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Negi S, Khurana N, Duggal N. The misfolding mystery: α-synuclein and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105760. [PMID: 38723900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) are characterized by the death of neurons in specific areas of the brain. One of the proteins that is involved in the pathogenesis of PD is α-synuclein (α-syn). α-Syn is a normal protein that is found in all neurons, but in PD, it misfolds and aggregates into toxic fibrils. These fibrils can then coalesce into pathological inclusions, such as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The pathogenic pathway of PD is thought to involve a number of steps, including misfolding and aggregation of α-syn, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein clearance impairment, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. A deeper insight into the structure of α-syn and its fibrils could aid in understanding the disease's etiology. The prion-like nature of α-syn is also an important area of research. Prions are misfolded proteins that can spread from cell to cell, causing other proteins to misfold as well. It is possible that α-syn may behave in a similar way, spreading from cell to cell and causing a cascade of misfolding and aggregation. Various post-translational alterations have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. These alterations can involve a variety of nuclear and extranuclear activities, and they can lead to the misfolding and aggregation of α-syn. A better understanding of the pathogenic pathway of PD could lead to the development of new therapies for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Navneet Duggal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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2
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Elgaabari A, Imatomi N, Kido H, Nakashima T, Okuda S, Manabe Y, Sawano S, Mizunoya W, Kaneko R, Tanaka S, Maeno T, Matsuyoshi Y, Seki M, Kuwakado S, Zushi K, Daneshvar N, Nakamura M, Suzuki T, Sunagawa K, Anderson JE, Allen RE, Tatsumi R. Age-related nitration/dysfunction of myogenic stem cell activator HGF. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14041. [PMID: 37985931 PMCID: PMC10861216 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical perturbation triggers activation of resident myogenic stem cells to enter the cell cycle through a cascade of events including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) release from its extracellular tethering and the subsequent presentation to signaling-receptor c-met. Here, we show that with aging, extracellular HGF undergoes tyrosine-residue (Y) nitration and loses c-met binding, thereby disturbing muscle homeostasis. Biochemical studies demonstrated that nitration/dysfunction is specific to HGF among other major growth factors and is characterized by its locations at Y198 and Y250 in c-met-binding domains. Direct-immunofluorescence microscopy of lower hind limb muscles from three age groups of rat, provided direct in vivo evidence for age-related increases in nitration of ECM-bound HGF, preferentially stained for anti-nitrated Y198 and Y250-HGF mAbs (raised in-house) in fast IIa and IIx myofibers. Overall, findings highlight inhibitory impacts of HGF nitration on myogenic stem cell dynamics, pioneering a cogent discussion for better understanding age-related muscle atrophy and impaired regeneration with fibrosis (including sarcopenia and frailty).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elgaabari
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafrelsheikh UniversityKafrelsheikhEgypt
| | - Nana Imatomi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hirochika Kido
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takashi Nakashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shoko Okuda
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Manabe
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shoko Sawano
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Present address:
Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental ScienceAzabu UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Present address:
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary MedicineAzabu UniversitySagamiharaJapan
| | - Ryuki Kaneko
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Sakiho Tanaka
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takahiro Maeno
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yuji Matsuyoshi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Miyumi Seki
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - So Kuwakado
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kahona Zushi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Nasibeh Daneshvar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Mako Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Judy E. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Ronald E. Allen
- The School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of AgricultureKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Wei BR, Zhao YJ, Cheng YF, Huang C, Zhang F. Helicobacter pylori infection and Parkinson's Disease: etiology, pathogenesis and levodopa bioavailability. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38166953 PMCID: PMC10759355 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown etiology, is primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. The prevalence of PD has experienced a significant surge in recent years. The unidentified etiology poses limitations to the development of effective therapeutic interventions for this condition. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has affected approximately half of the global population. Mounting evidences suggest that H. pylori infection plays an important role in PD through various mechanisms. The autotoxin produced by H. pylori induces pro-inflammatory cytokines release, thereby facilitating the occurrence of central inflammation that leads to neuronal damage. Simultaneously, H. pylori disrupts the equilibrium of gastrointestinal microbiota with an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestinal known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). This dysbiosis of the gut flora influences the central nervous system (CNS) through microbiome-gut-brain axis. Moreover, SIBO hampers levodopa absorption and affects its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD. Also, H. pylori promotes the production of defensins to regulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, facilitating the entry of harmful factors into the CNS. In addition, H. pylori has been found to induce gastroparesis, resulting in a prolonged transit time for levodopa to reach the small intestine. H. pylori may exploit levodopa to facilitate its own growth and proliferation, or it can inflict damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa, leading to gastrointestinal ulcers and impeding levodopa absorption. Here, this review focused on the role of H. pylori infection in PD from etiology, pathogenesis to levodopa bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Rong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Centre, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Centre, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Centre, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chun Huang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Centre, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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Narrative Review Concerning the Clinical Spectrum of Ophthalmological Impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Int 2023; 15:140-161. [PMID: 36810467 PMCID: PMC9944508 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic non-motor impairments are common in Parkinson's disease patients, from the onset of the neurodegenerative disease and even prior to the development of motor symptoms. This is a very crucial component of the potential for early detection of this disease, even in its earliest stages. Since the ophthalmological disease is extensive and impacts all extraocular and intraocular components of the optical analyzer, a competent assessment of it would be beneficial for the patients. Because the retina is an extension of the nervous system and has the same embryonic genesis as the central nervous system, it is helpful to investigate the retinal changes in Parkinson's disease in order to hypothesize insights that may also be applicable to the brain. As a consequence, the detection of these symptoms and signs may improve the medical evaluation of PD and predict the illness' prognosis. Another valuable aspect of this pathology is the fact that the ophthalmological damage contributes significantly to the decrease in the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. We provide an overview of the most significant ophthalmologic impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. These results certainly constitute a large number of the prevalent visual impairments experienced by PD patients.
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Reynolds WF, Malle E, Maki RA. Thiocyanate Reduces Motor Impairment in the hMPO-A53T PD Mouse Model While Reducing MPO-Oxidation of Alpha Synuclein in Enlarged LYVE1/AQP4 Positive Periventricular Glymphatic Vessels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122342. [PMID: 36552550 PMCID: PMC9774557 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to the oxidation of alpha synuclein (αSyn) contributing to motor impairment. We developed a transgenic mouse model of PD that overexpresses the mutated human αSyn gene (A53T) crossed to a mouse expressing the human MPO gene. This model exhibits increased oxidation and chlorination of αSyn leading to greater motor impairment. In the current study, the hMPO-A53T mice were treated with thiocyanate (SCN-) which is a favored substrate of MPO as compared to chlorine. We show that hMPO-A53T mice treated with SCN- have less chlorination in the brain and show an improvement in motor skills compared to the nontreated hMPO-A53T mice. Interestingly, in the hMPO-A53T mice we found a possible link between MPO-related disease and the glymphatic system which clears waste including αSyn from the brain. The untreated hMPO-A53T mice exhibited an increase in the size of periventricular glymphatic vessels expressing the glymphatic marker LYVE1 and aquaporin 4 (AQP4). These vessels also exhibited an increase in MPO and HOCl-modified epitopes in the glymphatic vessels correlating with loss of ependymal cells lining the ventricles. These findings suggest that MPO may significantly promote the impairment of the glymphatic waste removal system thus contributing to neurodegeneration in PD. Moreover, the inhibition of MPO chlorination/oxidation by SCN- may provide a potential therapeutic approach to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda F. Reynolds
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard A. Maki
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Heng Y, Li YY, Wen L, Yan JQ, Chen NH, Yuan YH. Gastric Enteric Glial Cells: A New Contributor to the Synucleinopathies in the MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism Mouse. Molecules 2022; 27:7414. [PMID: 36364248 PMCID: PMC9656042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic disease other than a mere central nervous system (CNS) disorder. One of the most important peripheral symptoms is gastrointestinal dysfunction. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is regarded as an essential gateway to the environment. The discovery of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein makes it possible for the neurodegenerative process to start in the ENS and spread via the gut-brain axis to the CNS. We first confirmed that synucleinopathies existed in the stomachs of chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced PD mice, as indicated by the significant increase in abnormal aggregated and nitrated α-synuclein in the TH-positive neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the gastric myenteric plexus. Next, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms in single MPTP-injected mice. The stomach naturally possesses high monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity and low superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, making the stomach susceptible to MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the stomach and elevated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the EGCs after MPTP exposure for 3 h. Additionally, stomach synucleinopathies appear before those of the nigrostriatal system, as determined by Western blotting 12 h after MPTP injection. Notably, nitrated α-synuclein was considerably increased in the EGCs after 3 h and 12 h of MPTP exposure. Taken together, our work demonstrated that the EGCs could be new contributors to synucleinopathies in the stomach. The early-initiated synucleinopathies might further influence neighboring neurons in the myenteric plexus and the CNS. Our results offer a new experimental clue for interpreting the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union, Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Elgaabari A, Imatomi N, Kido H, Seki M, Tanaka S, Matsuyoshi Y, Nakashima T, Sawano S, Mizunoya W, Suzuki T, Nakamura M, Anderson JE, Tatsumi R. A pilot study on nitration/dysfunction of NK1 segment of myogenic stem cell activator HGF. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 31:101295. [PMID: 35721345 PMCID: PMC9198319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine residue (Y) nitration, a post-translational chemical-modification mode, has been associated with changes in protein activity and function; hence the accumulation of specific nitrated proteins in tissues may be used to monitor the onset and progression of pathological disorders. To verify the possible impact of nitration on postnatal muscle growth and regeneration, a pilot study was designed to examine the nitration/dysfunction of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a key ligand that is released from the extracellular tethering and activates myogenic stem satellite cells to enter the cell cycle upon muscle stretch and injury. Exposure of recombinant HGF (a hetero-dimer of α- and β-chains) to peroxynitrite induces Y nitration in HGF α-chain under physiological conditions. Physiological significance of this finding was emphasized by Western blotting that showed the NK1 segment of HGF (including a K1 domain critical for signaling-receptor c-met binding) undergoes nitration with a primary target of Y198. Peroxynitrite treatment abolished HGF-agonistic activity of the NK1 segment, as revealed by in vitro c-met binding and bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation assays. Importantly, direct-immunofluorescence microscopy of rat lower hind-limb muscles from two aged-groups (2-month-old “young” and 12-month-old “retired/adult”) provided in vivo evidence for age-related nitration of extracellular HGF (Y198). Overall, findings provide the insight that HGF/NK1 nitration/dysfunction perturbs myogenic stem cell dynamics and homeostasis; hence NK1 nitration may stimulate progression of muscular disorders and diseases including sarcopenia. NK1 segment of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) undergoes tyrosine (Y) nitration. Y198 was identified as a primary target for nitration of NK1. NK1 nitration may abolish HGF-agonistic activity that activates myogenic stem cells. Nitration of extracellular HGF-Y198 was detected in vivo at early aging-phase of rat. Findings may provide a possible strategy to combat progressive muscle-atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elgaabari
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, El-Geish Street, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Nana Imatomi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirochika Kido
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyumi Seki
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sakiho Tanaka
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuyoshi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shoko Sawano
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mako Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Judy E. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture (West#5 bldg.), Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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9
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Keeney MT, Hoffman EK, Farmer K, Bodle CR, Fazzari M, Zharikov A, Castro SL, Hu X, Mortimer A, Kofler JK, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ, Burton EA, Hastings TG, Greenamyre JT, Di Maio R. NADPH oxidase 2 activity in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105754. [PMID: 35577065 PMCID: PMC9284948 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are strongly implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and there is evidence that mitochondrially-generated superoxide can activate NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). Although NOX2 has been examined in the context of PD, most attention has focused on glial NOX2, and the role of neuronal NOX2 in PD remains to be defined. Additionally, pharmacological NOX2 inhibitors have typically lacked specificity. Here we devised and validated a proximity ligation assay for NOX2 activity and demonstrated that in human PD and two animal models thereof, both neuronal and microglial NOX2 are highly active in substantia nigra under chronic conditions. However, in acute and sub-acute PD models, we observed neuronal, but not microglial NOX2 activation, suggesting that neuronal NOX2 may play a primary role in the early stages of the disease. Aberrant NOX2 activity is responsible for the formation of oxidative stress-related post-translational modifications of α-synuclein, and impaired mitochondrial protein import in vitro in primary ventral midbrain neuronal cultures and in vivo in nigrostriatal neurons in rats. In a rat model, administration of a brain-penetrant, highly specific NOX2 inhibitor prevented NOX2 activation in nigrostriatal neurons and its downstream effects in vivo, such as activation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). We conclude that NOX2 is an important enzyme that contributes to progressive oxidative damage which in turn can lead to α-synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial protein import impairment, and LRRK2 activation. In this context, NOX2 inhibitors hold potential as a disease-modifying therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric K Hoffman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher R Bodle
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alevtina Zharikov
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sandra L Castro
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda Mortimer
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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10
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Chen X, Chen M, Wolynes PG. Exploring the Interplay between Disordered and Ordered Oligomer Channels on the Aggregation Energy Landscapes of α-Synuclein. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5250-5261. [PMID: 35815598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation of α-synulcein is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The hydrophobic non-amyloid component (NAC) region of α-synuclein comprises the core of the fibril in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we study the aggregation landscape of the hydrophobic NAC region of α-synuclein using a transferrable coarse-grained force field, the associative memory water-mediated structure, and energy model (AWSEM). Using structural similarity, we can group metastable states on the free energy landscape of aggregation into three types of oligomers: disordered oligomers, prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips, and ordered prefibrillar oligomers. The prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips have more in-register parallel β strands than do the fully disordered oligomers but have fewer in-register parallel β strands than the ordered prefibrillar oligomers. Along with the ordered prefibrillar species, the disordered oligomeric states dominate at small oligomer sizes while the prefibrillar species with disordered tips thermodynamically dominate with the growth of oligomers. The topology of the aggregation landscape and observations in simulations suggest there is backtracking between ordered prefibrillar oligomers and other kinds of oligomers as the aggregation proceeds. The significant structural differences between the ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the disordered oligomers support the idea that the growth of these two kinds of oligomers involves kinetically independent parallel pathways. In contrast, the overall structural similarity between the fully ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips implies that two channels can interconvert on slower time scales. We also evaluate the effects of phosphorylation on the aggregation free energy landscape using statistical mechanical perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mingchen Chen
- Department of Research and Development, neoX Biotech, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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11
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Schmidt S, Vogt Weisenhorn DM, Wurst W. Chapter 5 – “Parkinson's disease – A role of non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications in disease onset and progression?”. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 86:101096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Jiang M, Zhao XM, Jiang ZS, Wang GX, Zhang DW. Protein tyrosine nitration in atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 529:34-41. [PMID: 35149004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce both protein tyrosine nitration and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction refers to impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation that can be triggered by an imbalance in nitric oxide (NO) production and consumption. ROS reacts with NO to generate peroxynitrite, decreasing NO bioavailability. Peroxynitrite also promotes protein tyrosine nitration in vivo that can affect protein structure and function and further damage endothelial function. In this review, we discuss the process of protein tyrosine nitration, increased expression of nitrated proteins in cardiovascular disease and their association with endothelial dysfunction, and the interference of tyrosine nitration with antioxidants and the protective role in endothelial dysfunction. These may lead us to the conception that protein tyrosine nitration may be one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction, and help us gain information about the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction underlying atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic disease, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering Collage of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhao
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic disease, Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Gui-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering Collage of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Spathopoulou A, Edenhofer F, Fellner L. Targeting α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Neurol 2022; 12:786835. [PMID: 35145469 PMCID: PMC8821105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.786835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no specific treatment to halt disease progression is available, only medication to alleviate symptoms can be prescribed. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the development of neuronal inclusions, positive for α-synuclein (α-syn), which are termed Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites. However, the cause of the inclusion formation and the loss of neurons remain largely elusive. Various genetic determinants were reported to be involved in PD etiology, including SNCA, DJ-1, PRKN, PINK1, LRRK2, and GBA. Comprehensive insights into pathophysiology of PD critically depend on appropriate models. However, conventional model organisms fall short to faithfully recapitulate some features of this complex disease and as a matter-of-fact access to physiological tissue is limiting. The development of disease models replicating PD that are close to human physiology and dynamic enough to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, as well as the generation of new treatment options, is an important and overdue step. Recently, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural models, particularly from genetic PD-variants, developed into a promising strategy to investigate the molecular mechanisms regarding formation of inclusions and neurodegeneration. As these iPSC-derived neurons can be generated from accessible biopsied samples of PD patients, they carry pathological alterations and enable the possibility to analyze the differences compared to healthy neurons. This review focuses on iPSC models carrying genetic PD-variants of α-syn that will be especially helpful in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Furthermore, we discuss how iPSC models can be instrumental in identifying cellular targets, potentially leading to the development of new therapeutic treatments. We will outline the enormous potential, but also discuss the limitations of iPSC-based α-syn models.
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14
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Glycoconjugate journal special issue on: the glycobiology of Parkinson's disease. Glycoconj J 2021; 39:55-74. [PMID: 34757539 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 10 million aging people worldwide. This condition is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra (SNpc) and by aggregation of proteins, commonly α-synuclein (SNCA). The formation of Lewy bodies that encapsulate aggregated proteins in lipid vesicles is a hallmark of PD. Glycosylation of proteins and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis. SNCA has many posttranslational modifications and interacts with components of membranes that affect aggregation. The large membrane lipid dolichol accumulates in the brain upon age and has a significant effect on membrane structure. The replacement of dopamine and dopaminergic neurons are at the forefront of therapeutic development. This review examines the role of membrane lipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins and dopamine in the aggregation of SNCA and development of PD. We discuss the SNCA-dopamine-neuromelanin-dolichol axis and the role of membranes in neuronal stem cells that could be a regenerative therapy for PD patients.
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15
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Klatt S, Doecke JD, Roberts A, Boughton BA, Masters CL, Horne M, Roberts BR. A six-metabolite panel as potential blood-based biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:94. [PMID: 34650080 PMCID: PMC8516864 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterisation and diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a current challenge that hampers both clinical assessment and clinical trial development with the potential inclusion of non-PD cases. Here, we used a targeted mass spectrometry approach to quantify 38 metabolites extracted from the serum of 231 individuals. This cohort is currently one of the largest metabolomic studies including iPD patients, drug-naïve iPD, healthy controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease as a disease-specific control group. We identified six metabolites (3-hydroxykynurenine, aspartate, beta-alanine, homoserine, ornithine (Orn) and tyrosine) that are significantly altered between iPD patients and control participants. A multivariate model to predict iPD from controls had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.905, with an accuracy of 86.2%. This panel of metabolites may serve as a potential prognostic or diagnostic assay for clinical trial prescreening, or for aiding in diagnosing pathological disease in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klatt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James D Doecke
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Berin A Boughton
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Malcolm Horne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Long T, Liu L, Tao Y, Zhang W, Quan J, Zheng J, Hegemann JD, Uesugi M, Yao W, Tian H, Wang H. Light‐Controlled Tyrosine Nitration of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Youqi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Jiale Quan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Julian D. Hegemann
- Institute of Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Hong Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals School of Life Science and Technology China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University No. 163 Xianlin Ave Nanjing 210093 China
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18
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Long T, Liu L, Tao Y, Zhang W, Quan J, Zheng J, Hegemann JD, Uesugi M, Yao W, Tian H, Wang H. Light-Controlled Tyrosine Nitration of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13414-13422. [PMID: 33847040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration of proteins is one of the most important oxidative post-translational modifications in vivo. A major obstacle for its biochemical and physiological studies is the lack of efficient and chemoselective protein tyrosine nitration reagents. Herein, we report a generalizable strategy for light-controlled protein tyrosine nitration by employing biocompatible dinitroimidazole reagents. Upon 390 nm irradiation, dinitroimidazoles efficiently convert tyrosine residues into 3-nitrotyrosine residues in peptides and proteins with fast kinetics and high chemoselectivity under neutral aqueous buffer conditions. The incorporation of 3-nitrotyrosine residues enhances the thermostability of lasso peptide natural products and endows murine tumor necrosis factor-α with strong immunogenicity to break self-tolerance. The light-controlled time resolution of this method allows the investigation of the impact of tyrosine nitration on the self-assembly behavior of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Youqi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jiale Quan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Julian D Hegemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing, 210093, China
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19
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Weston LJ, Cook ZT, Stackhouse TL, Sal MK, Schultz BI, Tobias ZJC, Osterberg VR, Brockway NL, Pizano S, Glover G, Weissman TA, Unni VK. In vivo aggregation of presynaptic alpha-synuclein is not influenced by its phosphorylation at serine-129. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105291. [PMID: 33556542 PMCID: PMC10405908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of the α-synuclein protein is a key molecular feature of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. The precise mechanisms that trigger α-synuclein aggregation are unclear, and it is not known what role aggregation plays in disease pathogenesis. Here we use an in vivo zebrafish model to express several different forms of human α-synuclein and measure its aggregation in presynaptic terminals. We show that human α-synuclein tagged with GFP can be expressed in zebrafish neurons, localizing normally to presynaptic terminals and undergoing phosphorylation at serine-129, as in mammalian neurons. The visual advantages of the zebrafish system allow for dynamic in vivo imaging to study α-synuclein, including the use of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) techniques to probe protein mobility. These experiments reveal three distinct terminal pools of α-synuclein with varying mobility, likely representing different subpopulations of aggregated and non-aggregated protein. Human α-synuclein is phosphorylated by an endogenous zebrafish Polo-like kinase activity, and there is a heterogeneous population of neurons containing either very little or extensive phosphorylation throughout the axonal arbor. Both pharmacological and genetic manipulations of serine-129 show that phosphorylation of α-synuclein at this site does not significantly affect its mobility. This suggests that serine-129 phosphorylation alone does not promote α-synuclein aggregation. Together our results show that human α-synuclein can be expressed and measured quantitatively in zebrafish, and that disease-relevant post-translational modifications occur within neurons. The zebrafish model provides a powerful in vivo system for measuring and manipulating α-synuclein function and aggregation, and for developing new treatments for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Weston
- Lewis & Clark College, Biology Department, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Zoe T Cook
- Lewis & Clark College, Biology Department, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | | | - Mehtab K Sal
- Lewis & Clark College, Biology Department, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie R Osterberg
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Saheli Pizano
- Lewis & Clark College, Biology Department, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Greta Glover
- Lewis & Clark College, Biology Department, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | | | - Vivek K Unni
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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20
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Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108877. [PMID: 33864752 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the degeneration and neuronal death associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly understood. Several pathways and models have been explored in an overwhelming number of studies. Overall, from these studies, mitochondrial dysfunction and nitroxidative stress have emerged as major contributors to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition, an excessive or inappropriate production of nitric oxide (•NO) and an abnormal metabolism of dopamine have been independently implicated in both processes. However, the participation of •NO in reactions with dopamine relevant to neurotoxicity strongly suggests that dopamine or its metabolites may be potential targets for •NO, affecting the physiological chemistry of both, •NO and dopamine. In this short review, we provide a critical and integrative appraisal of the nitric oxide-dopamine pathway we have previously suggested and that might be operative in PD. This pathway emphasizes a connection between abnormal dopamine and •NO metabolism, which may potentially converge in an integrated mechanism with toxic cellular outcomes. In particular, it encompasses the synergistic interaction of •NO with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major dopamine metabolite, leading to dopaminergic cell death via mechanisms that involve mitochondrial dysfunction, gluthathione depletion and nitroxidative stress.
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21
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Kwon O, Song J, Yang Y, Kim S, Kim JY, Seok M, Hwang I, Yu J, Karmacharya J, Maeng H, Kim J, Jho E, Ko SY, Son H, Chang M, Lee S. SGK1 inhibition in glia ameliorates pathologies and symptoms in Parkinson disease animal models. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13076. [PMID: 33646633 PMCID: PMC8033538 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are brain-resident glia that can establish harmful inflammatory environments in disease contexts and thereby contribute to the progression of neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disorders. Correcting the diseased properties of glia is therefore an appealing strategy for treating brain diseases. Previous studies have shown that serum/ glucocorticoid related kinase 1 (SGK1) is upregulated in the brains of patients with various neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of those diseases. In this study, we show that inhibiting glial SGK1 corrects the pro-inflammatory properties of glia by suppressing the intracellular NFκB-, NLRP3-inflammasome-, and CGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, SGK1 inhibition potentiated glial activity to scavenge glutamate toxicity and prevented glial cell senescence and mitochondrial damage, which have recently been reported as critical pathologic features of and therapeutic targets in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Along with those anti-inflammatory/neurotrophic functions, silencing and pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 protected midbrain dopamine neurons from degeneration and cured pathologic synuclein alpha (SNCA) aggregation and PD-associated behavioral deficits in multiple in vitro and in vivo PD models. Collectively, these findings suggest that SGK1 inhibition could be a useful strategy for treating PD and other neurodegenerative disorders that share the common pathology of glia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh‐Chan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Jae‐Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yunseon Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Seong‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Min‐Jong Seok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Wook Yu
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | | | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Eek‐hoon Jho
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Seung Yeon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Hyeon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Mi‐Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
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22
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Martinez-Valbuena I, Valenti-Azcarate R, Amat-Villegas I, Marcilla I, Marti-Andres G, Caballero MC, Riverol M, Tuñon MT, Fraser PE, Luquin MR. Mixed pathologies in pancreatic β cells from subjects with neurodegenerative diseases and their interaction with prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:64. [PMID: 33832546 PMCID: PMC8028740 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases refer to a variety of disorders that develop as a consequence of the misfolding of proteins in various organs. The etiologies of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease remain unclear, but it seems that type two diabetes and other prediabetic states could contribute to the appearance of the sporadic forms of these diseases. In addition to amylin deposition, other amyloidogenic proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases could have important roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. As we have previously demonstrated the presence of α-synuclein deposits in the pancreas of patients with synucleinopathies, as well as tau and Aβ deposits in the pancreatic tissue of Alzheimer’s disease patients, we studied the immunoreactivity of amylin, tau and α-synuclein in the pancreas of 138 subjects with neurodegenerative diseases or type two diabetes and assessed whether the pancreatic β-cells of these subjects present cooccurrence of misfolded proteins. Furthermore, we also assessed the pancreatic expression of prion protein (PrP) in these subjects and its interaction, both in the pancreas and brain, with α-synuclein, tau, Aβ and amylin. Our study shows, for the first time, that along with amylin, pancreatic α-synuclein, Aβ, PrP and tau may contribute together to the complex pathophysiology of type two diabetes and in the appearance of insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, we show that the same mixed pathologies that are observed in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases are also present outside the nervous system. Finally, we provide the first histological evidence of an interaction between PrP and Aβ, α-synuclein, amylin or tau in the pancreas and locus coeruleus. These findings will shed more light on the common pathological pathways shared by neurodegenerative diseases and type two diabetes, benefiting the exploration of common therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat these devastating amyloid diseases.
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23
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He S, Wang F, Yung KKL, Zhang S, Qu S. Effects of α-Synuclein-Associated Post-Translational Modifications in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1061-1071. [PMID: 33769791 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), a small highly conserved presynaptic protein containing 140 amino acids, is thought to be the main pathological hallmark in related neurodegenerative disorders. Although the normal function of α-syn is closely involved in the regulation of vesicular neurotransmission in these diseases, the underlying mechanisms of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α-syn in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been fully characterized. The pathological accumulation of misfolded α-syn has a critical role in PD pathogenesis. Recent studies of factors contributing to α-syn-associated aggregation and misfolding have expanded our understanding of the PD disease process. In this Review, we summarize the structure and physiological function of α-syn, and we further highlight the major PTMs (namely phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitration, acetylation, truncation, SUMOylation, and O-GlcNAcylation) of α-syn and the effects of these modifications on α-syn aggregation, which may elucidate mechanisms for PD pathogenesis and lay a theoretical foundation for clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, 14643, United States
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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24
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Bennett JP, Onyango IG. Energy, Entropy and Quantum Tunneling of Protons and Electrons in Brain Mitochondria: Relation to Mitochondrial Impairment in Aging-Related Human Brain Diseases and Therapeutic Measures. Biomedicines 2021; 9:225. [PMID: 33671585 PMCID: PMC7927033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human brains consume a disproportionate amount of energy substrates (2-3% of body weight; 20-25% of total glucose and oxygen). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal energy currency in brains and is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using ATP synthase, a nano-rotor powered by the proton gradient generated from proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the multi-complex electron transport chain (ETC). ETC catalysis rates are reduced in brains from humans with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Declines of ETC function in NDDs may result from combinations of nitrative stress (NS)-oxidative stress (OS) damage; mitochondrial and/or nuclear genomic mutations of ETC/OXPHOS genes; epigenetic modifications of ETC/OXPHOS genes; or defects in importation or assembly of ETC/OXPHOS proteins or complexes, respectively; or alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, mitophagy). Substantial free energy is gained by direct O2-mediated oxidation of NADH. Traditional ETC mechanisms require separation between O2 and electrons flowing from NADH/FADH2 through the ETC. Quantum tunneling of electrons and much larger protons may facilitate this separation. Neuronal death may be viewed as a local increase in entropy requiring constant energy input to avoid. The ATP requirement of the brain may partially be used for avoidance of local entropy increase. Mitochondrial therapeutics seeks to correct deficiencies in ETC and OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, CZ-65691 Brno, Czech Republic;
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25
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A bibenzyl compound 20C protects rats against 6-OHDA-induced damage by regulating adaptive immunity associated molecules. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 91:107269. [PMID: 33340781 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with complicated pathogenesis. A novel bibenzyl compound 2-[4-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenol (20C) has been shown to have some neuroprotective effects, and its mechanism still needs further research. In this study, we used a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model to evaluate the protective effect of 20C. Our study found that 20C could improve behavioral defects in 6-OHDA-lesion rats, decrease neuroinflammation and protect their DA neurons. It could inhibit the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by 6-OHDA, and lead to a decrease in the expression of nitrated-α-synuclein. When exposed to AMT-an inhibitor of iNOS, the nitrated-α-synuclein in PC12 decreased, and 20C demonstrated the same function on nitrated-α-synuclein as AMT. Besides, we also found that nitrated-α-synuclein was displayed in microglia. And 20C could decrease the expression of antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) in dopamine (DA) neurons and MHC II in microglia induced by 6-OHDA. So, these imply that nitrated-α-synuclein might act as an endogenous antigen activating adaptive immunity, and the neuroprotection of 20C might be associated with inhibiting the activity of iNOS, decreasing the expression of the antigen molecule nitrated-α-synuclein and the antigen presenting molecule MHC. Our results indicated that inhibiting iNOS might be an effective strategy to protect neurons from oxidative stress.
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26
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Megadalton-sized Dityrosine Aggregates of α-Synuclein Retain High Degrees of Structural Disorder and Internal Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166689. [PMID: 33211011 PMCID: PMC7779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite their large size, αSyn dityrosine aggregates are dynamic and disordered. αSyn dityrosine aggregates specifically form in complex environments. αSyn dityrosine aggregates retain residual membrane binding activity. Dityrosine aggregates inhibit amyloid formation of monomeric αSyn. αSyn dityrosine aggregates are not cytotoxic.
Heterogeneous aggregates of the human protein α-synuclein (αSyn) are abundantly found in Lewy body inclusions of Parkinson’s disease patients. While structural information on classical αSyn amyloid fibrils is available, little is known about the conformational properties of disease-relevant, non-canonical aggregates. Here, we analyze the structural and dynamic properties of megadalton-sized dityrosine adducts of αSyn that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c, a proapoptotic peroxidase that is released from mitochondria during sustained oxidative stress. In contrast to canonical cross-β amyloids, these aggregates retain high degrees of internal dynamics, which enables their characterization by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. We find that intermolecular dityrosine crosslinks restrict αSyn motions only locally whereas large segments of concatenated molecules remain flexible and disordered. Indistinguishable aggregates form in crowded in vitro solutions and in complex environments of mammalian cell lysates, where relative amounts of free reactive oxygen species, rather than cytochrome c, are rate limiting. We further establish that dityrosine adducts inhibit classical amyloid formation by maintaining αSyn in its monomeric form and that they are non-cytotoxic despite retaining basic membrane-binding properties. Our results suggest that oxidative αSyn aggregation scavenges cytochrome c’s activity into the formation of amorphous, high molecular-weight structures that may contribute to the structural diversity of Lewy body deposits.
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27
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Ghosh S, Sakshi, Swain BC, Chakraborty R, Tripathy U, Chattopadhyay K. A Novel Tool to Investigate the Early and Late Stages of α-Synuclein Aggregation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1610-1619. [PMID: 32407096 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of an inherently disordered protein α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in brain tissue play a pivotal role in the pathology and etiology of Parkinson's disease. Aggregation of α-syn has been found to be complex and heterogeneous, occurring through multitudes of early- and late-stage intermediates. Because of the inherent complexity and large dynamic range (between a few microseconds to several days under in vitro measurement conditions), it is difficult for the conventional biophysical and biochemical techniques to sample the entire time window of α-syn aggregation. Here, for the first time, we introduced the Z-scan technique as a novel tool to investigate different conformations formed in the early and late stage of temperature and mechanical stress-induced α-syn aggregation, in which different species showed its characteristic nonlinear characteristics. A power-dependent study was also performed to observe the changes in the protein nonlinearity. The perceived nonlinearity was accredited to the thermal-lensing effect. A switch in the sign of the refractive nonlinearity was observed for the first time as a signature of the late oligomeric conformation, a prime suspect that triggers cell death associated with neurodegeneration. We validate Z-scan results using a combination of different techniques, like thioflavin-T fluorescence assay, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. We believe that this simple, inexpensive, and sensitive method can have potential future applications in detecting/monitoring conformations in other essential peptides/proteins related to different neurodegenerative and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Ghosh
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sakshi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Bikash Chandra Swain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ritobrita Chakraborty
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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28
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O'Hara DM, Kalia SK, Kalia LV. Methods for detecting toxic α-synuclein species as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:291-307. [PMID: 32116096 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. However, prior to the formation of these large aggregates, α-syn forms oligomers and small fibrils, which are believed to be the pathogenic species leading to the death of neurons in the substantia nigra in disease. The majority of aggregated α-syn is phosphorylated, and it is thought that this post-translational modification may be critical in disease pathogenesis. Thus, early detection of the toxic forms of α-syn may provide a window of opportunity for an intervention to halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in PD. Expression of α-syn is not restricted to the central nervous system and the protein can be found elsewhere, including bodily fluids and peripheral tissues. This review will examine current methods for detecting toxic forms of α-syn in accessible biospecimens and outline emerging techniques that may provide reliable identification of biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M O'Hara
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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29
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Pathways of protein synthesis and degradation in PD pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:217-270. [PMID: 32247365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of protein aggregates in the brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) in the early 20th century, the scientific community has been interested in the role of dysfunctional protein metabolism in PD etiology. Recent advances in the field have implicated defective protein handling underlying PD through genetic, in vitro, and in vivo studies incorporating many disease models alongside neuropathological evidence. Here, we discuss the existing body of research focused on understanding cellular pathways of protein synthesis and degradation, and how aberrations in either system could engender PD pathology with special attention to α-synuclein-related consequences. We consider transcription, translation, and post-translational modification to constitute protein synthesis, and protein degradation to encompass proteasome-, lysosome- and endoplasmic reticulum-dependent mechanisms. Novel findings connecting each of these steps in protein metabolism to development of PD indicate that deregulation of protein production and turnover remains an exciting area in PD research.
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30
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Brás IC, Xylaki M, Outeiro TF. Mechanisms of alpha-synuclein toxicity: An update and outlook. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 252:91-129. [PMID: 32247376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) was identified as the main component of inclusions that define synucleinopathies more than 20 years ago. Since then, aSyn has been extensively studied in an attempt to unravel its roles in both physiology and pathology. Today, studying the mechanisms of aSyn toxicity remains in the limelight, leading to the identification of novel pathways involved in pathogenesis. In this chapter, we address the molecular mechanisms involved in synucleinopathies, from aSyn misfolding and aggregation to the various cellular effects and pathologies associated. In particular, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the spreading of aSyn between different cells, from the periphery to the brain, and back. Finally, we also review recent studies on the contribution of inflammation and the gut microbiota to pathology in synucleinopathies. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, we still lack an integrated understanding of the pathways leading to neurodegeneration in PD and other synucleinopathies, compromising our ability to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Caldeira Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Xylaki
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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31
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Design of novel monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors based on piperine scaffold: Structure-activity-toxicity, drug-likeness and efflux transport studies. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111770. [PMID: 31711793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Piperine has been associated with neuroprotective effects and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, thus being an attractive scaffold to develop new antiparkinsonian agents. Accordingly, we prepared a small library of piperine derivatives and screened the inhibitory activities towards human MAO isoforms (hMAO-A and hMAO-B). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies pointed out that the combination of α-cyano and benzyl ester groups increased both potency and selectivity towards hMAO-B. Kinetic experiments with compounds 7, 10 and 15 indicated a competitive hMAO-B inhibition mechanism. Compounds 15 and 16, at 10 μM, caused a small but significant decrease in P-gp efflux activity in Caco-2 cells. Compound 15 stands out as the most potent piperine-based hMAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 47.4 nM), displaying favourable drug-like properties and a broad safety window. Compound 15 is thus a suitable candidate for lead optimization and the development of multitarget-directed ligands.
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32
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Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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33
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Urmey AR, Zondlo NJ. Design of a Protein Motif Responsive to Tyrosine Nitration and an Encoded Turn-Off Sensor of Tyrosine Nitration. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2822-2833. [PMID: 31140788 PMCID: PMC6688601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is a protein post-translational modification that is predominantly non-enzymatic and is observed to be increased under conditions of nitrosative stress and in numerous disease states. A small protein motif (14-18 amino acids) responsive to tyrosine nitration has been developed. In this design, nitrotyrosine replaced the conserved Glu12 of an EF-hand metal-binding motif. Thus, the non-nitrated peptide bound terbium weakly. In contrast, tyrosine nitration resulted in a 45-fold increase in terbium affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated direct binding of nitrotyrosine to the metal and EF-hand-like metal contacts in this designed peptide. Nitrotyrosine is an efficient quencher of fluorescence. To develop a sensor of tyrosine nitration, the initial design was modified to incorporate Glu residues at EF-hand positions 9 and 16 as additional metal-binding residues, to increase the terbium affinity of the peptide with unmodified tyrosine. This peptide with a tyrosine at residue 12 bound terbium and effectively sensitized terbium luminescence. Tyrosine nitration resulted in a 180-fold increase in terbium affinity ( Kd = 1.6 μM) and quenching of terbium luminescence. This sequence was incorporated as an encoded protein tag and applied as a turn-off fluorescent protein sensor of tyrosine nitration. The sensor was responsive to nitration by peroxynitrite, with fluorescence quenched upon nitration. The greater terbium affinity upon tyrosine nitration resulted in a large dynamic range and sensitivity to substoichiometric nitration. An improved approach for the synthesis of peptides containing nitrotyrosine was also developed, via the in situ silyl protection of nitrotyrosine. This work represents the first designed, encodable protein motif that is responsive to tyrosine nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Urmey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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