based assays, and excellent pharmaceutical properties.
Molecular modeling based on a subsequently obtained cryo-EM structure
of p97 in complex with a phenyl indole was used to rationalize the
potency of these allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. LaPorte
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - James C. Burnett
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Computational Drug Development Group, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Raffaele Colombo
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stacie L. Bulfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Celeste Alverez
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor−UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502, United States
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Neal Green
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - William J. Moore
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Zhizhou Yue
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shan Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor−UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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18
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Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhang YL, Kong LY, Luo JG. Target discovery of cytotoxic withanolides from Physalis angulata var. villosa via reactivity-based screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:194-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Casero CN, Novillo JNG, García ME, Oberti JC, Nicotra VE, Peñéñory AB, Bisogno FR. Mild Thio-Diversification of Bioactive Natural Products. Withaferin A: A Case study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Casero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. N. Garay Novillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - M. E. García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - J. C. Oberti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - V. E. Nicotra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - A. B. Peñéñory
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - F. R. Bisogno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
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20
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Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Grossman EA, Ward CC, Spradlin JN, Bateman LA, Huffman TR, Miyamoto DK, Kleinman JI, Nomura DK. Covalent Ligand Discovery against Druggable Hotspots Targeted by Anti-cancer Natural Products. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1368-1376.e4. [PMID: 28919038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many natural products that show therapeutic activities are often difficult to synthesize or isolate and have unknown targets, hindering their development as drugs. Identifying druggable hotspots targeted by covalently acting anti-cancer natural products can enable pharmacological interrogation of these sites with more synthetically tractable compounds. Here, we used chemoproteomic platforms to discover that the anti-cancer natural product withaferin A targets C377 on the regulatory subunit PPP2R1A of the tumor-suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex leading to activation of PP2A activity, inactivation of AKT, and impaired breast cancer cell proliferation. We developed a more synthetically tractable cysteine-reactive covalent ligand, JNS 1-40, that selectively targets C377 of PPP2R1A to impair breast cancer signaling, proliferation, and in vivo tumor growth. Our study highlights the utility of using chemoproteomics to map druggable hotspots targeted by complex natural products and subsequently interrogating these sites with more synthetically tractable covalent ligands for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grossman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carl C Ward
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessica N Spradlin
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leslie A Bateman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tucker R Huffman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David K Miyamoto
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jordan I Kleinman
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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22
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The AAA+ ATPase p97, a cellular multitool. Biochem J 2017; 474:2953-2976. [PMID: 28819009 PMCID: PMC5559722 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase p97 is essential to a wide range of cellular functions, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, membrane fusion, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and chromatin-associated processes, which are regulated by ubiquitination. p97 acts downstream from ubiquitin signaling events and utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis to extract its substrate proteins from cellular structures or multiprotein complexes. A multitude of p97 cofactors have evolved which are essential to p97 function. Ubiquitin-interacting domains and p97-binding domains combine to form bi-functional cofactors, whose complexes with p97 enable the enzyme to interact with a wide range of ubiquitinated substrates. A set of mutations in p97 have been shown to cause the multisystem proteinopathy inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. In addition, p97 inhibition has been identified as a promising approach to provoke proteotoxic stress in tumors. In this review, we will describe the cellular processes governed by p97, how the cofactors interact with both p97 and its ubiquitinated substrates, p97 enzymology and the current status in developing p97 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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23
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Ye Y, Tang WK, Zhang T, Xia D. A Mighty "Protein Extractor" of the Cell: Structure and Function of the p97/CDC48 ATPase. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:39. [PMID: 28660197 PMCID: PMC5468458 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p97/VCP (known as Cdc48 in S. cerevisiae or TER94 in Drosophila) is one of the most abundant cytosolic ATPases. It is highly conserved from archaebacteria to eukaryotes. In conjunction with a large number of cofactors and adaptors, it couples ATP hydrolysis to segregation of polypeptides from immobile cellular structures such as protein assemblies, membranes, ribosome, and chromatin. This often results in proteasomal degradation of extracted polypeptides. Given the diversity of p97 substrates, this "segregase" activity has profound influence on cellular physiology ranging from protein homeostasis to DNA lesion sensing, and mutations in p97 have been linked to several human diseases. Here we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of this important cellular machinery and discuss the relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wai Kwan Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Di Xia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Tahara T, Streit U, Pelish HE, Shair MD. STAT3 Inhibitory Activity of Structurally Simplified Withaferin A Analogues. Org Lett 2017; 19:1538-1541. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Tahara
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ursula Streit
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Henry E. Pelish
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shair
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Zhou Y, Li W, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang H, Tong X, Xiao Y. Competitive profiling of celastrol targets in human cervical cancer HeLa cells via quantitative chemical proteomics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:83-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00691d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We reported the proteome-wide profiling of cellular targets of celastrol in HeLa cellsviacompetitive chemoproteomics approach utilizing a cysteine-targeting activity-based probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Weichao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Mingli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xixi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
| | - Haibing Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200001
- China
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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26
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Ding R, Zhang T, Xie J, Williams J, Ye Y, Chen L. Eeyarestatin I derivatives with improved aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5177-5181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Arai MA, Taguchi S, Komatsuzaki K, Uchiyama K, Masuda A, Sampei M, Satoh M, Kado S, Ishibashi M. Valosin-containing Protein is a Target of 5'-l Fuligocandin B and Enhances TRAIL Resistance in Cancer Cells. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:574-579. [PMID: 28032027 PMCID: PMC5167318 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fuligocandin B (2) is a novel natural product that can overcome TRAIL resistance. We synthesized enatiomerically pure fuligocandin B (2) and its derivative 5′‐I fuligocandin B (4), and found that the latter had an improved biological activity against the human gastric cancer cell line, AGS. We attached a biotin linker and photoactivatable aryl diazirine group to 5′‐I fuligocandin B (4), and employed a pull‐down assay to identify valosin‐containing protein (VCP/p97), an AAA ATPase, as a 5′‐I fuligocandin B (4) target protein. Knock‐down of VCP by siRNA enhanced sensitivity to TRAIL in AGS cells. In addition, 4 enhanced CHOP and DR5 protein expression, and overall intracellular levels of ubiquitinated protein. These data suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress caused through VCP inhibition by 4 increases CHOP‐mediated DR5 up‐regulation, which enhances TRAIL‐induced cell death in AGS cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example to show a relationship between VCP and TRAIL‐resistance‐overcoming activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori A Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Shota Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Komatsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Kento Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Ayaka Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Mana Sampei
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Chiba University Hospital 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba260-8670 Japan; Chemical Analysis Center Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba263-8522 Japan
| | - Sayaka Kado
- Chemical Analysis Center Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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28
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Vekaria PH, Home T, Weir S, Schoenen FJ, Rao R. Targeting p97 to Disrupt Protein Homeostasis in Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:181. [PMID: 27536557 PMCID: PMC4971439 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are addicted to numerous non-oncogenic traits that enable them to thrive. Proteotoxic stress is one such non-oncogenic trait that is experienced by all tumor cells owing to increased genomic abnormalities and the resulting synthesis and accumulation of non-stoichiometric amounts of cellular proteins. This imbalance in the amounts of proteins ultimately culminates in proteotoxic stress. p97, or valosin-containing protein (VCP), is an ATPase whose function is essential to restore protein homeostasis in the cells. Working in concert with the ubiquitin proteasome system, p97 promotes the retrotranslocation from cellular organelles and/or degradation of misfolded proteins. Consequently, p97 inhibition has emerged as a novel therapeutic target in cancer cells, especially those that have a highly secretory phenotype. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of p97 in maintaining protein homeostasis and its inhibition with small molecule inhibitors as an emerging strategy to target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trisha Home
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Scott Weir
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS , USA
| | - Rekha Rao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
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29
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Lee TC, Kang M, Kim CH, Schultz PG, Chapman E, Deniz AA. Dual Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry Labeling to Enable Single-Molecule FRET Studies of p97 Folding. Chembiochem 2016; 17:981-4. [PMID: 27115850 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular functions are critically dependent on the folding of complex multimeric proteins, such as p97, a hexameric multidomain AAA+ chaperone. Given the complex architecture of p97, single-molecule (sm) FRET would be a powerful tool for studying folding while avoiding ensemble averaging. However, dual site-specific labeling of such a large protein for smFRET is a significant challenge. Here, we address this issue by using bioorthogonal azide-alkyne chemistry to attach an smFRET dye pair to site-specifically incorporated unnatural amino acids, allowing us to generate p97 variants reporting on inter- or intradomain structural features. An initial proof-of-principle set of smFRET results demonstrated the strengths of this labeling method. Our results highlight this as a powerful tool for structural studies of p97 and other large protein machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung C Lee
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Minjin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Ashok A Deniz
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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30
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Xu YM, Bunting DP, Liu MX, Bandaranayake HA, Gunatilaka AAL. 17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:821-830. [PMID: 27071003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When cultivated under aeroponic growth conditions, Physalis crassifolia produced 11 new withanolides (1-11) and seven known withanolides (12-18) including those obtained from the wild-crafted plant. The structures of the new withanolides were elucidated by the application of spectroscopic techniques, and the known withanolides were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported. Withanolides 1-11 and 16 were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity using five tumor cell lines. Of these, the 17β-hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides 1, 2, 6, 7, and 16 showed potent antiproliferative activity, with some having selectivity for prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP and PC-3M) compared to the breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small-cell lung cancer (NCI-H460), and CNS glioma (SF-268) cell lines used. The cytotoxicity data obtained for 12-15, 17, and 19 have provided additional structure-activity relationship information for the 17β-hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ming Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Daniel P Bunting
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Manping X Liu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Hema A Bandaranayake
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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31
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Wijeratne EMK, Gunaherath GMKB, Chapla VM, Tillotson J, de la Cruz F, Kang M, U'Ren JM, Araujo AR, Arnold AE, Chapman E, Gunatilaka AAL. Oxaspirol B with p97 Inhibitory Activity and Other Oxaspirols from Lecythophora sp. FL1375 and FL1031, Endolichenic Fungi Inhabiting Parmotrema tinctorum and Cladonia evansii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:340-52. [PMID: 26812276 PMCID: PMC4926610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new metabolite, oxaspirol D (4), together with oxaspirols B (2) and C (3) were isolated from Lecythophora sp. FL1375, an endolichenic fungus isolated from Parmotrema tinctorum, whereas Lecythophora sp. FL1031 inhabiting the lichen Cladonia evansii afforded oxaspirols A (1), B (2), and C (3). Of these, oxaspirol B (2) showed moderate p97 ATPase inhibitory activity. A detailed characterization of all oxaspirols was undertaken because structures proposed for known oxaspirols have involved incomplete assignments of NMR spectroscopic data leading only to their planar structures. Thus, the naturally occurring isomeric mixture (2a and 2b) of oxaspirol B was separated as their diacetates (5a and 5b) and the structures and absolute configurations of 1, 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 were determined by the application of spectroscopic techniques including two-dimensional NMR and the modified Mosher's ester method. Oxaspirol B (2) and its diacetates 5a and 5b were evaluated for their ATPase inhibitory activities of p97, p97 mutants, and other ATP-utilizing enzymes, and only 2 was found to be active, indicating the requirement of some structural features in oxaspirols for their activity. Additional biochemical and cellular assays suggested that 2 was a reversible, non-ATP competitive, and specific inhibitor of p97.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - G. M. Kamal B. Gunaherath
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Vanessa M. Chapla
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Fabian de la Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - MinJing Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jana M. U'Ren
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Angela R. Araujo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-900, Brazil
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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32
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Browne EC, Abbott BM. Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:918-925. [PMID: 27012524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Motor neurone degeneration can be caused by genetic mutation but the exact etiology of the disease, particularly for sporadic illness, still remains unclear. Therapeutics which target known pathogenic mechanisms involved in ALS, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria dysfunction, are currently being pursued in order to provide neuroprotection which may be able to slow down, or perhaps even halt, disease progression. This present review focuses on the compounds which have been recently evaluated using the SOD1 mouse model, the most widely used preclinical model for ALS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisse C Browne
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Belinda M Abbott
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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33
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Banerjee S, Bartesaghi A, Merk A, Rao P, Bulfer SL, Yan Y, Green N, Mroczkowski B, Neitz RJ, Wipf P, Falconieri V, Deshaies RJ, Milne JLS, Huryn D, Arkin M, Subramaniam S. 2.3 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of human p97 and mechanism of allosteric inhibition. Science 2016; 351:871-5. [PMID: 26822609 PMCID: PMC6946184 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p97 is a hexameric AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that is an attractive target for cancer drug development. We report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures for adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-bound, full-length, hexameric wild-type p97 in the presence and absence of an allosteric inhibitor at resolutions of 2.3 and 2.4 angstroms, respectively. We also report cryo-EM structures (at resolutions of ~3.3, 3.2, and 3.3 angstroms, respectively) for three distinct, coexisting functional states of p97 with occupancies of zero, one, or two molecules of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) per protomer. A large corkscrew-like change in molecular architecture, coupled with upward displacement of the N-terminal domain, is observed only when ATPγS is bound to both the D1 and D2 domains of the protomer. These cryo-EM structures establish the sequence of nucleotide-driven structural changes in p97 at atomic resolution. They also enable elucidation of the binding mode of an allosteric small-molecule inhibitor to p97 and illustrate how inhibitor binding at the interface between the D1 and D2 domains prevents propagation of the conformational changes necessary for p97 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojay Banerjee
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan Merk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prashant Rao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stacie L Bulfer
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yongzhao Yan
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Neal Green
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barbara Mroczkowski
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Jeffrey Neitz
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Veronica Falconieri
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | | | - Donna Huryn
- University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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34
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Alverez C, Bulfer SL, Chakrasali R, Chimenti MS, Deshaies RJ, Green N, Kelly M, LaPorte MG, Lewis TS, Liang M, Moore WJ, Neitz RJ, Peshkov VA, Walters MA, Zhang F, Arkin MR, Wipf P, Huryn DM. Allosteric Indole Amide Inhibitors of p97: Identification of a Novel Probe of the Ubiquitin Pathway. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:182-7. [PMID: 26985295 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput screen to discover inhibitors of p97 ATPase activity identified an indole amide that bound to an allosteric site of the protein. Medicinal chemistry optimization led to improvements in potency and solubility. Indole amide 3 represents a novel uncompetitive inhibitor with excellent physical and pharmaceutical properties that can be used as a starting point for drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alverez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stacie L. Bulfer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ramappa Chakrasali
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, and the Institute for Therapeutics Discovery
and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael. S. Chimenti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Raymond J. Deshaies
- Division
of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, California 91007, United States
| | - Neal Green
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Mark Kelly
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew G. LaPorte
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Taber S. Lewis
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mary Liang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - William J. Moore
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Vsevolod A. Peshkov
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, and the Institute for Therapeutics Discovery
and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- University
of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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35
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Alverez C, Arkin MR, Bulfer SL, Colombo R, Kovaliov M, LaPorte MG, Lim C, Liang M, Moore WJ, Neitz RJ, Yan Y, Yue Z, Huryn DM, Wipf P. Structure-Activity Study of Bioisosteric Trifluoromethyl and Pentafluorosulfanyl Indole Inhibitors of the AAA ATPase p97. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1225-30. [PMID: 26713109 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploratory SAR studies of a new phenyl indole chemotype for p97 inhibition revealed C-5 indole substituent effects in the ADPGlo assay that did not fully correlate with either electronic or steric factors. A focused series of methoxy-, trifluoromethoxy-, methyl-, trifluoromethyl-, pentafluorosulfanyl-, and nitro-analogues was found to exhibit IC50s from low nanomolar to double-digit micromolar. Surprisingly, we found that the trifluoromethoxy-analogue was biochemically a better match of the trifluoromethyl-substituted lead structure than a pentafluorosulfanyl-analogue. Moreover, in spite of their almost equivalent strongly electron-depleting effect on the indole core, pentafluorosulfanyl- and nitro-derivatives were found to exhibit a 430-fold difference in p97 inhibitory activities. Conversely, the electronically divergent C-5 methyl- and nitro-analogues both showed low nanomolar activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alverez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Stacie L. Bulfer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Raffaele Colombo
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Marina Kovaliov
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Matthew G. LaPorte
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Chaemin Lim
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mary Liang
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - William J. Moore
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yongzhao Yan
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhizhou Yue
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Chemical
Diversity Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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