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You X, Chen N, Xie G, Xu S, Sayed SY, Sang L. Dual-Component Interlayer Enables Uniform Lithium Deposition and Dendrite Suppression for Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38904288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
β-Lithium thiophosphate (LPS) exhibits high Li+ conductivity and has been identified as a promising ceramic electrolyte for safe and high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries. Integrating LPS into solid-state lithium (Li) batteries would enable the use of a Li electrode with the highest deliverable capacity. However, LPS-based batteries operate at a limited current density before short-circuiting, posing a major challenge for the development of application-relevant batteries. In this work, we designed a dual-component interfacial protective layer called LiSn-LiN that forms in situ between the Li electrode and LPS electrolyte. The LiSn component, Li22Sn5, exhibits enhanced Li diffusivity compared with the metallic lithium and facilitates a more uniform lithium deposition across the electrode surface, thus eliminating Li dendrite formation. Meanwhile, the LiN component, Li3N, shows enhanced mechanical stiffness compared with LPS and functions to suppress dendrite penetration. This chemically robust LiSn-LiN interlayer provides a more than doubled deliverable critical current density compared to systems without interfacial protection. Through combined XPS and XAFS analyses, we determined the local structure and the formation kinetics of the key functional Li22Sn5 phase formed via the electrochemical reduction of a Sn3N4 precursor. This work demonstrates an example of the structural-specific design of a protective interlayer with a desired function - dendrite suppression. The structure of a functional protective layer for a given solid-state battery should be tailored based on the given battery configuration and its unique interfacial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N4, Canada
| | - Ning Chen
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Geng Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N4, Canada
| | - Shihong Xu
- nanoFAB Fabrication and Characterization Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N4, Canada
| | | | - Lingzi Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N4, Canada
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2
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Jeong WJ, Wang C, Yoon SG, Liu Y, Chen T, McDowell MT. Electrochemical behavior of elemental alloy anodes in solid-state batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:2554-2563. [PMID: 38903403 PMCID: PMC11187630 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Lithium alloy anodes in the form of dense foils offer significant potential advantages over lithium metal and particulate alloy anodes for solid-state batteries (SSBs). However, the reaction and degradation mechanisms of dense alloy anodes remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation behavior of 12 elemental alloy anodes in SSBs with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte (SSE), enabling direct behavioral comparisons. The materials show highly divergent first-cycle Coulombic efficiency, ranging from 99.3% for indium to ∼20% for antimony. Through microstructural imaging and electrochemical testing, we identify lithium trapping within the foil during delithiation as the principal reason for low Coulombic efficiency in most materials. The exceptional Coulombic efficiency of indium is found to be due to unique delithiation reaction front morphology evolution in which the high-diffusivity LiIn phase remains at the SSE interface. This study links composition to reaction behavior for alloy anodes and thus provides guidance toward better SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Joon Jeong
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Congcheng Wang
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sun Geun Yoon
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhgene Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Timothy Chen
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew T. McDowell
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Aspinall J, Sada K, Guo H, Kotakadi S, Narayanan S, Chart Y, Jagger B, Milan E, Brassart L, Armstrong D, Pasta M. The impact of magnesium content on lithium-magnesium alloy electrode performance with argyrodite solid electrolyte. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4511. [PMID: 38802332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state lithium-based batteries offer higher energy density than their Li-ion counterparts. Yet they are limited in terms of negative electrode discharge performance and require high stack pressure during operation. To circumvent these issues, we propose the use of lithium-rich magnesium alloys as suitable negative electrodes in combination with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte. We synthesise and characterise lithium-rich magnesium alloys, quantifying the changes in mechanical properties, transport, and surface chemistry that impact electrochemical performance. Increases in hardness, stiffness, adhesion, and resistance to creep are quantified by nanoindentation as a function of magnesium content. A decrease in diffusivity is quantified with 6Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, and only a small increase in interfacial impedance due to the presence of magnesium is identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which is correlated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of magnesium aids contact retention on discharge, but this must be balanced against a decrease in lithium diffusivity. We demonstrate via electrochemical testing of symmetric cells at 2.5 MPa and 30∘C that 1% magnesium content in the alloy increases the stripping capacity compared to both pure lithium and higher magnesium content alloys by balancing these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Aspinall
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Krishnakanth Sada
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Souhardh Kotakadi
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Yvonne Chart
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Ben Jagger
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Emily Milan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Laurence Brassart
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - David Armstrong
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK.
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4
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Li X, Li Y, Zhang S, Gao Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Chen L. Electrochemical Lithium Deposition on Li xTi 5O 12. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18867-18873. [PMID: 38588445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising next-generation high-energy-density storage devices. However, uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth leads to low Coulombic efficiencies and severe safety issues, hindering the commercialization of LMBs. Reducing the diffusion barrier of lithium is beneficial for uniform lithium deposition. Herein, a composite is constructed with Li4Ti5O12 as the skeleton of metallic lithium (Li@LixTi5O12) because Li4Ti5O12 is a "zero-strain" material and exhibits a low lithium diffusion barrier. It was found that the symmetric cells of Li@LixTi5O12 can stably cycle for over 400 h at 1 mA cm-2 in the carbonate electrolyte, significantly exceeding the usual lifespan (∼170 h) of the symmetric cell using a lithium metal electrode. In a full cell with Li@LixTi5O12 as the anode, the cathode LiFePO4 delivers a capacity retention of 78.2% after 550 cycles at 3.6C rate and an N/P ratio = 8.0. This study provides new insights for designing a practical lithium anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Simeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yurui Gao
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Fang S, Wang H, Zhao S, Yu M, Liu X, Li Y, Wu F, Zuo W, Zhou N, Ortiz GF. In Situ Formation of Heterojunction in Composite Lithium Anode Facilitates Fast and Uniform Interfacial Ion Transport. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402108. [PMID: 38586916 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal is a highly promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. Nevertheless, its practical application faces challenges due to the uncontrolled lithium dendrites growth and infinite volumetric expansion during repetitive cycling. Herein, a composite lithium anode is designed by mechanically rolling and pressing a cerium oxide-coated carbon textile with lithium foil (Li@CeO2/CT). The in situ generated cerium dioxide (CeO2) and cerium trioxide (Ce2O3) form a heterojunction with a reduced lithium-ion migration barrier, facilitating the rapid lithium ions migration. Additionally, both CeO2 and Ce2O3 exhibit higher adsorbed energy with lithium, enabling faster and more distributed interfacial transport of lithium ions. Furthermore, the high specific surface area of 3D skeleton can effectively reduce local current density, and alleviate the lithium volumetric changes upon plating/stripping. Benefiting from this unique structure, the highly compact and uniform lithium deposition is constructed, allowing the Li@CeO2/CT symmetric cells to maintain a stable cycling for over 500 cycles at an exceptional high current density of 100 mA cm-2. When paired with LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 (NCM91) cathode, the cell achieves 74.3% capacity retention after 800 cycles at 1 C, and a remarkable capacity retention of 81.1% after 500 cycles even at a high rate of 4 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Fang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Huasong Wang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Shangquan Zhao
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Miaomiao Yu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Fanglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenhua Zuo
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Naigen Zhou
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Gregorio F Ortiz
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Lu S, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Yang T, Zhao Z, Mu D, Wu F. Toward Ultrastable Metal Anode/Li 6PS 5Cl Interface via an Interlayer as Li Reservoir. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37982531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state sulfide-based Li metal batteries are promising candidates for energy storage systems. However, thorny issues associated with undesired reactions and contact failure at the anode interface hinder their commercialization. Herein, an indium foil was endowed with a formed interlayer whose surface film is enriched with LiF and LiIn phases via a feasible prelithiation route. The lithiated alloy of the interlayer can regulate Li+ flux and charge distribution as a Li reservoir, benefiting uniform Li deposition. Meanwhile, it can suppress the reductive decomposition of the Li6PS5Cl electrolyte and maintain sufficient solid-solid contact. In situ impedance spectra reveal that constant interface impedance and fast charge transfer are realized by the interlayer. Further, long-term Li stripping/plating over 2000 h at 2.55 mA cm-2 is demonstrated by this anode. All-solid-state cells employing a LiCoO2 cathode and the Pre In anode can work for over 700 cycles with a capacity retention of 96.15% at 0.5 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhuolin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Tianwen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhikun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Daobin Mu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Wang T, Luo W, Huang Y. Engineering Li Metal Anode for Garnet-Based Solid-State Batteries. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:667-676. [PMID: 36848173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe past 30 years have witnessed the great achievements of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) based on a graphite anode and liquid organic electrolytes. Yet the limited energy density of a graphite anode and unavoidable safety risks caused by flammable liquid organic electrolytes hinder further developments of LIBs. To reach higher energy density, Li metal anodes (LMAs) with high capacity and low electrode potential are a promising choice. However, LMAs suffer from more serious safety concerns than the graphite anode in liquid LIBs. The dilemma of safety and energy density remains an inevitable obstacle in the way of LIBs.Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer new opportunities to simultaneously achieve intrinsic safety and high energy density. Among all types of SSBs that are based on oxides, polymers, sulfides, or halides, garnet-type SSBs seem to be one of the most attractive choices due to garnet's merits in high ionic conductivities (10-4-10-3 S/cm at room temperature), wide electrochemical windows (0-6 V), and intrinsically high safety. However, garnet-type SSBs are faced with large interfacial impedance and short-circuit problems caused by Li dendrites. Recently, engineered Li metal anodes (ELMAs) have shown unique advantages in tackling interface issues and attracted extensive research interest.In this Account, we focus on fundamental understandings and provide an in-depth review of ELMAs in garnet-based SSBs. Considering the limited space, we mainly discuss the recent progress made in our groups. First, we introduce the design guidelines for ELMAs and emphasize the unique role of theoretical calculation in predicting and optimizing ELMAs. Then we discuss the interface compatibility of ELMAs with garnet SSEs in details. Specifically, we have demonstrated the advantages of ELMAs in enhancing interface contact and suppressing Li dendrite growth. Next, we attentively analyze the gaps between laboratory and practical applications. We strongly recommend establishing a unified testing standard, with a practically desired areal capacity per cycle (>3.0 mAh/cm2) and a precisely controlled Li capacity excess. Finally, novel chances to enhance ELMAs' processability and fabricate thin Li foils are highlighted. We believe that this Account will offer an insightful analysis of ELMAs' recent advancements and push forward their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengrui Wang
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, Shanghai Key Laboratory of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao An Road, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, Shanghai Key Laboratory of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao An Road, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao An Road, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
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