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Gao H, Fang B, Sun Z, Du X, Guo H, Zhao L, Zhang M. Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Learning and Memory in Mice with Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1067-1081. [PMID: 38112024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is distinguished by cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the brain. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is a major human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) that is abundantly present in breast milk and has been demonstrated to exhibit immunomodulatory effects. However, the role of 2'-FL and HMO in gut microbiota modulation in relation to AD remains insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the preventive effect of the 2'-FL and HMO impact of AD and the relevant mechanism involved. Here, the behavioral results showed that 2'-FL and HMO intervention decreased the expression of Tau phosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ), inhibited neuroinflammation, and restored cognitive impairment in AD mice. The metagenomic analysis proved that 2'-FL and HMO intervention restored the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in AD. Notably, 2'-FL and HMO intervention significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Clostridium and Akkermansia. The metabolomics results showed that 2'-FL and HMO enhanced the oleoyl-l-carnitine metabolism as potential drivers. More importantly, the levels of oleoyl-l-carnitine were positively correlated with the abundances of Clostridium and Akkermansia. These results indicated that 2'-FL and HMO had therapeutic potential to prevent AD-induced cognitive impairment, which is of great significance for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Gao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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2
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Frangos ZJ, Wilson KA, Aitken HM, Cantwell Chater R, Vandenberg RJ, O'Mara ML. Membrane cholesterol regulates inhibition and substrate transport by the glycine transporter, GlyT2. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201708. [PMID: 36690444 PMCID: PMC9873984 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane cholesterol binds to and modulates the function of various SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters, including stabilizing the outward-facing conformation of the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Here, we investigate how cholesterol binds to GlyT2 (SLC6A5), modulates glycine transport rate, and influences bioactive lipid inhibition of GlyT2. Bioactive lipid inhibitors are analgesics that bind to an allosteric site accessible from the extracellular solution when GlyT2 adopts an outward-facing conformation. Using molecular dynamics simulations, mutagenesis, and cholesterol depletion experiments, we show that bioactive lipid inhibition of glycine transport is modulated by the recruitment of membrane cholesterol to a binding site formed by transmembrane helices 1, 5, and 7. Recruitment involves cholesterol flipping from its membrane orientation, and insertion of the 3' hydroxyl group into the cholesterol binding cavity, close to the allosteric site. The synergy between cholesterol and allosteric inhibitors provides a novel mechanism of inhibition and a potential avenue for the development of potent GlyT2 inhibitors as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of neuropathic pain and therapeutics that target other SLC6 transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Frangos
- Molecular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katie A Wilson
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Heather M Aitken
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ryan Cantwell Chater
- Molecular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Molecular Biomedicine Theme, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan L O'Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Vallianatou T, Bèchet NB, Correia MSP, Lundgaard I, Globisch D. Regional Brain Analysis of Modified Amino Acids and Dipeptides during the Sleep/Wake Cycle. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010021. [PMID: 35050142 PMCID: PMC8780251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a state in which important restorative and anabolic processes occur. Understanding changes of these metabolic processes during the circadian rhythm in the brain is crucial to elucidate neurophysiological mechanisms important for sleep function. Investigation of amino acid modifications and dipeptides has recently emerged as a valuable approach in the metabolic profiling of the central nervous system. Nonetheless, very little is known about the effects of sleep on the brain levels of amino acid analogues. In the present study, we examined brain regional sleep-induced alterations selective for modified amino acids and dipeptides using Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) based metabolomics. Our approach enabled the detection and identification of numerous amino acid-containing metabolites in the cortex, the hippocampus, the midbrain, and the cerebellum. In particular, analogues of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan were significantly altered during sleep in the investigated brain regions. Cortical levels of medium and long chain N-acyl glycines were higher during sleep. Regional specific changes were also detected, especially related to tyrosine analogues in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between circadian rhythms and amino acid metabolism specific for different brain regions that provide previously unknown insights in brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
| | - Nicholas B. Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; (N.B.B.); (I.L.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mario S. P. Correia
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; (N.B.B.); (I.L.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Frangos ZJ, Cantwell Chater RP, Vandenberg RJ. Glycine Transporter 2: Mechanism and Allosteric Modulation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:734427. [PMID: 34805268 PMCID: PMC8602798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.734427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter sodium symporters (NSS) are a subfamily of SLC6 transporters responsible for regulating neurotransmitter signalling. They are a major target for psychoactive substances including antidepressants and drugs of abuse, prompting substantial research into their modulation and structure-function dynamics. Recently, a series of allosteric transport inhibitors have been identified, which may reduce side effect profiles, compared to orthosteric inhibitors. Allosteric inhibitors are also likely to provide different clearance kinetics compared to competitive inhibitors and potentially better clinical outcomes. Crystal structures and homology models have identified several allosteric modulatory sites on NSS including the vestibule allosteric site (VAS), lipid allosteric site (LAS) and cholesterol binding site (CHOL1). Whilst the architecture of eukaryotic NSS is generally well conserved there are differences in regions that form the VAS, LAS, and CHOL1. Here, we describe ligand-protein interactions that stabilize binding in each allosteric site and explore how differences between transporters could be exploited to generate NSS specific compounds with an emphasis on GlyT2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Frangos
- Transporter Biology Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan P Cantwell Chater
- Transporter Biology Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Transporter Biology Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Róg T, Girych M, Bunker A. Mechanistic Understanding from Molecular Dynamics in Pharmaceutical Research 2: Lipid Membrane in Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1062. [PMID: 34681286 PMCID: PMC8537670 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as a drug design tool in the context of the role that the lipid membrane can play in drug action, i.e., the interaction between candidate drug molecules and lipid membranes. In the standard "lock and key" paradigm, only the interaction between the drug and a specific active site of a specific protein is considered; the environment in which the drug acts is, from a biophysical perspective, far more complex than this. The possible mechanisms though which a drug can be designed to tinker with physiological processes are significantly broader than merely fitting to a single active site of a single protein. In this paper, we focus on the role of the lipid membrane, arguably the most important element outside the proteins themselves, as a case study. We discuss work that has been carried out, using MD simulation, concerning the transfection of drugs through membranes that act as biological barriers in the path of the drugs, the behavior of drug molecules within membranes, how their collective behavior can affect the structure and properties of the membrane and, finally, the role lipid membranes, to which the vast majority of drug target proteins are associated, can play in mediating the interaction between drug and target protein. This review paper is the second in a two-part series covering MD simulation as a tool in pharmaceutical research; both are designed as pedagogical review papers aimed at both pharmaceutical scientists interested in exploring how the tool of MD simulation can be applied to their research and computational scientists interested in exploring the possibility of a pharmaceutical context for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Alex Bunker
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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6
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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7
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Ackermann TM, Allmendinger L, Höfner G, Wanner KT. MS Binding Assays for Glycine Transporter 2 (GlyT2) Employing Org25543 as Reporter Ligand. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:199-215. [PMID: 32734692 PMCID: PMC7821181 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the first binding assay for glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) following the concept of MS Binding Assays. The selective GlyT2 inhibitor Org25543 was employed as a reporter ligand and it was quantified with a highly sensitive and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method. Binding of Org25543 at GlyT2 was characterized in kinetic and saturation experiments with an off-rate of 7.07×10-3 s-1 , an on-rate of 1.01×106 M-1 s-1 , and an equilibrium dissociation constant of 7.45 nM. Furthermore, the inhibitory constants of 19 GlyT ligands were determined in competition experiments. The validity of the GlyT2 affinities determined with the binding assay was examined by a comparison with published inhibitory potencies from various functional assays. With the capability for affinity determination towards GlyT2 the developed MS Binding Assays provide the first tool for affinity profiling of potential ligands and it represents a valuable new alternative to functional assays addressing GlyT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Ackermann
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MunichButenandtstraße 781377MunichGermany
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MunichButenandtstraße 781377MunichGermany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MunichButenandtstraße 781377MunichGermany
| | - Klaus T. Wanner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MunichButenandtstraße 781377MunichGermany
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8
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Wilson KA, Wang L, MacDermott-Opeskin H, O'Mara ML. The Fats of Life: Using Computational Chemistry to Characterise the Eukaryotic Cell Membrane. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the structural dynamics and complexity of lipid bilayers is still developing. Computational techniques, especially molecular dynamics simulations, have increased our understanding significantly as they allow us to model functions that cannot currently be experimentally resolved. Here we review available computational tools and techniques, the role of the major lipid species, insights gained into lipid bilayer structure and function from molecular dynamics simulations, and recent progress towards the computational modelling of the physiological complexity of eukaryotic lipid bilayers.
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9
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Mostyn SN, Wilson KA, Schumann-Gillett A, Frangos ZJ, Shimmon S, Rawling T, Ryan RM, O'Mara ML, Vandenberg RJ. Identification of an allosteric binding site on the human glycine transporter, GlyT2, for bioactive lipid analgesics. eLife 2019; 8:e47150. [PMID: 31621581 PMCID: PMC6797481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic pain is poorly managed by current analgesics, and there is a need for new classes of drugs. We recently developed a series of bioactive lipids that inhibit the human glycine transporter GlyT2 (SLC6A5) and provide analgesia in animal models of pain. Here, we have used functional analysis of mutant transporters combined with molecular dynamics simulations of lipid-transporter interactions to understand how these bioactive lipids interact with GlyT2. This study identifies a novel extracellular allosteric modulator site formed by a crevice between transmembrane domains 5, 7, and 8, and extracellular loop 4 of GlyT2. Knowledge of this site could be exploited further in the development of drugs to treat pain, and to identify other allosteric modulators of the SLC6 family of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Mostyn
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Katie A Wilson
- Research School of Chemistry, College of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | | | - Zachary J Frangos
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Renae M Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Megan L O'Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, College of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
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Al-Khrasani M, Mohammadzadeh A, Balogh M, Király K, Barsi S, Hajnal B, Köles L, Zádori ZS, Harsing LG. Glycine transporter inhibitors: A new avenue for managing neuropathic pain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:143-158. [PMID: 31302238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interneurons operating with glycine neurotransmitter are involved in the regulation of pain transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In addition to interneurons, glycine release also occurs from glial cells neighboring glutamatergic synapses in the spinal cord. Neuronal and glial release of glycine is controlled by glycine transporters (GlyTs). Inhibitors of the two isoforms of GlyTs, the astrocytic type-1 (GlyT-1) and the neuronal type-2 (GlyT-2), decrease pain sensation evoked by injuries of peripheral sensory neurons or inflammation. The function of dorsal horn glycinergic interneurons has been suggested to be reduced in neuropathic pain, which can be reversed by GlyT-2 inhibitors (Org-25543, ALX1393). Several lines of evidence also support that peripheral nerve damage or inflammation may shift glutamatergic neurochemical transmission from N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) NR1/NR2A receptor- to NR1/NR2B receptor-mediated events (subunit switch). This pathological overactivation of NR1/NR2B receptors can be reduced by GlyT-1 inhibitors (NFPS, Org-25935), which decrease excessive glycine release from astroglial cells or by selective antagonists of NR2B subunits (ifenprodil, Ro 25-6981). Although several experiments suggest that GlyT inhibitors may represent a novel strategy in the control of neuropathic pain, proving this concept in human beings is hampered by lack of clinically applicable GlyT inhibitors. We also suggest that drugs inhibiting both GlyT-1 and GlyT-2 non-selectively and reversibly, may favorably target neuropathic pain. In this paper we overview inhibitors of the two isoforms of GlyTs as well as the effects of these drugs in experimental models of neuropathic pain. In addition, the possible mechanisms of action of the GlyT inhibitors, i.e. how they affect the neurochemical and pain transmission in the spinal cord, are also discussed. The growing evidence for the possible therapeutic intervention of neuropathic pain by GlyT inhibitors further urges development of drugable compounds, which may beneficially restore impaired pain transmission in various neuropathic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Amir Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Balogh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Király
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Barsi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Hajnal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Köles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo G Harsing
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
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