1
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Salimova EV, Parfenova LV, Ishmetova DV, Zainullina LF, Vakhitova YV. Synthesis of fusidane triterpenoid Mannich bases as potential antibacterial and antitumor agents. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3956-3963. [PMID: 36591608 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2163483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mannich bases (8 examples) were synthesized via aminomethylation of fusidane propargyl esters. In vitro antimicrobial screening against key ESKAPE pathogens showed that the fusidic acid based Mannich products exhibit a high antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of fusidic acid and its analogs, which showed high antibacterial activity, was determined by MTT assay on cancer HepG2, HCT-116, SH-SY5Y, MCF-7, A549 and conditionally normal cells HEK293. A remarkable cytotoxic activity of fusidic acid propargyl ester and its aminomethylene derivatives against cancer and nontumoral HEK293 cells with IC50 values within 4.2-25 µM was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Salimova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila V Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Diana V Ishmetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Liana F Zainullina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V Vakhitova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
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2
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Singh V, Dziwornu GA, Chibale K. The implication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated metabolism of targeted xenobiotics. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:340-354. [PMID: 37117810 PMCID: PMC10026799 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is generally associated with liver enzymes. However, in the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mtb-mediated drug metabolism plays a significant role in treatment outcomes. Mtb is equipped with enzymes that catalyse biotransformation reactions on xenobiotics with consequences either in its favour or as a hindrance by deactivating or activating chemical entities, respectively. Considering the range of chemical reactions involved in the biosynthetic pathways of Mtb, information related to the biotransformation of antitubercular compounds would provide opportunities for the development of new chemical tools to study successful TB infections while also highlighting potential areas for drug discovery, host-directed therapy, dose optimization and elucidation of mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss Mtb-mediated biotransformations and propose a holistic approach to address drug metabolism in TB drug discovery and related areas. ![]()
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics poses an important research question for antitubercular drug discovery. Identification of the metabolic fate of compounds can inform requisite structure–activity relationship strategies early on in a drug discovery programme towards improving the properties of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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3
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Singh V, Mambwe D, Korkor CM, Chibale K. Innovation Experiences from Africa-Led Drug Discovery at the Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1221-1230. [PMID: 35978699 PMCID: PMC9377003 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
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As the so-called “next frontier” in global
economic
terms, Africa’s disease burden continues to choke and cripple
economic growth across the continent. The highest burden is attributable
to malaria and tuberculosis (TB), which also remain among the deadliest
infectious diseases affecting mankind the world over (Malaria, 627,000
deaths; TB, 1.5 million deaths, in 2020). In achieving self-determination
with respect to the health needs of all who live on the continent,
Africa must align with global north efforts and be a source of health
innovation. This will in part require the creation of an ecosystem
of innovative pharmaceutical R&D and expanding it across the continent
by scaling up through sustained performance and excellence. To this
end, the Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre at University
of Cape Town in South Africa has risen to this challenge. Here, we
highlight the innovation experiences gained at H3D, covering the advances
made in our quest to contribute to a global pipeline of therapeutic
interventions against malaria and TB. We discuss selected chemical
series starting from their identification, structure–activity
relationships, mode of action, safety, proof-of-concept studies, and
lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dickson Mambwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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4
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TIAN C, WANG K, ZHANG X, LI G, LOU HX. Old fusidane-type antibiotics for new challenges: Chemistry and biology. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:81-101. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Cardiac ryanodine receptor N-terminal region biosensors identify novel inhibitors via FRET-based high-throughput screening. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101412. [PMID: 34793835 PMCID: PMC8689225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal region (NTR) of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels is critical for the regulation of Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in muscle. The NTR hosts numerous mutations linked to skeletal (RyR1) and cardiac (RyR2) myopathies, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Here, we constructed two biosensors by labeling the mouse RyR2 NTR at domains A, B, and C with FRET pairs. Using fluorescence lifetime (FLT) detection of intramolecular FRET signal, we developed high-throughput screening (HTS) assays with these biosensors to identify small-molecule RyR modulators. We then screened a small validation library and identified several hits. Hits with saturable FRET dose–response profiles and previously unreported effects on RyR were further tested using [3H]ryanodine binding to isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to determine effects on intact RyR opening in its natural membrane. We identified three novel inhibitors of both RyR1 and RyR2 and two RyR1-selective inhibitors effective at nanomolar Ca2+. Two of these hits activated RyR1 only at micromolar Ca2+, highlighting them as potential enhancers of excitation–contraction coupling. To determine whether such hits can inhibit RyR leak in muscle, we further focused on one, an FDA-approved natural antibiotic, fusidic acid (FA). In skinned skeletal myofibers and permeabilized cardiomyocytes, FA inhibited RyR leak with no detrimental effect on skeletal myofiber excitation–contraction coupling. However, in intact cardiomyocytes, FA induced arrhythmogenic Ca2+ transients, a cautionary observation for a compound with an otherwise solid safety record. These results indicate that HTS campaigns using the NTR biosensor can identify compounds with therapeutic potential.
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6
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Gao X, Yu X, Zhu K, Qin B, Wang W, Han P, Aleksandra Wojdyla J, Wang M, Cui S. Crystal Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Elongation Factor G1. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:667638. [PMID: 34540889 PMCID: PMC8446442 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.667638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) caused an estimated 10 million cases of tuberculosis and 1.2 million deaths in 2019 globally. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mtb is becoming a public health threat worldwide and makes the identification of anti-Mtb drug targets urgent. Elongation factor G (EF-G) is involved in tRNA translocation on ribosomes during protein translation. Therefore, EF-G is a major focus of structural analysis and a valuable drug target of antibiotics. However, the crystal structure of Mtb EF-G1 is not yet available, and this has limited the design of inhibitors. Here, we report the crystal structure of Mtb EF-G1 in complex with GDP. The unique crystal form of the Mtb EF-G1-GDP complex provides an excellent platform for fragment-based screening using a crystallographic approach. Our findings provide a structure-based explanation for GDP recognition, and facilitate the identification of EF-G1 inhibitors with potential interest in the context of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Research Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, And Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen on Construction of Novel Systematic Network Against Tuberculosis, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Singh V, Dziwornu GA, Mabhula A, Chibale K. Rv0684/ fusA1, an Essential Gene, Is the Target of Fusidic Acid and Its Derivatives in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2437-2444. [PMID: 34196521 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major global health concern given the increase in multiple forms of drug-resistant TB. This underscores the importance of a continuous pipeline of new anti-TB agents. Drug repurposing has shown promise in expanding the therapeutic options for TB chemotherapy. Fusidic acid (FA), a natural product-derived antibiotic, is one such candidate for repurposing. The present study aimed to understand the mechanism of action of FA and its selected analogs in M. tuberculosis. By using chemical biology and genetics, we identified elongation factor G as the target of FA in M. tuberculosis. We showed essentiality of its encoding gene fusA1 in M. tuberculosis by demonstrating that the transcriptional silencing of fusA1 is bactericidal in vitro and in macrophages. Thus, this work validated a novel drug target FusA1 in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Amanda Mabhula
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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8
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Abstract
"Drug resistance is an unavoidable consequence of the use of drugs; however, the emergence of multi-drug resistance can be managed by accurate diagnosis and tailor-made regimens."Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is one of the most paramount health perils that has emerged in the 21st century. The global increase in drug-resistant strains of various bacterial pathogens prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a priority list of AMR pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an acid-fast bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB), merits being one of the highest priority pathogens on this list since drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) accounts for ∼29% of deaths attributable to AMR. In recent years, funded collaborative efforts of researchers from academia, not-for-profit virtual R&D organizations and industry have resulted in the continuous growth of the TB drug discovery and development pipeline. This has so far led to the accelerated regulatory approval of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of DR-TB. However, despite the availability of drug regimes, the current cure rate for multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) treatment regimens is 50% and 30%, respectively. It is to be noted that these regimens are administered over a long duration and have a serious side effect profile. Coupled with poor patient adherence, this has led to further acquisition of drug resistance and treatment failure. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new TB drugs with novel mechanism of actions (MoAs) and associated regimens.This Account recapitulates drug resistance in TB, existing challenges in addressing DR-TB, new drugs and regimens in development, and potential ways to treat DR-TB. We highlight our research aimed at identifying novel small molecule leads and associated targets against TB toward contributing to the global TB drug discovery and development pipeline. Our work mainly involves screening of various small molecule chemical libraries in phenotypic whole-cell based assays to identify hits for medicinal chemistry optimization, with attendant deconvolution of the MoA. We discuss the identification of small molecule chemotypes active against Mtb and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SAR) and MoA deconvolution studies. This is followed by a discussion on a chemical series identified by whole-cell cross-screening against Mtb, for which MoA deconvolution studies revealed a pathway that explained the lack of in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of TB and reiterated the importance of selecting an appropriate growth medium during phenotypic screening. We also discuss our efforts on drug repositioning toward addressing DR-TB. In the concluding section, we preview some promising future directions and the challenges inherent in advancing the drug pipeline to address DR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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9
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Garcia Chavez M, Garcia A, Lee HY, Lau GW, Parker EN, Komnick KE, Hergenrother PJ. Synthesis of Fusidic Acid Derivatives Yields a Potent Antibiotic with an Improved Resistance Profile. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:493-505. [PMID: 33522241 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusidic acid (FA) is a potent steroidal antibiotic that has been used in Europe for more than 60 years to treat a variety of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Despite its clinical success, FA requires significantly elevated dosing (3 g on the first day, 1.2 g on subsequent days) to minimize resistance, as FA displays a high resistance frequency, and a large shift in minimum inhibitory concentration is observed for resistant bacteria. Despite efforts to improve on these aspects, all previously constructed derivatives of FA have worse antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than the parent natural product. Here, we report the creation of a novel FA analogue that has equivalent potency against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) as well as an improved resistance profile in vitro when compared to FA. Importantly, this new compound displays efficacy against an FA-resistant strain of S. aureus in a soft-tissue murine infection model. This work delineates the structural features of FA necessary for potent antibiotic activity and demonstrates that the resistance profile can be improved for this scaffold and target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garcia Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alfredo Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erica N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kailey E. Komnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Blažević T, Reznicek G, Ding L, Yang G, Haiss P, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM, Liu R. Short Chain (≤C4) Esterification Increases Bioavailability of Rosmarinic Acid and Its Potency to Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:609756. [PMID: 33551811 PMCID: PMC7859449 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.609756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a natural phenolic acid and active compound found in many culinary plants, such as rosemary, mint, basil and perilla. Aiming to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of rosmarinic acid and its activity on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, we generated a series of rosmarinic acid esters with increasing alkyl chain length ranging from C1 to C12. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of rat blood samples revealed the highest increase in bioavailability of rosmarinic acid, up to 10.52%, after oral administration of its butyl ester, compared to only 1.57% after rosmarinic acid had been administered in its original form. When added to vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro, all rosmarinic acid esters were taken up, remained esterified and inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with IC50 values declining as the length of alkyl chains increased up to C4, with an IC50 of 2.84 µM for rosmarinic acid butyl ester, as evident in a resazurin assay. Vascular smooth muscle cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and the retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation was blocked. Esterification with longer alkyl chains did not improve absorption and resulted in cytotoxicity in in vitro settings. In this study, we proved that esterification with proper length of alkyl chains (C1-C4) is a promising way to improve in vivo bioavailability of rosmarinic acid in rats and in vitro biological activity in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Blažević
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Reznicek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Limin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, University of Yantai, Yantai, China
| | - Gangqiang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, University of Yantai, Yantai, China
| | - Patricia Haiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rongxia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, University of Yantai, Yantai, China
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11
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Singh K, Kaur G, Shanika PS, Dziwornu GA, Okombo J, Chibale K. Structure-activity relationship analyses of fusidic acid derivatives highlight crucial role of the C-21 carboxylic acid moiety to its anti-mycobacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115530. [PMID: 32362386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fusidic acid (FA) is a potent congener of the fusidane triterpenoid class of antibiotics. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest the chemical structure of FA is optimal for its antibacterial activity. SAR studies from our group within the context of a drug repositioning approach in tuberculosis (TB) suggest that, as with its antibacterial activity, the C-21 carboxylic acid group is indispensable for its anti-mycobacterial activity. Further studies have led to the identification of 16-deacetoxy-16β-ethoxyfusidic acid (58), an analog which exhibited comparable activity to FA with an in vitro MIC99 value of 0.8 µM. Preliminary SAR studies around the FA scaffold suggested that the hydrophobic side chain at C-20, like the C-11 OH group, was required for activity. The C-3 OH group, however, can be functionalized to obtain more potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gurminder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | | | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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