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Pashley SL, Papageorgiou S, O'Regan L, Barone G, Robinson SW, Lucken K, Straatman KR, Roig J, Fry AM. The mesenchymal morphology of cells expressing the EML4-ALK V3 oncogene is dependent on phosphorylation of Eg5 by NEK7. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107144. [PMID: 38458397 PMCID: PMC11061729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncogenic fusion proteins are found in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancers. Different EML4-ALK fusion variants exist with variant 3 (V3) being associated with a significantly higher risk than other common variants, such as variant 1 (V1). Patients with V3 respond less well to targeted ALK inhibitors, have accelerated rates of metastasis, and have poorer overall survival. A pathway has been described downstream of EML4-ALK V3 that is independent of ALK catalytic activity but dependent on the NEK9 and NEK7 kinases. It has been proposed that assembly of an EML4-ALK V3-NEK9-NEK7 complex on microtubules leads to cells developing a mesenchymal-like morphology and exhibiting enhanced migration. However, downstream targets of this complex remain unknown. Here, we show that the microtubule-based kinesin, Eg5, is recruited to interphase microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3, whereas chemical inhibition of Eg5 reverses the mesenchymal morphology of cells. Furthermore, we show that depletion of NEK7 interferes with Eg5 recruitment to microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and cell length is reduced, but this is reversed by coexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of Eg5, in a site, S1033, phosphorylated by NEK7. Intriguingly, we also found that expression of Eg5-S1033D led to cells expressing EML4-ALK V1 adopting a more mesenchymal-like morphology. Together, we propose that Eg5 acts as a substrate of NEK7 in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and Eg5 phosphorylation promotes the mesenchymal morphology typical of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pashley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Savvas Papageorgiou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Giancarlo Barone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan W Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kellie Lucken
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kees R Straatman
- Advanced Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joan Roig
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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2
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Shi S, Guo D, Ye L, Li T, Fei Q, Lin M, Yu X, Jin K, Wu W. Knockdown of TACC3 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and increases chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:778. [PMID: 38012214 PMCID: PMC10682013 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant digestive tract tumor with limited clinical treatments. Transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) is a component of the centrosome axis and a member of the TACC family, which affect mitosis and regulate chromosome stability and are involved in tumor development and progression. However, the role of TACC3 in PDAC remains elusive. In this study, by exploiting the TCGA database, we found that high TACC3 expression in PDAC is associated with poor prognosis. shRNA-mediated TACC3 knockdown caused S phase arrest of the cell cycle and inhibited proliferation in PDAC cell lines. Through RNA sequencing and protein co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry, KIF11 was identified as a protein that interacts with TACC3. TACC3 stabilizes and regulates KIF11 protein expression levels in PDAC cells through physical interaction. Knockdown of TACC3 or KIF11 resulted in abnormal spindle formation during cell division both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of TACC3 or KIF11 can suppress tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Our studies further demonstrated that high expression of TACC3 and KIF11 mediated the resistance of PDAC to gemcitabine, and deficiency of TACC3 or KIF11 increased the sensitivity of PDAC cells to chemotherapy. In conclusion, our study reveals the fundamental role of TACC3 expression in PDAC cell proliferation and chemoresistance, suggesting that TACC3 can be used as a molecular marker to evaluate the prognosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinglin Fei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengxiong Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Indorato RL, DeBonis S, Garcia-Saez I, Skoufias DA. Drug resistance dependent on allostery: A P-loop rigor Eg5 mutant exhibits resistance to allosteric inhibition by STLC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965455. [PMID: 36313676 PMCID: PMC9597087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic kinesin Eg5 has emerged as a potential anti-mitotic target for the purposes of cancer chemotherapy. Whether clinical resistance to these inhibitors can arise is unclear. We exploited HCT116 cancer cell line to select resistant clones to S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC), an extensively studied Eg5 loop-L5 binding inhibitor. The STLC resistant clones differed in their resistance to other loop-L5 binding inhibitors but remained sensitive to the ATP class of competitive Eg5 specific inhibitors. Eg5 is still necessary for bipolar spindle formation in the resistant clones since the cells were sensitive to RNAi mediated depletion of Eg5. One clone expressing Eg5(T107N), a dominant point mutation in the P-loop of the ATP binding domain of the motor, appeared to be not only resistant but also dependent on the presence of STLC. Eg5(T107N) expression was associated also with resistance to the clinical relevant loop-L5 Eg5 inhibitors, Arry-520 and ispinesib. Ectopic expression of the Eg5(T107N) mutant in the absence of STLC was associated with strong non-exchangeable binding to microtubules causing them to bundle. Biochemical assays showed that in contrast to the wild type Eg5-STLC complex, the ATP binding site of the Eg5(T107N) is accessible for nucleotide exchange only when the inhibitor is present. We predict that resistance can be overcome by inhibitors that bind to other than the Eg5 loop-L5 binding site having different chemical scaffolds, and that allostery-dependent resistance to Eg5 inhibitors may also occur in cells and may have positive implications in chemotherapy since once diagnosed may be beneficial following cessation of the chemotherapeutic regimen.
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Carlier-Grynkorn F, Fachinetti D, Tran PT. Kinesin-14 HSET may not oppose kinesin-5 Eg5 activity in RPE-1 cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000623. [PMID: 36004005 PMCID: PMC9393730 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelium RPE-1 cells are immortalized diploid wild-type cells. RPE-1 is increasingly used for studies of spindle assembly dynamics and chromosome segregation. Here, we imaged living RPE-1 cells using the spinning disk confocal microscope and report their complete spindle assembly dynamic parameters. Live-cell experiments enabled ascribing precise timing of function of the kinesin-5 Eg5 and kinesin-14 HSET throughout different phases of mitosis. Eg5 functions at prophase and metaphase, to assemble and maintain spindle bipolarity, respectively. Eg5 inhibition results in spindle collapse during prophase and metaphase, resulting in monoastral/monopolar spindles. HSET functions throughout mitosis to maintain spindle length. HSET degradation results in shorter spindles through all phases of mitosis. Double-inhibition of Eg5 and HSET produces only monoastral/monopolar spindles, indicating that Eg5 and HSET may not be antagonistic in wild-type RPE-1 cells, contrary to previous studies using cancer cells. In the context of spindle assembly, our results highlight potential important differences between RPE-1 and other cancer-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Phong T. Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
,
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
,
Correspondence to: Phong T. Tran (
)
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5
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Sebastian J, Raghav D, Rathinasamy K. MD simulation-based screening approach identified tolvaptan as a potential inhibitor of Eg5. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10482-w. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Nadkarni AV, Heald R. Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 78:492-502. [PMID: 35666041 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation occurs as muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) elongate and fuse to form multinucleated syncytial myotubes in which the highly-organized actomyosin sarcomeres of muscle fibers assemble. Although less well characterized, the microtubule cytoskeleton also undergoes dramatic rearrangement during myogenesis. The centrosome-nucleated microtubule array found in myoblasts is lost as the nuclear membrane acquires microtubule nucleating activity and microtubules emerge from multiple sites in the cell, eventually rearranging into a grid-like pattern in myotubes. In order to characterize perinuclear microtubule organization using a biochemically tractable system, we isolated nuclei from mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells during the course of differentiation and incubated them in cytoplasmic extracts prepared from eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. Whereas centrosomes associated with myoblast nuclei gave rise to radial microtubule arrays in extracts, myotube nuclei produced a sun-like pattern with microtubules transiently nucleating from the entire nuclear envelope. Perinuclear microtubule growth was suppressed by inhibition of Aurora A kinase or by degradation of RNA, treatments that also inhibited microtubule growth from sperm centrosomes. Myotube nuclei displayed microtubule motor-based movements leading to their separation, as occurs in myotubes. This in vitro assay therefore recapitulates key features of microtubule organization and nuclear movement observed during muscle cell differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika V Nadkarni
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Novel cis-Pt(II) Complexes with Alkylpyrazole Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Unusual Mode of Anticancer Action. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:1717200. [PMID: 35281329 PMCID: PMC8906972 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1717200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One concept of improving anticancer effects of conventional platinum-based antitumor drugs consists of conjugating these compounds with other biologically (antitumor) active agents, acting by a different mechanism. Here, we present synthesis, physicochemical characterization, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of four new analogs of conventional cisplatin, namely, cis-Pt(II) complexes containing either methyl or ethyl pyrazole N-donor ligands and chlorido or iodido ligands. It is noteworthy that while chlorido complexes display activity in a variety of cancer cell lines comparable to cisplatin, iodido complexes are considerably more potent due to their enhanced hydrophobicity and consequently enhanced cellular accumulation. Moreover, all of the studied Pt(II) alkylpyrazole complexes display a higher selectivity for tumor cells and effectively overcome the acquired resistance to cisplatin. Further results focused on the mechanism of action of the studied complexes and showed that in contrast to cisplatin and several platinum-based antitumor drugs, DNA damage by the investigated Pt(II)-alkylpyrazole complexes does not play a major role in their mechanism of action. Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of the tubulin kinesin Eg5, which is essential for forming a functional mitotic spindle, plays an important role in their mechanism of antiproliferative action.
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8
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Various effects of two types of kinesin-5 inhibitors on mitosis and cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114789. [PMID: 34582773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 has received considerable attention as a new target for mitosis. Various small-molecule compounds targeting kinesin-5 have been developed in the last few decades. However, the differences in the cellular effects of kinesin-5 inhibitors remain poorly understood. Here, we used two different kinesin-5 inhibitors, biphenyl-type PVZB1194 and S-trityl-L-cysteine-type PVEI0021, to examine their effects on molecular events involving kinesin-5. Our biochemical study of kinesin-5 protein-protein interactions showed that PVZB1194-treated kinesin-5 interacted with TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor, Aurora-A kinase, receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility, and γ-tubulin, as did untreated mitotic kinesin-5. However, PVEI0021 prevented kinesin-5 from binding to these proteins. In mitotic HeLa cells recovered from nocodazole inhibition, kinesin-5 colocalized with these binding proteins, along with microtubules nucleated near kinetochores. By acting on kinesin-5 interactions with chromatin-associated microtubules, PVZB1194, rather than PVEI0021, not only affected the formation of dispersed microtubule clusters but also enhanced the stability of microtubules. In addition, screening for mitotic inhibitors working synergistically with the kinesin-5 inhibitors revealed that paclitaxel synergistically inhibited HeLa cell proliferation only with PVZB1194. In contrast, the Aurora-A inhibitor MLN8237 exerted a synergistic anti-cell proliferation effect when combined with either inhibitor. Together, these results have provided a better understanding of the molecular action of kinesin-5 inhibitors and indicate their usefulness as molecular tools for the study of mitosis and the development of anticancer agents.
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9
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Murase Y, Ono H, Ogawa K, Yoshioka R, Ishikawa Y, Ueda H, Akahoshi K, Ban D, Kudo A, Tanaka S, Tanabe M. Inhibitor library screening identifies ispinesib as a new potential chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancers. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4641-4654. [PMID: 34510663 PMCID: PMC8586681 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening custom‐made libraries of inhibitors may reveal novel drugs for treating pancreatic cancer. In this manner, we identified ispinesib as a candidate and attempted to determine its clinical efficacy and the biological significance of its functional target Eg5 in pancreatic cancer. One hundred compounds in our library were screened for candidate drugs using cell cytotoxicity assays. Ispinesib was found to mediate effective antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer. The clinical significance of the expression of the ispinesib target Eg5 was investigated in 165 pancreatic cancer patients by immunohistochemical staining and in Eg5‐positive pancreatic cancer patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Patients with Eg5‐positive tumors experienced significantly poorer clinical outcomes than those not expressing Eg5 (overall survival; P < .01, recurrence‐free survival; P < .01). Ispinesib or Eg5 inhibition with specific siRNA significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, ispinesib acted by inducing incomplete mitosis with nuclear disruption, resulting in multinucleated monoastral spindle cells. In the PDX mouse model, ispinesib dramatically reduced tumor growth relative to vehicle control (652.2 mm3 vs 18.1 mm3 in mean tumor volume, P < .01 by ANOVA; 545 mg vs 28 mg in tumor weight, P < .01, by ANOVA). Ispinesib, identified by inhibitor library screening, could be a promising novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. The expression of its target Eg5 is associated with poorer postoperative prognosis and is important for the clinical efficacy of ispinesib in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Murase
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ogawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Yoshioka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ishikawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ban
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kudo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
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11
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Chen GY, Renda F, Zhang H, Gokden A, Wu DZ, Chenoweth DM, Khodjakov A, Lampson MA. Tension promotes kinetochore-microtubule release by Aurora B kinase. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212027. [PMID: 33904910 PMCID: PMC8082439 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure accurate chromosome segregation, interactions between kinetochores and microtubules are regulated by a combination of mechanics and biochemistry. Tension provides a signal to discriminate attachment errors from bi-oriented kinetochores with sisters correctly attached to opposite spindle poles. Biochemically, Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochores to destabilize interactions with microtubules. To link mechanics and biochemistry, current models regard tension as an input signal to locally regulate Aurora B activity. Here, we show that the outcome of kinetochore phosphorylation depends on tension. Using optogenetics to manipulate Aurora B at individual kinetochores, we find that kinase activity promotes microtubule release when tension is high. Conversely, when tension is low, Aurora B activity promotes depolymerization of kinetochore–microtubules while maintaining attachment. Thus, phosphorylation converts a catch-bond, in which tension stabilizes attachments, to a slip-bond, which releases microtubules under tension. We propose that tension is a signal inducing distinct error-correction pathways, with release or depolymerization being advantageous for typical errors characterized by high or low tension, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Huaiying Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alper Gokden
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Z Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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12
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Fang CT, Kuo HH, Hsu SC, Yih LH. HSP70 regulates Eg5 distribution within the mitotic spindle and modulates the cytotoxicity of Eg5 inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:715. [PMID: 32873777 PMCID: PMC7462862 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a conserved molecular chaperone and proteostasis regulator that protects cells from pharmacological stress and promotes drug resistance in cancer cells. In this study, we found that HSP70 may promote resistance to anticancer drugs that target the mitotic kinesin, Eg5, which is essential for assembly and maintenance of the mitotic spindle and cell proliferation. Our data show that loss of HSP70 activity enhances Eg5 inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity and spindle abnormalities. Furthermore, HSP70 colocalizes with Eg5 in the mitotic spindle, and inhibition of HSP70 disrupts this colocalization. Inhibition or depletion of HSP70 also causes Eg5 to accumulate at the spindle pole, altering microtubule dynamics and leading to chromosome misalignment. Using ground state depletion microscopy followed by individual molecule return (GSDIM), we found that HSP70 inhibition reduces the size of Eg5 ensembles and prevents their localization to the inter-polar region of the spindle. In addition, bis(maleimido)hexane-mediated protein-protein crosslinking and proximity ligation assays revealed that HSP70 inhibition deregulates the interaction between Eg5 tetramers and TPX2 at the spindle pole, leading to their accumulation in high-molecular-weight complexes. Finally, we showed that the passive substrate-binding activity of HSP70 is required for appropriate Eg5 distribution and function. Together, our results show that HSP70 substrate-binding activity may regulate proper assembly of Eg5 ensembles and Eg5-TPX2 complexes to modulate mitotic distribution/function of Eg5. Thus, HSP70 inhibition may sensitize cancer cells to Eg5 inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ting Fang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Huei Yih
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Peña A, Sweeney A, Cook AD, Locke J, Topf M, Moores CA. Structure of Microtubule-Trapped Human Kinesin-5 and Its Mechanism of Inhibition Revealed Using Cryoelectron Microscopy. Structure 2020; 28:450-457.e5. [PMID: 32084356 PMCID: PMC7139217 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors are vital mitotic spindle components, and disruption of their function perturbs cell division. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the human kinesin-5 inhibitor GSK-1, which allosterically promotes tight microtubule binding. GSK-1 inhibits monomeric human kinesin-5 ATPase and microtubule gliding activities, and promotes the motor's microtubule stabilization activity. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the 3D structure of the microtubule-bound motor-GSK-1 at 3.8 Å overall resolution. The structure reveals that GSK-1 stabilizes the microtubule binding surface of the motor in an ATP-like conformation, while destabilizing regions of the motor around the empty nucleotide binding pocket. Density corresponding to GSK-1 is located between helix-α4 and helix-α6 in the motor domain at its interface with the microtubule. Using a combination of difference mapping and protein-ligand docking, we characterized the kinesin-5-GSK-1 interaction and further validated this binding site using mutagenesis. This work opens up new avenues of investigation of kinesin inhibition and spindle perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Aaron Sweeney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Julia Locke
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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14
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Bodrug T, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Nithianantham S, Thompson AF, Alfieri A, Gaska I, Major J, Debs G, Inagaki S, Gutierrez P, Gheber L, McKenney RJ, Sindelar CV, Milligan R, Stumpff J, Rosenfeld SS, Forth ST, Al-Bassam J. The kinesin-5 tail domain directly modulates the mechanochemical cycle of the motor domain for anti-parallel microtubule sliding. eLife 2020; 9:e51131. [PMID: 31958056 PMCID: PMC7015671 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors organize mitotic spindles by sliding apart microtubules. They are homotetramers with dimeric motor and tail domains at both ends of a bipolar minifilament. Here, we describe a regulatory mechanism involving direct binding between tail and motor domains and its fundamental role in microtubule sliding. Kinesin-5 tails decrease microtubule-stimulated ATP-hydrolysis by specifically engaging motor domains in the nucleotide-free or ADP states. Cryo-EM reveals that tail binding stabilizes an open motor domain ATP-active site. Full-length motors undergo slow motility and cluster together along microtubules, while tail-deleted motors exhibit rapid motility without clustering. The tail is critical for motors to zipper together two microtubules by generating substantial sliding forces. The tail is essential for mitotic spindle localization, which becomes severely reduced in tail-deleted motors. Our studies suggest a revised microtubule-sliding model, in which kinesin-5 tails stabilize motor domains in the microtubule-bound state by slowing ATP-binding, resulting in high-force production at both homotetramer ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Bodrug
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson-Kubalek
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyScripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Alex F Thompson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - April Alfieri
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Jennifer Major
- Department of Cancer BiologyLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicLorainUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Garrett Debs
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Pedro Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyBen-Gurion University of the NegevNegevIsrael
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | - Ronald Milligan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyScripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Steven S Rosenfeld
- Department of Cancer BiologyLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicLorainUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Scott T Forth
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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15
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Chen GY, Cleary JM, Asenjo AB, Chen Y, Mascaro JA, Arginteanu DFJ, Sosa H, Hancock WO. Kinesin-5 Promotes Microtubule Nucleation and Assembly by Stabilizing a Lattice-Competent Conformation of Tubulin. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2259-2269.e4. [PMID: 31280993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Besides sliding apart antiparallel microtubules during spindle elongation, the mitotic kinesin-5, Eg5, promotes microtubule polymerization, emphasizing its importance in mitotic spindle length control. Here, we characterize the Eg5 microtubule polymerase mechanism by assessing motor-induced changes in the longitudinal and lateral tubulin-tubulin bonds that form the microtubule lattice. Isolated Eg5 motor domains promote microtubule nucleation, growth, and stability; thus, crosslinking tubulin by pairs of motor heads is not necessary for polymerase activity. Eg5 binds preferentially to microtubules over free tubulin, which contrasts with microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins that preferentially bind free tubulin over microtubules. Colchicine-like inhibitors that stabilize the bent conformation of tubulin allosterically inhibit Eg5 binding, consistent with a model in which Eg5 induces a curved-to-straight transition in tubulin. Domain swap experiments establish that the family-specific loop11-helix 4 junction, which resides near the nucleotide-sensing switch-II domain, is necessary and sufficient for the polymerase activity of Eg5. Thus, we propose a microtubule polymerase mechanism in which Eg5 at the plus-end promotes a curved-to-straight transition in tubulin that enhances lateral bond formation and thereby promotes microtubule growth and stability. One implication is that regulation of Eg5 motile properties by regulatory proteins or small molecule inhibitors could also have effects on intracellular microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph M Cleary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yalei Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jacob A Mascaro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David F J Arginteanu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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16
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Ogunwa TH, Laudadio E, Galeazzi R, Miyanishi T. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Eg5 Inhibition by (+)-Morelloflavone. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020058. [PMID: 30995725 PMCID: PMC6630617 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(+)-Morelloflavone (MF) is an antitumor biflavonoid that is found in the Garcinia species. Recently, we reported MF as a novel inhibitor of ATPase and microtubules-gliding activities of the kinesin spindle protein (Eg5) in vitro. Herein, we provide dynamical insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of MF against Eg5, which involves binding of the inhibitor to the loop5/α2/α3 allosteric pocket. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for 100 ns on eight complexes: Eg5-Adenosine diphosphate (Eg5-ADP), Eg5-ADP-S-trityl-l-cysteine (Eg5-ADP-STLC), Eg5-ADP-ispinesib, Eg5-ADP-MF, Eg5-Adenosine triphosphate (Eg5-ATP), Eg5-ATP-STLC, Eg5-ATP-ispinesib, and Eg5-ATP-MF complexes. Structural and energetic analyses were done using Umbrella sampling, Molecular Mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method, GROMACS analysis toolkit, and virtual molecular dynamics (VMD) utilities. The results were compared with those of the known Eg5 inhibitors; ispinesib, and STLC. Our data strongly support a stable Eg5-MF complex, with significantly low binding energy and reduced flexibility of Eg5 in some regions, including loop5 and switch I. Furthermore, the loop5 Trp127 was trapped in a downward position to keep the allosteric pocket of Eg5 in the so-called “closed conformation”, comparable to observations for STLC. Altered structural conformations were also visible within various regions of Eg5, including switch I, switch II, α2/α3 helices, and the tubulin-binding region, indicating that MF might induce modifications in the Eg5 structure to compromise its ATP/ADP binding and conversion process as well as its interaction with microtubules. The described mechanisms are crucial for understanding Eg5 inhibition by MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomisin Happy Ogunwa
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Takayuki Miyanishi
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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17
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Mann BJ, Wadsworth P. Kinesin-5 Regulation and Function in Mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Dumas ME, Chen GY, Kendrick ND, Xu G, Larsen SD, Jana S, Waterson AG, Bauer JA, Hancock W, Sulikowski GA, Ohi R. Dual inhibition of Kif15 by oxindole and quinazolinedione chemical probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:148-154. [PMID: 30528696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a microtubule-based machine that segregates a replicated set of chromosomes during cell division. Many cancer drugs alter or disrupt the microtubules that form the mitotic spindle. Microtubule-dependent molecular motors that function during mitosis are logical alternative mitotic targets for drug development. Eg5 (Kinesin-5) and Kif15 (Kinesin-12), in particular, are an attractive pair of motor proteins, as they work in concert to drive centrosome separation and promote spindle bipolarity. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the clinical failure of Eg5 inhibitors may be (in part) due to compensation by Kif15. In order to test this idea, we screened a small library of kinase inhibitors and identified GW108X, an oxindole that inhibits Kif15 in vitro. We show that GW108X has a distinct mechanism of action compared with a commercially available Kif15 inhibitor, Kif15-IN-1 and may serve as a lead with which to further develop Kif15 inhibitors as clinically relevant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Dumas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Nicole D Kendrick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - George Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Somnath Jana
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alex G Waterson
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joshua A Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - William Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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19
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NEK7 regulates dendrite morphogenesis in neurons via Eg5-dependent microtubule stabilization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2330. [PMID: 29899413 PMCID: PMC5997995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubules into ordered arrays is best understood in mitotic systems, but remains poorly characterized in postmitotic cells such as neurons. By analyzing the cycling cell microtubule cytoskeleton proteome through expression profiling and targeted RNAi screening for candidates with roles in neurons, we have identified the mitotic kinase NEK7. We show that NEK7 regulates dendrite morphogenesis in vitro and in vivo. NEK7 kinase activity is required for dendrite growth and branching, as well as spine formation and morphology. NEK7 regulates these processes in part through phosphorylation of the kinesin Eg5/KIF11, promoting its accumulation on microtubules in distal dendrites. Here, Eg5 limits retrograde microtubule polymerization, which is inhibitory to dendrite growth and branching. Eg5 exerts this effect through microtubule stabilization, independent of its motor activity. This work establishes NEK7 as a general regulator of the microtubule cytoskeleton, controlling essential processes in both mitotic cells and postmitotic neurons. NEK7 is a kinase known for its role in mitotic spindle assembly, driving centrosome separation in prophase through regulation of the kinesin Eg5. Here, the authors show that NEK7 and Eg5 also control dendrite morphogenesis in postmitotic neurons.
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20
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Milic B, Chakraborty A, Han K, Bassik MC, Block SM. KIF15 nanomechanics and kinesin inhibitors, with implications for cancer chemotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4613-E4622. [PMID: 29703754 PMCID: PMC5960320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801242115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eg5, a mitotic kinesin, has been a target for anticancer drug development. Clinical trials of small-molecule inhibitors of Eg5 have been stymied by the development of resistance, attributable to mitotic rescue by a different endogenous kinesin, KIF15. Compared with Eg5, relatively little is known about the properties of the KIF15 motor. Here, we employed single-molecule optical-trapping techniques to define the KIF15 mechanochemical cycle. We also studied the inhibitory effects of KIF15-IN-1, an uncharacterized, commercially available, small-molecule inhibitor, on KIF15 motility. To explore the complementary behaviors of KIF15 and Eg5, we also scored the effects of small-molecule inhibitors on admixtures of both motors, using both a microtubule (MT)-gliding assay and an assay for cancer cell viability. We found that (i) KIF15 motility differs significantly from Eg5; (ii) KIF15-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of KIF15 motility; (iii) MT gliding powered by KIF15 and Eg5 only ceases when both motors are inhibited; and (iv) pairing KIF15-IN-1 with Eg5 inhibitors synergistically reduces cancer cell growth. Taken together, our results lend support to the notion that a combination drug therapy employing both inhibitors may be a viable strategy for overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Milic
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Steven M Block
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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21
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Muthuraja P, Himesh M, Prakash S, Venkatasubramanian U, Manisankar P. Synthesis of N-(1-(6-acetamido-5-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl) piperidin-3-yl) amide derivatives as potential inhibitors for mitotic kinesin spindle protein. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their shared ability to regulate microtubule polymerization dynamics, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility properties ranging from fast processive motility to no movement. Yue et al. demonstrate that for KIF7 and KIF27, altered chemomechanical coupling results in immotile behavior and slow processive movement, respectively. Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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