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Mayo P, Pascual J, Crisman E, Domínguez C, López MG, León R. Innovative pathological network-based multitarget approaches for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38678582 DOI: 10.1002/med.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is a major health threat globally. Its prevalence is forecasted to exponentially increase during the next 30 years due to the global aging population. Currently, approved drugs are merely symptomatic, being ineffective in delaying or blocking the relentless disease advance. Intensive AD research describes this disease as a highly complex multifactorial disease. Disclosure of novel pathological pathways and their interconnections has had a major impact on medicinal chemistry drug development for AD over the last two decades. The complex network of pathological events involved in the onset of the disease has prompted the development of multitarget drugs. These chemical entities combine pharmacological activities toward two or more drug targets of interest. These multitarget-directed ligands are proposed to modify different nodes in the pathological network aiming to delay or even stop disease progression. Here, we review the multitarget drug development strategy for AD during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Mayo
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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TRPV1 Modulator Ameliorates Alzheimer-Like Amyloid- β Neuropathology via Akt/Gsk3 β-Mediated Nrf2 Activation in the Neuro-2a/APP Cell Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1544244. [PMID: 36065437 PMCID: PMC9440841 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1544244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no effective therapeutic strategy. PcActx peptide from the transcriptome of zoantharian Palythoa caribaeorum has recently been identified and verified as a novel antagonist of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). In the present study, we further investigated the neuroprotective potential of PcActx peptide and its underlying mechanism of action, in an N2a/APP cell model of AD. Both Western blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that PcActx peptide markedly inhibited the production of amyloid-related proteins and the expression of BACE1, PSEN1, and PSEN2. Moreover, PcActx peptide notably attenuated the capsaicin-stimulated calcium response and prevented the phosphorylation of CaMKII and CaMKIV (calcium-mediated proteins) in N2a/APP cells. Further investigation indicated that PcActx peptide significantly suppressed ROS generation through Nrf2 activation, followed by enhanced NQO1 and HO-1 levels. In addition, PcActx peptide remarkably improved Akt phosphorylation at Ser 473 (active) and Gsk3β phosphorylation at Ser 9 (inactive), while pharmacological inhibition of the Akt/Gsk3β pathway significantly attenuated PcActx-induced Nrf2 activation and amyloid downregulation. In conclusion, PcActx peptide functions as a TRPV1 modulator of intercellular calcium homeostasis, prevents AD-like amyloid neuropathology via Akt/Gsk3β-mediated Nrf2 activation, and shows promise as an alternative therapeutic agent for AD.
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Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Ischemic Stroke: A New Outlet for Classical Neuroprotective Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169381. [PMID: 36012647 PMCID: PMC9409263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world, of which ischemia accounts for the majority. There is growing evidence of changes in synaptic connections and neural network functions in the brain of stroke patients. Currently, the studies on these neurobiological alterations mainly focus on the principle of glutamate excitotoxicity, and the corresponding neuroprotective strategies are limited to blocking the overactivation of ionic glutamate receptors. Nevertheless, it is disappointing that these treatments often fail because of the unspecificity and serious side effects of the tested drugs in clinical trials. Thus, in the prevention and treatment of stroke, finding and developing new targets of neuroprotective intervention is still the focus and goal of research in this field. In this review, we focus on the whole processes of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and highlight the pathological changes underlying each link to help develop potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic brain damage. These strategies include: (1) controlling the synaptic or extra-synaptic release of glutamate, (2) selectively blocking the action of the glutamate receptor NMDAR subunit, (3) increasing glutamate metabolism, and reuptake in the brain and blood, and (4) regulating the glutamate system by GABA receptors and the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Based on these latest findings, it is expected to promote a substantial understanding of the complex glutamate signal transduction mechanism, thereby providing excellent neuroprotection research direction for human ischemic stroke (IS).
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Pluta R, Kiś J, Januszewski S, Jabłoński M, Czuczwar SJ. Cross-Talk between Amyloid, Tau Protein and Free Radicals in Post-Ischemic Brain Neurodegeneration in the Form of Alzheimer’s Disease Proteinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010146. [PMID: 35052650 PMCID: PMC8772936 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen remarkable progress in research into free radicals oxidative stress, particularly in the context of post-ischemic recirculation brain injury. Oxidative stress in post-ischemic tissues violates the integrity of the genome, causing DNA damage, death of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and impaired neurological outcome after brain ischemia. Indeed, it is now known that DNA damage and repair play a key role in post-stroke white and gray matter remodeling, and restoring the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This review will present one of the newly characterized mechanisms that emerged with genomic and proteomic development that led to brain ischemia to a new level of post-ischemic neuropathological mechanisms, such as the presence of amyloid plaques and the development of neurofibrillary tangles, which further exacerbate oxidative stress. Finally, we hypothesize that modified amyloid and the tau protein, along with the oxidative stress generated, are new key elements in the vicious circle important in the development of post-ischemic neurodegeneration in a type of Alzheimer’s disease proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-608-6540
| | - Jacek Kiś
- Department of Urology, 1st Military Clinical Hospital with the Outpatient Clinic, Al. Racławickie 23, 20-049 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Str., 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Stanisław J. Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Str., 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Enantioselective Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Aza-CGP37157–Lipoic Acid Hybrids for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010112. [PMID: 35052616 PMCID: PMC8772772 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrids based on an aza-analogue of CGP37157, a mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger antagonist, and lipoic acid were obtained in order to combine in a single molecule the antioxidant and NRF2 induction properties of lipoic acid and the neuroprotective activity of CGP37157. The four possible enantiomers of the hybrid structure were synthesized by using as the key step a fully diastereoselective reduction induced by Ellman’s chiral auxiliary. After computational druggability studies that predicted good ADME profiles and blood–brain permeation for all compounds, the DPPH assay showed moderate oxidant scavenger capacity. Following a cytotoxicity evaluation that proved the compounds to be non-neurotoxic at the concentrations tested, they were assayed for NRF2 induction capacity and for anti-inflammatory properties and measured by their ability to inhibit nitrite production in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cell model. Moreover, the compounds were studied for their neuroprotective effect in a model of oxidative stress achieved by treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with the rotenone–oligomycin combination and also in a model of hyperphosphorylation induced by treatment with okadaic acid. The stereocenter configuration showed a critical influence in NRF2 induction properties, and also in the neuroprotection against oxidative stress experiment, leading to the identification of the compound with S and R configuration as an interesting hit with a good neuroprotective profile against oxidative stress and hyperphosphorylation, together with a relevant anti-neuroinflammatory activity. This interesting multitarget profile will be further characterized in future work.
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Chen Y, Wu X, Yang X, Liu X, Zeng Y, Li J. Melatonin antagonizes ozone-exacerbated asthma by inhibiting the TRPV1 channel and stabilizing the Nrf2 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59858-59867. [PMID: 34146326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, ozone has been identified as a potential risk factor for exacerbating asthma. However, few attempts have been made to prevent the progression of ozone-exacerbated asthma. This study investigated the attenuating effects of melatonin on ozone-aggravated allergic asthma, and explored the changes to the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway associated with melatonin treatment. The levels of TRPV1 and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) in lung tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Nrf2 signaling involved proteins and mRNA were evaluated by western blot and RT-qPCR. The change of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 cytokines in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was determined by ELISA. Recruitment of inflammatory cells in BALF, histopathological changes, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were also determined in lung tissues. Our results indicated that melatonin treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress, as indicated by levels of glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Moreover, ozone-exacerbated asthma symptoms, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, levels of serum immunoglobulin, Th2 and Th17 cytokines in BALF, obvious changes in lung histology, and AHR, were all ameliorated by melatonin treatment. Interestingly, melatonin not only markedly decreased the protein levels of TRPV1 and CGRP, but also enhanced the expression of Nrf2, quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Taken together, our results demonstrate that melatonin administration could antagonize ozone-exacerbated asthma by inhibiting the TRPV1 channel and stabilizing the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
- Section of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, 564507, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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De Lazzari F, Prag HA, Gruszczyk AV, Whitworth AJ, Bisaglia M. DJ-1: A promising therapeutic candidate for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101884. [PMID: 33561740 PMCID: PMC7872972 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a multifaceted protein with pleiotropic functions that has been implicated in multiple diseases, ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia is a complex pathological state arising when tissues and organs do not receive adequate levels of oxygen and nutrients. When the blood flow is restored, significant damage occurs over and above that of ischemia alone and is termed ischemia-reperfusion injury. Despite great efforts in the scientific community to ameliorate this pathology, its complex nature has rendered it challenging to obtain satisfactory treatments that translate to the clinic. In this review, we will describe the recent findings on the participation of the protein DJ-1 in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury, firstly introducing the features and functions of DJ-1 and, successively highlighting the therapeutic potential of the protein. DJ-1 has been shown to confer protection in ischemia-reperfusion injury models. DJ-1 protection relies on the activation of antioxidant signaling pathways. DJ-1 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis during ischemia and reperfusion. DJ-1 seems to modulate ion homeostasis during ischemia and reperfusion. DJ-1 may represent a promising therapeutic target for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Lazzari
- Physiology, Genetics and Behaviour Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Hiran A Prag
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anja V Gruszczyk
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Physiology, Genetics and Behaviour Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Rocchi D, Blázquez-Barbadillo C, Agamennone M, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Vicente-Zurdo D, Rosales-Conrado N, Moyano P, Pino JD, González JF, Menéndez JC. Discovery of 7-aminophenanthridin-6-one as a new scaffold for matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors with multitarget neuroprotective activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113061. [PMID: 33310289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent hydrolytic enzymes of great biological relevance, and some of them are key to the neuroinflammatory events and the brain damage associated to stroke. Non-zinc binding ligands are an emerging trend in drug discovery programs in this area due to their lower tendency to show off-target effects. 7-Amino-phenanthridin-6-one is disclosed as a new framework able to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases by binding to the distal part of the enzyme S1' site, as shown by computational studies. A kinetic study revealed inhibition to be noncompetitive. Some of the compounds showed some degree of selectivity for the MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes, which are crucial for brain damage associated to ischemic stroke. Furthermore, some compounds also had a high neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress, which is also very relevant aspect of ischaemic stroke pathogenesis, both decreasing lipid peroxidation and protecting against the oxidative stress-induced reduction in cell viability. One of the compounds, bearing a 2-thienyl substituent at C-9 and a 4-methoxyphenylamino at C-7, had the best-balanced multitarget profile and was selected as a lead on which to base future structural manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rocchi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Blázquez-Barbadillo
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartamento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio di Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - David Vicente-Zurdo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Rosales-Conrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Yang X, Wang Y, Wu C, Ling EA. Animal Venom Peptides as a Treasure Trove for New Therapeutics Against Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4749-4774. [PMID: 30378475 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031122438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemic stroke, impose enormous socio-economic burdens on both patients and health-care systems. However, drugs targeting these diseases remain unsatisfactory, and hence there is an urgent need for the development of novel and potent drug candidates. METHODS Animal toxins exhibit rich diversity in both proteins and peptides, which play vital roles in biomedical drug development. As a molecular tool, animal toxin peptides have not only helped clarify many critical physiological processes but also led to the discovery of novel drugs and clinical therapeutics. RESULTS Recently, toxin peptides identified from venomous animals, e.g. exenatide, ziconotide, Hi1a, and PcTx1 from spider venom, have been shown to block specific ion channels, alleviate inflammation, decrease protein aggregates, regulate glutamate and neurotransmitter levels, and increase neuroprotective factors. CONCLUSION Thus, components of venom hold considerable capacity as drug candidates for the alleviation or reduction of neurodegeneration. This review highlights studies evaluating different animal toxins, especially peptides, as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Michalska P, Tenti G, Satriani M, Cores A, Ramos MT, García AG, Menéndez JC, León R. Aza-CGP37157-lipoic hybrids designed as novel Nrf2-inducers and antioxidants exert neuroprotection against oxidative stress and show neuroinflammation inhibitory properties. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:283-294. [PMID: 31693218 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two multitarget hybrids, derived from an aza-analogue of CGP37157, a mitochondrial Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger antagonist, and lipoic acid were designed in order to combine in a single molecule the antioxidant and Nrf2 induction properties of lipoic acid and the neuroprotective activity of CGP37157. The hybrid derivatives showed Nrf2 induction and radical scavenging properties, leading to a good neuroprotective profile against oxidative stress, together with an interesting antineuroinflammatory activity. The results obtained show differences in activity depending on the configuration of the chiral center of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giammarco Tenti
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelle Satriani
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Ramos
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Huang KF, Ma KH, Jhap TY, Liu PS, Chueh SH. Ultraviolet B irradiation induced Nrf2 degradation occurs via activation of TRPV1 channels in human dermal fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:220-232. [PMID: 31220549 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes cellular oxidative stress. Under redox imbalance, Keap1-dependent Nrf2 degradation is minimal. In this study, we examined the role of Ca2+ in Nrf2 homeostasis after UVB irradiation using human dermal fibroblasts. UVB irradiation stimulates 12-lipoxygenase and the product 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid then activates TRPV1 increasing the cell's cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. UVB irradiation induced reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis are inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ or in the presence of either a 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor or a TRPV1 inhibitor during and after UVB irradiation. Thus, the Ca2+ increase via TRPV1 is a critical factor in UVB irradiation induced oxidative stress. UVB irradiation induces a Ca2+ dependent Nrf2 degradation and thus activation of TRPV1 with 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid also decreasing Nrf2 levels. UVB irradiation induced Nrf2 degradation is inhibited by co-treatment of cells with W-7, cyclosporin A, SB-216763 or MG-132, which are inhibitors of calmodulin, calcineurin, GSK3β and the proteasome, respectively. Furthermore, UVB irradiation in parallel induces GSK3β dephosphorylation in a Ca2+ dependent manner. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that UVB irradiation induces an increase in Nrf2 phosphorylation, an increase in the binding of β-TrCP and Nrf2, and an increase in Nrf2 ubiquitination; these effects are all Ca2+ dependent. These findings suggest that UVB irradiation induced GSK3β activation in a Ca2+ dependent manner, which then stimulates the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Nrf2 via β-TrCP. Indeed, silencing of β-TrCP was found to inhibit UVB irradiation-induced oxidative stress, Nrf2 degradation and apoptosis, while it had no effect on the Ca2+ increase. Taken together, our results suggest that a Ca2+ influx via TRPV1 is responsible for UVB irradiation-induced Nrf2 degradation and that modulation of the Ca2+-calmodulin-calcineurin-GSK3β-Nrf2-β-TrCP-Cullin-1 pathway may explain Ca2+ dependent Nrf2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Feng Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-You Jhap
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheau-Huei Chueh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Luo Q, Huang R, Xiao Q, Kong LB, Lin J, Yan SJ. Cascade Reaction of 1,1-Enediamines with 2-Benzylidene-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-diones: Selective Synthesis of Indenodihydropyridine and Indenopyridine Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6637-6646. [PMID: 31459789 PMCID: PMC6648820 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A concise and environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of diverse indenodihydropyridines (3) via a cascade reaction of 1,1-eneamines (1) with benzylidene-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones (BIDs) (2) in ethanol media was developed. The targeted compounds were efficiently obtained by only filtration without any further post-treatment. In the one-step cascade reaction, C-C and C-N bonds were constructed. In addition, when 1,4-dioxane was used as a solvent and the mixture of 1,1-eneamines (1) was refluxed with benzylidene-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones (BIDs) (2) for about 12 h, indenopyridine compounds (4) were produced. Two kinds of indenopyridine derivatives 3-4 resulted from alternative solvents and temperatures. The reaction had the following features: mild temperature, atom economy, high yields, and potential biological activity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Lin
- E-mail: . Tel/fax: +86 87165031633 (J.L.)
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13
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A11, a novel diaryl acylhydrazone derivative, exerts neuroprotection against ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:160-169. [PMID: 29925921 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop effective therapies for ischemic stroke, but the complicated pathological processes after ischemia make doing so difficult. In the current study, we identified a novel diaryl acylhydrazone derivative, A11, which has multiple neuroprotective properties in ischemic stroke models. First, A11 was demonstrated to induce neuroprotection against ischemic injury in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.3 to 3 μM) in three in vitro experimental ischemic stroke models: oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), hydrogen peroxide, and glutamate-stimulated neuronal cell injury models. Moreover, A11 was able to potently alleviate three critical pathological changes, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, following ischemic insult in neuronal cells. Further analysis revealed that A11 upregulated the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in OGD-exposed neuronal cells, suggesting joint activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK pathways. In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, single-dose administration of A11 (3 mg/kg per day, i.v.) at the onset of reperfusion significantly reduced the infarct volumes and ameliorated neurological deficits. Our study, for the first time, reports the anti-ischemic effect of diaryl acylhydrazone chemical entities, especially A11, which acts on multiple ischemia-associated pathological processes. Our results may provide new clues for the development of an effective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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14
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García-Casas P, Arias-Del-Val J, Alvarez-Illera P, Wojnicz A, de Los Ríos C, Fonteriz RI, Montero M, Alvarez J. The Neuroprotector Benzothiazepine CGP37157 Extends Lifespan in C. elegans Worms. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:440. [PMID: 30705628 PMCID: PMC6344432 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzothiazepine CGP37157 has shown neuroprotective effects in several in vitro models of excitotoxicity involving dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Although its mechanism of neuroprotection is unclear, it is probably related with some of its effects on Ca2+ homeostasis. CGP37157 is a well-known inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (mNCX). However, it is not very specific and also blocks several other Ca2+ channels and transporters, including voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the Ca2+ homeostasis modulator 1 channel (CALHM1). In the present work, we have studied if CGP37157 could also induce changes in life expectancy. We now report that CGP37157 extends C. elegans lifespan by 10%–15% with a bell-shaped concentration-response, with high concentrations producing no effect. The effect was even larger (25% increase in life expectancy) in worms fed with heat-inactivated bacteria. The worm CGP37157 concentration producing maximum effect was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and was close to the IC50 for inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. CGP37157 also extended the lifespan in eat-2 mutants (a model for caloric restriction), suggesting that caloric restriction is not involved in the mechanism of lifespan extension. Actually, CGP37157 produced no effect in mutants of the TOR pathway (daf15/unc24) or the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway (daf-2), indicating that the effect involves these pathways. Moreover, CGP37157 was also ineffective in nuo-6 mutants, which have a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Since it has been described that neuroprotection by this compound in cell cultures is abolished by mitochondrial inhibitors, this suggests that life extension in C. elegans and neuroprotection in cell cultures may share a similar mechanism involving mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma García-Casas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jessica Arias-Del-Val
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Alvarez-Illera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aneta Wojnicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Ríos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalba I Fonteriz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mayte Montero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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15
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Angiotensin II-mediated suppression of synaptic proteins in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell was inhibited by propofol: role of calcium signaling pathway. J Anesth 2018; 32:856-865. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-018-2565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Ma C, Liu S, Zhang S, Xu T, Yu X, Gao Y, Zhai C, Li C, Lei C, Fan S, Chen Y, Tian H, Wang Q, Cheng F, Wang X. Evidence and perspective for the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in ischemic stroke and its therapeutic potential (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2979-2990. [PMID: 30280193 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disablement globally. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is established as a sensor of detecting cellular damage and modulating inflammatory responses to injury during the progress of ischemic stroke. Inhibiting or blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome at different stages, including expression, assembly, and secretion, may have great promise to improve the neurological deficits during ischemic stroke. The current review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding in the literature of the molecular structure, expression, and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tian Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yushan Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Changming Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Changxiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Chaofang Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shuning Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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17
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Huang K, Ma K, Hung Y, Lo L, Lin K, Liu P, Hu M, Chueh S. A new copper ionophore DPMQ protects cells against ultraviolet B irradiation by inhibiting the TRPV1 channel. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9594-9610. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo‐Feng Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kuo‐Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Chien Hung
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Liang‐Chuan Lo
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kuo‐Chen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Pei‐Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology Soochow University Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Ming‐Kuan Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Sheau‐Huei Chueh
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
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18
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de Los Rios C, Cano-Abad MF, Villarroya M, López MG. Chromaffin cells as a model to evaluate mechanisms of cell death and neuroprotective compounds. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:187-198. [PMID: 28823085 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we show how chromaffin cells have contributed to evaluate neuroprotective compounds with diverse mechanisms of action. Chromaffin cells are considered paraneurons, as they share many common features with neurons: (i) they synthesize, store, and release neurotransmitters upon stimulation and (ii) they express voltage-dependent calcium, sodium, and potassium channels, in addition to a wide variety of receptors. All these characteristics, together with the fact that primary cultures from bovine adrenal glands or chromaffin cells from the tumor pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 are easy to culture, make them an ideal model to study neurotoxic mechanisms and neuroprotective drugs. In the first part of this review, we will analyze the different cytotoxicity models related to calcium dyshomeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Along the second part of the review, we describe how different classes of drugs have been evaluated in chromaffin cells to determine their neuroprotective profile in different neurodegenerative-related models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria F Cano-Abad
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Gameiro I, Michalska P, Tenti G, Cores Á, Buendia I, Rojo AI, Georgakopoulos ND, Hernández-Guijo JM, Teresa Ramos M, Wells G, López MG, Cuadrado A, Menéndez JC, León R. Discovery of the first dual GSK3β inhibitor/Nrf2 inducer. A new multitarget therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45701. [PMID: 28361919 PMCID: PMC5374710 DOI: 10.1038/srep45701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have emerged as key targets for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. These pathological hallmarks are closely related to the over-activity of the enzyme GSK3β and the downregulation of the defense pathway Nrf2-EpRE observed in AD patients. Herein, we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new family of multitarget 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles as dual GSK3β inhibitors and Nrf2 inducers. These compounds are able to inhibit GSK3β and induce the Nrf2 phase II antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathway at micromolar concentrations, showing interesting structure-activity relationships. The association of both activities has resulted in a remarkable anti-inflammatory ability with an interesting neuroprotective profile on in vitro models of neuronal death induced by oxidative stress and energy depletion and AD. Furthermore, none of the compounds exhibited in vitro neurotoxicity or hepatotoxicity and hence they had improved safety profiles compared to the known electrophilic Nrf2 inducers. In conclusion, the combination of both activities in this family of multitarget compounds confers them a notable interest for the development of lead compounds for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gameiro
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giammarco Tenti
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Cores
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC y Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús M Hernández-Guijo
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Ramos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC y Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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