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Tran KKN, Wong VHY, Vessey KA, Finkelstein DI, Bui BV, Nguyen CTO. Levodopa Rescues Retinal Function in the Transgenic A53T Alpha-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:130. [PMID: 38255235 PMCID: PMC10813165 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic cells and alpha-synuclein (α-syn)-rich intraneuronal deposits within the central nervous system are key hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Levodopa (L-DOPA) is the current gold-standard treatment for PD. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo retinal changes in a transgenic PD model of α-syn overexpression and the effect of acute levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. METHODS Anaesthetised 6-month-old mice expressing human A53T alpha-synuclein (HOM) and wildtype (WT) control littermates were intraperitoneally given 20 mg/kg L-DOPA (50 mg levodopa, 2.5 mg benserazide) or vehicle saline (n = 11-18 per group). In vivo retinal function (dark-adapted full-field ERG) and structure (optical coherence tomography, OCT) were recorded before and after drug treatment for 30 min. Ex vivo immunohistochemistry (IHC) on flat-mounted retina was conducted to assess tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cell counts (n = 7-8 per group). RESULTS We found that photoreceptor (a-wave) and bipolar cell (b-wave) ERG responses (p < 0.01) in A53T HOM mice treated with L-DOPA grew in amplitude more (47 ± 9%) than WT mice (16 ± 9%) treated with L-DOPA, which was similar to the vehicle group (A53T HOM 25 ± 9%; WT 19 ± 7%). While outer retinal thinning (outer nuclear layer, ONL, and outer plexiform layer, OPL) was confirmed in A53T HOM mice (p < 0.01), L-DOPA did not have an ameliorative effect on retinal layer thickness. These findings were observed in the absence of changes to the number of TH-positive amacrine cells across experiment groups. Acute L-DOPA treatment transiently improves visual dysfunction caused by abnormal alpha-synuclein accumulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings deepen our understanding of dopamine and alpha-synuclein interactions in the retina and provide a high-throughput preclinical framework, primed for translation, through which novel therapeutic compounds can be objectively screened and assessed for fast-tracking PD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie K. N. Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.N.T.); (V.H.Y.W.); (B.V.B.)
| | - Vickie H. Y. Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.N.T.); (V.H.Y.W.); (B.V.B.)
| | - Kirstan A. Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.N.T.); (V.H.Y.W.); (B.V.B.)
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (K.K.N.T.); (V.H.Y.W.); (B.V.B.)
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Tran KKN, Wong VHY, Hoang A, Finkelstein DI, Bui BV, Nguyen CTO. Retinal alpha-synuclein accumulation correlates with retinal dysfunction and structural thinning in the A53T mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1146979. [PMID: 37214398 PMCID: PMC10196133 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1146979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) protein deposition has long been recognized as one of the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease's (PD). This study considers the potential utility of PD retinal biomarkers by investigating retinal changes in a well characterized PD model of α-SYN overexpression and how these correspond to the presence of retinal α-SYN. Transgenic A53T homozygous (HOM) mice overexpressing human α-SYN and wildtype (WT) control littermates were assessed at 4, 6, and 14 months of age (male and female, n = 15-29 per group). In vivo retinal function (electroretinography, ERG) and structure (optical coherence tomography, OCT) were recorded, and retinal immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were performed to examine retinal α-SYN and tyrosine hydroxylase. Compared to WT controls, A53T mice exhibited reduced light-adapted (cone photoreceptor and bipolar cell amplitude, p < 0.0001) ERG responses and outer retinal thinning (outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, p < 0.0001) which correlated with elevated levels of α-SYN. These retinal signatures provide a high throughput means to study α-SYN induced neurodegeneration and may be useful in vivo endpoints for PD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie K. N. Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H. Y. Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Ren M, Yang Y, Heng KHY, Ng LY, Chong CYY, Ng YT, Gorur-Shandilya S, Lee RMQ, Lim KL, Zhang J, Koh TW. MED13 and glycolysis are conserved modifiers of α-synuclein-associated neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111852. [PMID: 36543134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is important in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). While genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of synucleinopathies have identified many risk loci, the underlying genes have not been shown for most loci. Using Drosophila, we screened 3,471 mutant chromosomes for genetic modifiers of α-synuclein and identified 12 genes. Eleven modifiers have human orthologs associated with diseases, including MED13 and CDC27, which lie within PD GWAS loci. Drosophila Skd/Med13 and glycolytic enzymes are co-upregulated by α-syn-associated neurodegeneration. While elevated α-syn compromises mitochondrial function, co-expressing skd/Med13 RNAi and α-syn synergistically increase the ratio of oxidized-to-reduced glutathione. The resulting neurodegeneration can be suppressed by overexpressing a glycolytic enzyme or treatment with deferoxamine, suggesting that compensatory glycolysis is neuroprotective. In addition, the functional relationship between α-synuclein, MED13, and glycolytic enzymes is conserved between flies and mice. We propose that hypoxia-inducible factor and MED13 are part of a druggable pathway for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Ren
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | | | - Lu Yi Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | | | - Yan Ting Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | | | - Rachel Min Qi Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China; China National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Tong-Wey Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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Ji Y, Zheng K, Li S, Ren C, Shen Y, Tian L, Zhu H, Zhou Z, Jiang Y. Insight into the potential role of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1005182. [PMID: 36385946 PMCID: PMC9647641 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1005182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered way of programmed cell death, mainly caused by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides in cells, which is morphologically, biochemically and genetically different from the previously reported apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Studies have found that ferroptosis plays a key role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia, which suggest that ferroptosis may be involved in regulating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. At present, on the underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear, and relevant research is urgently needed to clarify the regulatory mechanism and provide the possibility for the development of agents targeting ferroptosis. This review focused on the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its various effects in neurodegenerative diseases, in order to provide reference for the research on ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ji
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Shiming Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Caili Ren
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Tian
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Haohao Zhu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Haohao Zhu
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Zhenhe Zhou
| | - Ying Jiang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Ying Jiang
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Moon Y, Chae S, Yim S, Yang EG, Choe J, Hyun J, Chang R, Hwang D, Park H. Clioquinol as an inhibitor of JmjC-histone demethylase exhibits common and unique histone methylome and transcriptome between clioquinol and hypoxia. iScience 2022; 25:104517. [PMID: 35754713 PMCID: PMC9218365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clioquinol (CQ) is a hypoxic mimicker to activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by inhibiting HIF-1α specific asparaginyl hypoxylase (FIH-1). The structural similarity of the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain between FIH-1 and JmjC domain-containing histone lysine demethylases (JmjC-KDMs) led us to investigate whether CQ could inhibit the catalytic activities of JmjC-KDMs. Herein, we showed that CQ inhibits KDM4A/C, KDM5A/B, and KDM6B and affects H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3 marks, respectively. An integrative analysis of the histone methylome and transcriptome data revealed that CQ-mediated JmjC-KDM inhibition altered the transcription of target genes through differential combinations of KDMs and transcription factors. Notably, functional enrichment of target genes showed that CQ and hypoxia commonly affected the response to hypoxia, VEGF signaling, and glycolysis, whereas CQ uniquely altered apoptosis/autophagy and cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix organization. Our results suggest that CQ can be used as a JmjC-KDM inhibitor, HIF-α activator, and an alternative therapeutic agent in hypoxia-based diseases. Both hypoxia and clioquinol (CQ) inhibit histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) CQ affects H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3 marks upon inhibition CQ treatment-induced histone methylome changes affect target gene transcription Histone methylome predicts TFs underlying transcription of CQ target genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwon Moon
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Yim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyeong Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Choe
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Hyun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakwoo Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsung Park
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Wang F, Wang J, Shen Y, Li H, Rausch WD, Huang X. Iron Dyshomeostasis and Ferroptosis: A New Alzheimer’s Disease Hypothesis? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:830569. [PMID: 35391749 PMCID: PMC8981915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.830569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in many physiological processes of the human body, but iron is continuously deposited in the brain as we age. Early studies found iron overload is directly proportional to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein, both of which are related to the AD pathogenesis, are associated with brain iron metabolism. A variety of iron metabolism-related proteins have been found to be abnormally expressed in the brains of AD patients and mouse models, resulting in iron deposition and promoting AD progression. Amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, two pathological hallmarks of AD, can also promote iron deposition in the brain, forming a vicious cycle of AD development-iron deposition. Iron deposition and the subsequent ferroptosis has been found to be a potential mechanism underlying neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases. Iron chelators, antioxidants and hepcidin were found useful for treating AD, which represents an important direction for AD treatment research and drug development in the future. The review explored the deep connection between iron dysregulation and AD pathogenesis, discussed the potential of new hypothesis related to iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis, and summarized the therapeutics capable of targeting iron, with the expectation to draw more attention of iron dysregulation and corresponding drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Diseases, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf-Dieter Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Huang,
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Shahandeh A, Bui BV, Finkelstein DI, Nguyen CTO. Effects of Excess Iron on the Retina: Insights From Clinical Cases and Animal Models of Iron Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:794809. [PMID: 35185447 PMCID: PMC8851357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.794809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an important role in a wide range of metabolic pathways that are important for neuronal health. Excessive levels of iron, however, can promote toxicity and cell death. An example of an iron overload disorder is hemochromatosis (HH) which is a genetic disorder of iron metabolism in which the body’s ability to regulate iron absorption is altered, resulting in iron build-up and injury in several organs. The retina was traditionally assumed to be protected from high levels of systemic iron overload by the blood-retina barrier. However, recent data shows that expression of genes that are associated with HH can disrupt retinal iron metabolism. Thus, the effects of iron overload on the retina have become an area of research interest, as excessively high levels of iron are implicated in several retinal disorders, most notably age–related macular degeneration. This review is an effort to highlight risk factors for excessive levels of systemic iron build-up in the retina and its potential impact on the eye health. Information is integrated across clinical and preclinical animal studies to provide insights into the effects of systemic iron loading on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahandeh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Christine T. O. Nguyen,
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Alhassen S, Senel M, Alachkar A. Surface Plasmon Resonance Identifies High-Affinity Binding of l-DOPA to Siderocalin/Lipocalin-2 through Iron-Siderophore Action: Implications for Parkinson's Disease Treatment. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:158-165. [PMID: 34939797 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), the dopamine precursor, remains the frontline treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). With the treatment progress, l-DOPA efficacy decreases, necessitating higher and more frequent doses, with higher risks of dyskinesia. l-DOPA chelates iron through its catechol group, forming the l-DOPA:Fe complex; however, the fate of this complex is unknown. Catechol siderophore-like compounds are known to bind siderocalin (Scn)/lipocalin-2 to form stable siderophore:Fe:Scn complexes. Scn is upregulated in PD patients' substantia nigra and may play a role in PD pathophysiology. Therefore, in this study, we used the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique to examine the binding properties of l-DOPA to Scn. We found that l-DOPA formed a stable complex with Scn in the presence of Fe3+. Our analysis of the binding properties of l-DOPA precursors and metabolites indicates that the catechol group is necessary but not sufficient to form a stable complex with Scn. Finally, the affinity constant (Kd) of DOPA:Fe3+ binding with Scn (0.8 μM) was lower than l-DOPA plasma peak concentrations in l-DOPA preparations in the past six decades. Our results speculate a significant role for the l-DOPA-Scn complex in the decreased bioavailability of l-DOPA with the progress of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mehmet Senel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- UC Irvine Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Dauer Née Joppe K, Tatenhorst L, Caldi Gomes L, Zhang S, Parvaz M, Carboni E, Roser AE, El DeBakey H, Bähr M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Wang Ip C, Becker S, Zweckstetter M, Lingor P. Brain iron enrichment attenuates α-synuclein spreading after injection of preformed fibrils. J Neurochem 2021; 159:554-573. [PMID: 34176164 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regional iron accumulation and α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading pathology within the central nervous system are common pathological findings in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whereas iron is known to bind to α-syn, facilitating its aggregation and regulating α-syn expression, it remains unclear if and how iron also modulates α-syn spreading. To elucidate the influence of iron on the propagation of α-syn pathology, we investigated α-syn spreading after stereotactic injection of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of mouse brains after neonatal brain iron enrichment. C57Bl/6J mouse pups received oral gavage with 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg carbonyl iron or vehicle between postnatal days 10 and 17. At 12 weeks of age, intrastriatal injections of 5-µg PFFs were performed to induce seeding of α-syn aggregates. At 90 days post-injection, PFFs-injected mice displayed long-term memory deficits, without affection of motor behavior. Interestingly, quantification of α-syn phosphorylated at S129 showed reduced α-syn pathology and attenuated spreading to connectome-specific brain regions after brain iron enrichment. Furthermore, PFFs injection caused intrastriatal microglia accumulation, which was alleviated by iron in a dose-dependent way. In primary cortical neurons in a microfluidic chamber model in vitro, iron application did not alter trans-synaptic α-syn propagation, possibly indicating an involvement of non-neuronal cells in this process. Our study suggests that α-syn PFFs may induce cognitive deficits in mice independent of iron. However, a redistribution of α-syn aggregate pathology and reduction of striatal microglia accumulation in the mouse brain may be mediated via iron-induced alterations of the brain connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Dauer Née Joppe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mojan Parvaz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Carboni
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hazem El DeBakey
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany
- Research group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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11
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Shahandeh A, Bui BV, Finkelstein DI, Nguyen CTO. Therapeutic applications of chelating drugs in iron metabolic disorders of the brain and retina. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1889-1904. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahandeh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
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12
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Chiou B, Neely EB, Mcdevitt DS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Transferrin and H-ferritin involvement in brain iron acquisition during postnatal development: impact of sex and genotype. J Neurochem 2020; 152:381-396. [PMID: 31339576 PMCID: PMC6980902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron delivery to the developing brain is essential for energy and metabolic support needed for processes such as myelination and neuronal development. Iron deficiency, especially in the developing brain, can result in a number of long-term neurological deficits that persist into adulthood. There is considerable debate that excess access to iron during development may result in iron overload in the brain and subsequently predispose individuals to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. There is a significant gap in knowledge regarding how the brain acquires iron during development and how biological variables such as development, genetics, and sex impact brain iron status. In this study, we used a mouse model expressing a mutant form of the iron homeostatic regulator protein HFE, (Hfe H63D), the most common gene variant in Caucasians, to determine impact of the mutation on brain iron uptake. Iron uptake was assessed using 59 Fe bound to either transferrin or H-ferritin as the iron carrier proteins. We demonstrate that at postnatal day 22, mutant mice brains take up greater amounts of iron compared with wildtype. Moreover, we introduce H-ferritin as a key protein in brain iron transport during development and identify a sex and genotype effect demonstrating female mutant mice take up more iron by transferrin, whereas male mutant mice take up more iron from H-ferritin at PND22. Furthermore, we begin to elucidate the mechanism for uptake using immunohistochemistry to profile the regional distribution and temporal expression of transferrin receptor and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 2, the latter is the receptor for H-ferritin. These data demonstrate that sex and genotype have significant effects on iron uptake and that regional receptor expression may play a large role in the uptake patterns during development. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14731.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dillon S. Mcdevitt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease Research: Trends in the 2000s. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215402. [PMID: 31671557 PMCID: PMC6862023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Although many studies have been conducted, there is an unmet clinical need to develop new treatments because, currently, only symptomatic therapies are available. To achieve this goal, clarification of the pathology is required. Attempts have been made to emulate human PD and various animal models have been developed over the decades. Neurotoxin models have been commonly used for PD research. Recently, advances in transgenic technology have enabled the development of genetic models that help to identify new approaches in PD research. However, PD animal model trends have not been investigated. Revealing the trends for PD research will be valuable for increasing our understanding of the positive and negative aspects of each model. In this article, we clarified the trends for animal models that were used to research PD in the 2000s, and we discussed each model based on these trends.
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14
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Iron Redox Chemistry and Implications in the Parkinson's Disease Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4609702. [PMID: 31687080 PMCID: PMC6803728 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4609702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked with cellular inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain that are enriched in the misfolded presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) and death of the dopaminergic neurons. Brain iron homeostasis governs both neurotransmission and neurodegeneration; hence, the role of iron in PD progression and neuronal health is apparent. Elevated iron deposits become prevalent in the cerebral region upon aging and even more so in the PD brain. Structural as well as oxidative modifications can result from coordination of αS with redox active iron, which could have functional and/or pathological implications. In this review, we will discuss iron-mediated αS aggregation, alterations in iron metabolism, and the role of the iron-dopamine couple. Moreover, iron interactions with N-terminally acetylated αS, the physiologically relevant form of the human protein, will be addressed to shed light on the current understanding of protein dynamics and the physiological environment in the disease state. Oxidative pathways and biochemical alterations resulting from aberrant iron-induced chemistry are the principal focus of this review in order to highlight the plethora of research that has uncovered this emerging dichotomy of iron playing both functional and disruptive roles in PD pathology.
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15
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Alza NP, Iglesias González PA, Conde MA, Uranga RM, Salvador GA. Lipids at the Crossroad of α-Synuclein Function and Dysfunction: Biological and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:175. [PMID: 31118888 PMCID: PMC6504812 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, the study of the biological role of α-synuclein and its pathological implications has been the subject of increasing interest. The propensity to adopt different conformational states governing its aggregation and fibrillation makes this small 14-kDa cytosolic protein one of the main etiologic factors associated with degenerative disorders known as synucleinopathies. The structure, function, and toxicity of α-synuclein and the possibility of different therapeutic approaches to target the protein have been extensively investigated and reviewed. One intriguing characteristic of α-synuclein is the different ways in which it interacts with lipids. Though in-depth studies have been carried out in this field, the information they have produced is puzzling and the precise role of lipids in α-synuclein biology and pathology and vice versa is still largely unknown. Here we provide an overview and discussion of the main findings relating to α-synuclein/lipid interaction and its involvement in the modulation of lipid metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Alza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Iglesias González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melisa A Conde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Romina M Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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16
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Billings JL, Gordon SL, Rawling T, Doble PA, Bush AI, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ. l
‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
‐DOPA) modulates brain iron, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in iron overload and mutant alpha‐synuclein mouse models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:88-106. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Billings
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah L. Gordon
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Doble
- Elemental Bio‐imaging Facility University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Elemental Bio‐imaging Facility University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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17
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Perez DR, Sklar LA, Chigaev A. Clioquinol: To harm or heal. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:155-163. [PMID: 30898518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clioquinol, one of the first mass-produced drugs, was considered safe and efficacious for many years. It was used as an antifungal and an antiprotozoal drug until it was linked to an outbreak of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON), a debilitating disease almost exclusively confined to Japan. Today, new information regarding clioquinol targets and its mechanism of action, as well as genetic variation (SNPs) in efflux transporters in the Japanese population, provide a unique interpretation of the existing phenomena. Further understanding of clioquinol's role in the inhibition of cAMP efflux and promoting apoptosis might offer promise for the treatment of cancer and/or neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we highlight recent developments in the field and discuss possible connections, hypotheses and perspectives in clioquinol-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Perez
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alexandre Chigaev
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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18
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Joppe K, Roser AE, Maass F, Lingor P. The Contribution of Iron to Protein Aggregation Disorders in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30723395 PMCID: PMC6350163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of iron is of fundamental importance in the central nervous system (CNS) to ensure biological processes such as oxygen transport, mitochondrial respiration or myelin synthesis. Dyshomeostasis and accumulation of iron can be observed during aging and both are shared characteristics of several neurodegenerative diseases. Iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to protein aggregation and cellular toxicity. The process of misfolding and aggregation of neuronal proteins such as α-synuclein, Tau, amyloid beta (Aβ), TDP-43 or SOD1 is a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders and iron has been shown to facilitate protein aggregation. Thus, both, iron and aggregating proteins are proposed to amplify their detrimental effects in the disease state. In this review, we give an overview on effects of iron on aggregation of different proteins involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of iron-mediated toxicity and protein aggregation emphasizing the red-ox chemistry and protein-binding properties of iron. Finally, we address current therapeutic approaches harnessing iron chelation as a disease-modifying intervention in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Joppe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Sun Y, Pham AN, Hare DJ, Waite TD. Kinetic Modeling of pH-Dependent Oxidation of Dopamine by Iron and Its Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:859. [PMID: 30534046 PMCID: PMC6275323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. While age is the most significant risk factor, the exact cause of this disease and the most effective approaches to mitigation remain unclear. It has long been proposed that dopamine may play a role in the pathology of Parkinson's disease in view of its ability to generate both protein-modifying quinones such as aminochrome and reactive oxygen species, especially in the presence of pathological iron accumulation in the primary site of neuron loss. Given the clinically measured acidosis of post-mortem Parkinson's disease brain tissue, the interaction between dopamine and iron was investigated over a pH range of 7.4 to 6.5 with emphasis on the accumulation of toxic quinones and generation of reactive oxygen species. Our results show that the presence of iron accelerates the formation of aminochrome with ferrous iron (Fe[II]) being more efficient in this regard than ferric iron (Fe[III]). Our results further suggest that a reduced aminochrome rearrangement rate coupled with an enhanced turnover rate of Fe[II] as a result of brain tissue acidosis could result in aminochrome accumulation within cells. Additionally, under these conditions, the enhanced redox cycling of iron in the presence of dopamine aggravates oxidative stress as a result of the production of damaging reactive species, including hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Ninh Pham
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Pathology Laboratory, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Liu JL, Fan YG, Yang ZS, Wang ZY, Guo C. Iron and Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:632. [PMID: 30250423 PMCID: PMC6139360 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As people age, iron deposits in different areas of the brain may impair normal cognitive function and behavior. Abnormal iron metabolism generates hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction, triggers oxidative stress reactions, damages cell lipids, protein and DNA structure and function, and ultimately leads to cell death. There is an imbalance in iron homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Excessive iron contributes to the deposition of β-amyloid and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which in turn, promotes the development of AD. Therefore, iron-targeted therapeutic strategies have become a new direction. Iron chelators, such as desferoxamine, deferiprone, deferasirox, and clioquinol, have received a great deal of attention and have obtained good results in scientific experiments and some clinical trials. Given the limitations and side effects of the long-term application of traditional iron chelators, alpha-lipoic acid and lactoferrin, as self-synthesized naturally small molecules, have shown very intriguing biological activities in blocking Aβ-aggregation, tauopathy and neuronal damage. Despite a lack of evidence for any clinical benefits, the conjecture that therapeutic chelation, with a special focus on iron ions, is a valuable approach for treating AD remains widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Sánchez Campos S, Alza NP, Salvador GA. Lipid metabolism alterations in the neuronal response to A53T α-synuclein and Fe-induced injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 655:43-54. [PMID: 30098984 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) overexpression and iron (Fe)-induced oxidative stress (OS) are involved in the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously characterized the role of triacylglycerol (TAG) formation in the neuronal response to Fe-induced OS. In this work we characterize the role of the α-syn variant A53T during Fe-induced injury and investigate whether lipid metabolism has implications for neuronal fate. To this end, we used the N27 dopaminergic neuronal cell line either untransfected (UT) or stably transfected with pcDNA3 vector (as a transfection control) or pcDNA-A53T-α-syn (A53T α-syn). The overexpression of A53T α-syn triggered an increase in TAG content mainly due to the activation of Acyl-CoA synthetase. Since fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation and phospholipid content did not change in A53T α-syn cells, the unique consequence of the increase in FA-CoA derivatives was their acylation in TAG moieties. Control cells exposed to Fe-induced injury displayed increased OS markers and TAG content. Intriguingly, Fe exposure in A53T α-syn cells promoted a decrease in OS markers accompanied by α-syn aggregation and elevated TAG content. We report here new evidence of a differential role played by A53T α-syn in neuronal lipid metabolism as related to the neuronal response to OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sánchez Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Natalia P Alza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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22
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Pretorius E, Bester J, Kell DB. A Bacterial Component to Alzheimer's-Type Dementia Seen via a Systems Biology Approach that Links Iron Dysregulation and Inflammagen Shedding to Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1237-56. [PMID: 27340854 PMCID: PMC5325058 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by a great many observable changes, both molecular and physiological. These include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and (more proximal to cognitive decline) the death of neuronal and other cells. A systems biology approach seeks to organize these observed variables into pathways that discriminate those that are highly involved (i.e., causative) from those that are more usefully recognized as bystander effects. We review the evidence that iron dysregulation is one of the central causative pathway elements here, as this can cause each of the above effects. In addition, we review the evidence that dormant, non-growing bacteria are a crucial feature of AD, that their growth in vivo is normally limited by a lack of free iron, and that it is this iron dysregulation that is an important factor in their resuscitation. Indeed, bacterial cells can be observed by ultrastructural microscopy in the blood of AD patients. A consequence of this is that the growing cells can shed highly inflammatory components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). These too are known to be able to induce (apoptotic and pyroptotic) neuronal cell death. There is also evidence that these systems interact with elements of vitamin D metabolism. This integrative systems approach has strong predictive power, indicating (as has indeed been shown) that both natural and pharmaceutical iron chelators might have useful protective roles in arresting cognitive decline, and that a further assessment of the role of microbes in AD development is more than highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK.,The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK.,Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, UK
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23
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Neurological effects of iron supplementation in infancy: finding the balance between health and harm in iron-replete infants. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 2:144-156. [PMID: 30169236 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron mediates many biochemical processes in neural networks that proliferate during brain development. Insufficient iron causes irreversible neurodevelopmental deficits, and most high-income countries recommend that infants older than 4-6 months receive additional iron via food fortification or supplementation to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia. Now that the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia in children has decreased to less than 10% in most developed countries, concerns that the recommended intakes far exceed those required to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia have been raised, and emerging evidence suggests that iron overexposure could be linked to adverse outcomes later in life. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the importance of iron for neurodevelopment, investigate the biochemical markers used to assess iron stores, summarise the disparity in public health policies among high-income countries, and discuss the potential association between iron overexposure and adverse neurological outcomes later in life. We present a case for new studies to establish the optimal amount of iron that both prevents deficiency and reduces the potential risk of long-term negative health outcomes.
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24
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The novel compound PBT434 prevents iron mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein toxicity in multiple models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:53. [PMID: 28659169 PMCID: PMC5490188 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron in the SNpc may play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration since drug candidates with high iron affinity rescue PD animal models, and one candidate, deferirpone, has shown efficacy recently in a phase two clinical trial. However, strong iron chelators may perturb essential iron metabolism, and it is not yet known whether the damage associated with iron is mediated by a tightly bound (eg ferritin) or lower-affinity, labile, iron pool. Here we report the preclinical characterization of PBT434, a novel quinazolinone compound bearing a moderate affinity metal-binding motif, which is in development for Parkinsonian conditions. In vitro, PBT434 was far less potent than deferiprone or deferoxamine at lowering cellular iron levels, yet was found to inhibit iron-mediated redox activity and iron-mediated aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein that aggregates in the neuropathology. In vivo, PBT434 did not deplete tissue iron stores in normal rodents, yet prevented loss of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (SNpc), lowered nigral α-synuclein accumulation, and rescued motor performance in mice exposed to the Parkinsonian toxins 6-OHDA and MPTP, and in a transgenic animal model (hA53T α-synuclein) of PD. These improvements were associated with reduced markers of oxidative damage, and increased levels of ferroportin (an iron exporter) and DJ-1. We conclude that compounds designed to target a pool of pathological iron that is not held in high-affinity complexes in the tissue can maintain the survival of SNpc neurons and could be disease-modifying in PD.
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25
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Deferiprone Rescues Behavioral Deficits Induced by Mild Iron Exposure in a Mouse Model of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. Neuromolecular Med 2017. [PMID: 28623611 PMCID: PMC5570801 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and its causes remain unknown. A major hallmark of the disease is the increasing presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein (aSyn). Furthermore, there is a solid consensus on iron (Fe) accumulation in several regions of PD brains during disease progression. In our study, we focused on the interaction of Fe and aggregating aSyn in vivo in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human aSyn bearing the A53T mutation (prnp.aSyn.A53T). We utilized a neonatal iron-feeding model to exacerbate the motor phenotype of the transgenic mouse model. Beginning from day 100, mice were treated with deferiprone (DFP), a ferric chelator that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is currently used in clinics as treatment for hemosiderosis. Our paradigm resulted in an impairment of the learning abilities in the rotarod task and the novel object recognition test. DFP treatment significantly improved the performance in both tasks. Although this was not accompanied by alterations in aSyn aggregation, our results support DFP as possible therapeutic option in PD.
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Agrawal S, Berggren KL, Marks E, Fox JH. Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:456-470. [PMID: 28505363 PMCID: PMC5914328 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Accumulation of brain iron is linked to aging and protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. High iron intake may influence important brain health outcomes in later life. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine evidence from animal and human studies of the effects of high iron intake or peripheral iron status on adult cognition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. Data Sources MEDLINE, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and OpenGrey databases were searched. Study Selection Studies investigating the effect of elevated iron intake at all postnatal life stages in mammalian models and humans on measures of adult brain health were included. Data Extraction Data were extracted and evaluated by two authors independently, with discrepancies resolved by discussion. Neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and/or behavioral/cognitive, biochemical, and brain morphologic findings were used to study the effects of iron intake or peripheral iron status on brain health. Risk of bias was assessed for animal and human studies. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. Results Thirty-four preclinical and 14 clinical studies were identified from database searches. Thirty-three preclinical studies provided evidence supporting an adverse effect of nutritionally relevant high iron intake in neonates on brain-health-related outcomes in adults. Human studies varied considerably in design, quality, and findings; none investigated the effects of high iron intake in neonates/infants. Conclusions Human studies are needed to verify whether dietary iron intake levels used in neonates/infants to prevent iron deficiency have effects on brain aging and neurodegenerative disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kiersten L. Berggren
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eileen Marks
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Fox
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Glutathione peroxidase 4: a new player in neurodegeneration? Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:328-335. [PMID: 27777421 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is an antioxidant enzyme reported as an inhibitor of ferroptosis, a recently discovered non-apoptotic form of cell death. This pathway was initially described in cancer cells and has since been identified in hippocampal and renal cells. In this Perspective, we propose that inhibition of ferroptosis by GPx4 provides protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. In addition, we suggest that selenium deficiency enhances susceptibility to ferroptotic processes, as well as other programmed cell death pathways due to a reduction in GPx4 activity. We review recent studies of GPx4 with an emphasis on neuronal protection, and discuss the relevance of selenium levels on its enzymatic activity.
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Hare DJ, Cardoso BR, Raven EP, Double KL, Finkelstein DI, Szymlek-Gay EA, Biggs BA. Excessive early-life dietary exposure: a potential source of elevated brain iron and a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28649601 PMCID: PMC5460187 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-016-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates gradually in the ageing brain. In Parkinson's disease, iron deposition within the substantia nigra is further increased, contributing to a heightened pro-oxidant environment in dopaminergic neurons. We hypothesise that individuals in high-income countries, where cereals and infant formulae have historically been fortified with iron, experience increased early-life iron exposure that predisposes them to age-related iron accumulation in the brain. Combined with genetic factors that limit iron regulatory capacity and/or dopamine metabolism, this may increase the risk of Parkinson's diseases. We propose to (a) validate a retrospective biomarker of iron exposure in children; (b) translate this biomarker to adults; (c) integrate it with in vivo brain iron in Parkinson's disease; and (d) longitudinally examine the relationships between early-life iron exposure and metabolism, brain iron deposition and Parkinson's disease risk. This approach will provide empirical evidence to support therapeutically addressing brain iron deposition in Parkinson's diseases and produce a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease risk in preclinical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW Australia
| | - Bárbara Rita Cardoso
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika P Raven
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington DC, USA
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kay L Double
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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Metals in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Relevance to Dementia with Lewy Bodies. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:279-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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