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Amdur MJ, Mullin KR, Waters MJ, Puggioni D, Wojnar MK, Gu M, Sun L, Oyala PH, Rondinelli JM, Freedman DE. Chemical control of spin-lattice relaxation to discover a room temperature molecular qubit. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7034-7045. [PMID: 35774181 PMCID: PMC9200133 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06130e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The second quantum revolution harnesses exquisite quantum control for a slate of diverse applications including sensing, communication, and computation. Of the many candidates for building quantum systems, molecules offer both tunability and specificity, but the principles to enable high temperature operation are not well established. Spin-lattice relaxation, represented by the time constant T 1, is the primary factor dictating the high temperature performance of quantum bits (qubits), and serves as the upper limit on qubit coherence times (T 2). For molecular qubits at elevated temperatures (>100 K), molecular vibrations facilitate rapid spin-lattice relaxation which limits T 2 to well below operational minimums for certain quantum technologies. Here we identify the effects of controlling orbital angular momentum through metal coordination geometry and ligand rigidity via π-conjugation on T 1 relaxation in three four-coordinate Cu2+ S = ½ qubit candidates: bis(N,N'-dimethyl-4-amino-3-penten-2-imine) copper(ii) (Me2Nac)2 (1), bis(acetylacetone)ethylenediamine copper(ii) Cu(acacen) (2), and tetramethyltetraazaannulene copper(ii) Cu(tmtaa) (3). We obtain significant T 1 improvement upon changing from tetrahedral to square planar geometries through changes in orbital angular momentum. T 1 is further improved with greater π-conjugation in the ligand framework. Our electronic structure calculations reveal that the reduced motion of low energy vibrations in the primary coordination sphere slows relaxation and increases T 1. These principles enable us to report a new molecular qubit candidate with room temperature T 2 = 0.43 μs, and establishes guidelines for designing novel qubit candidates operating above 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeremy Amdur
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Kathleen R Mullin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Michael J Waters
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Michael K Wojnar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Mingqiang Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 USA
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2
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Pruszkowska K, Stasyuk OA, Zep A, Krówczyński A, Sicinski RR, Solà M, Cyrański MK. Effect of Diamine Bridge on Reactivity of Tetradentate ONNO Nickel(II) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100741. [PMID: 34783442 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two new square planar ONNO nickel(II) complexes C2_core and C3_core have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and DFT calculations. The experimental results revealed the effect of the length of diamine bridge in the ligand on the behavior of the studied complexes in the reaction with N-heterocyclic aromatic amines, while DFT calculations provided a basis for the rationalization of this observation. The complex with propylenediamine bridge (C3_core) readily reacts with pyridine and its derivatives to form high-spin (paramagnetic) complexes with octahedral geometry as characterized by X-ray diffraction; electron-donating substituents on the pyridine ring facilitate the coordination of axial ligands. In contrast, the complex with ethylenediamine bridge (C2_core) does not undergo such a reaction because of the high deformation energy of the core required for the formation of C2_Py complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Pruszkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga A Stasyuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.,Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Zep
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krówczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michał K Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Synthesis of 6,7-Dihydro-1 H,5 H-pyrazolo[1,2- a]pyrazoles by Azomethine Imine-Alkyne Cycloadditions Using Immobilized Cu(II)-Catalysts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020400. [PMID: 33451154 PMCID: PMC7828622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 12 silica gel-bound enaminones and their Cu(II) complexes were prepared and tested for their suitability as heterogeneous catalysts in azomethine imine-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAIAC). Immobilized Cu(II)-enaminone complexes showed promising catalytic activity in the CuAIAC reaction, but these new catalysts suffered from poor reusability. This was not due to the decoordination of copper ions, as the use of enaminone ligands with additional complexation sites resulted in negligible improvement. On the other hand, reusability was improved by the use of 4-aminobenzoic acid linker, attached to 3-aminopropyl silica gel via an amide bond to the enaminone over the more hydrolytically stable N-arylenamine C-N bond. The study showed that silica gel-bound Cu(II)-enaminone complexes are readily available and suitable heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of 6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazoles.
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4
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Fu L, Cao X, Wan J, Liu Y. Synthesis of Enaminone‐Pd(II) Complexes and Their Application in Catalysing Aqueous Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leiqing Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
- College of Chemistry and Bio‐EngineeringYichun University Yichun Jiangxi 336000 China
| | - Xiaoji Cao
- Research Centre for Measurement and AnalysisZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Jie‐Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
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5
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Chemical recycling of polyenaminones by transamination reaction via amino–enaminone polymerisation/depolymerisation. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tomažin U, Alič B, Kristl A, Ručigaj A, Grošelj U, Požgan F, Krajnc M, Štefane B, Šebenik U, Svete J. Synthesis of polyenaminones by acid-catalysed amino–enaminone ‘click’ polymerisation. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Synthesis of Non-Racemic Pyrazolines and Pyrazolidines by [3+2] Cycloadditions of Azomethine Imines. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010003. [PMID: 29267229 PMCID: PMC5943927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions of azomethine imines comprise a useful synthetic tool for the construction of pyrazole derivatives with a variable degree of saturation and up to three stereogenic centers. As analogues of pyrrolidines and imidazolidines that are abundant among natural products, pyrazoline and pyrazolidine derivatives represent attractive synthetic targets due to their extensive applications in the chemical and medicinal industries. Following the increased understanding of the mechanistic aspect of metal-catalyzed and organocatalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions of 1,3-dipoles gained over recent years, significant strides have been taken to design and develop new protocols that proceed efficiently under mild synthetic conditions and duly benefit from superior functional group tolerance and selectivity. In this review, we represent the current state of the art in this field and detailed methods for the synthesis of non-racemic pyrazolines and pyrazolidines via [3+2] metal and organocatalyzed transformations reported since the seminal work of Kobayashi et al. and Fu et al. in 2002 and 2003 up to the end of year 2017.
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