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Barman S, Kurnaz LB, Leighton R, Hossain MW, Decho AW, Tang C. Intrinsic antimicrobial resistance: Molecular biomaterials to combat microbial biofilms and bacterial persisters. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122690. [PMID: 38976935 PMCID: PMC11298303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The escalating rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) coupled with a declining arsenal of new antibiotics is imposing serious threats to global public health. A pervasive aspect of many acquired AMR infections is that the pathogenic microorganisms exist as biofilms, which are equipped with superior survival strategies. In addition, persistent and recalcitrant infections are seeded with bacterial persister cells at infection sites. Together, conventional antibiotic therapeutics often fail in the complete treatment of infections associated with bacterial persisters and biofilms. Novel therapeutics have been attempted to tackle AMR, biofilms, and persister-associated complex infections. This review focuses on the progress in designing molecular biomaterials and therapeutics to address acquired and intrinsic AMR, and the fundamental microbiology behind biofilms and persisters. Starting with a brief introduction of AMR basics and approaches to tackling acquired AMR, the emphasis is placed on various biomaterial approaches to combating intrinsic AMR, including (1) semi-synthetic antibiotics; (2) macromolecular or polymeric biomaterials mimicking antimicrobial peptides; (3) adjuvant effects in synergy; (4) nano-therapeutics; (5) nitric oxide-releasing antimicrobials; (6) antimicrobial hydrogels; (7) antimicrobial coatings. Particularly, the structure-activity relationship is elucidated in each category of these biomaterials. Finally, illuminating perspectives are provided for the future design of molecular biomaterials to bypass AMR and cure chronic multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatam Barman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Leman Buzoglu Kurnaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Ryan Leighton
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Md Waliullah Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Alan W Decho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States.
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2
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Heydarian N, Ferrell M, Nair AS, Roedl C, Peng Z, Nguyen TD, Best W, Wozniak KL, Rice CV. Low-Molecular Weight Branched Polyethylenimine Reduces Cytokine Secretion from Human Immune System Monocytes Stimulated with Bacterial and Fungal PAMPs. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400011. [PMID: 38740551 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved pathogen recognition mechanism that serves as the first line of defense against tissue damage or pathogen invasion. Unlike the adaptive immunity that recruits T-cells and specific antibodies against antigens, innate immune cells express pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by invading pathogens. Microbial molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, trigger signaling cascades in the host that result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LPS stimulation produces a strong immune response and excessive LPS signaling leads to dysregulation of the immune response. However, dysregulated inflammatory response during wound healing often results in chronic non-healing wounds that are difficult to control. In this work, we present data demonstrating partial neutralization of anionic LPS molecules using cationic branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). The anionic sites on the LPS molecules from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are the lipid A moiety and BPEI binding create steric factors that hinder the binding of PRR signaling co-factors. This reduces the production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α cytokines. However, the anionic sites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) LPS are in the O-antigen region and subsequent BPEI binding slightly reduces TNF-α cytokine production. Fortunately, BPEI can reduce TNF-α cytokine expression in response to stimulation by intact P. aeruginosa bacterial cells and fungal zymosan PAMPs. Thus low-molecular weight (600 Da) BPEI may be able to counter dysregulated inflammation in chronic wounds and promote successful repair following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Maya Ferrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ayesha S Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Sciences East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Chase Roedl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Zongkai Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Tra D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - William Best
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Karen L Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Sciences East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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3
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Best W, Ferrell M, Boris A, Heydarian N, Panlilio H, Rice CV. Acquisition of Resistance to PEGylated Branched Polyethylenimine Increases Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Susceptibility to Aminoglycosides. ChemMedChem 2024:e202300689. [PMID: 38806411 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PEGylated branched polyethylenimine (PEG-BPEI) has antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Exposure to PEG-BPEI through serial passage leads to resistant P. aeruginosa strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 600 Da BPEI and PEGylated 600 Da BPEI (PEG-BPEI) in the wild-type PAO1 strain is 16 μg/ml while, after 15 serial passages, the MIC increased to 1024 μg/mL. An additional 15 rounds of serial passage in the absence of BPEI or PEG-BPEI did not change the 1024 μg/mL MIC. Gentamicin, Neomycin, and Tobramycin, cationic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis, have a 16-32 fold reduction of MIC values in PEG350-BPEI resistant strains, suggesting increased permeation. The influx of these antibiotics occurs using a self-mediated uptake mechanism, suggesting changes to the outer membrane Data show that resistance causes changes in genes related to outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) assembly. Mutations were noted in the gene coding for the polymerase Wzy that participates in the assembly of the O-antigen region. Other mutations were noted with wbpE and wbpI of the Wbp pathway responsible for the enzymatic synthesis of ManNAc(3NAc)A in the LPS of P. aeruginosa. These changes suggest that an altered gene product could lead to PEG-BPEI resistance. Nevertheless, the increased susceptibility to aminoglycosides could prevent the emergence of PEG-BPEI resistant bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Best
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
| | - Maya Ferrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
| | - Andrew Boris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73069
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4
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Heydarian N, Ferrell M, Nair AS, Roedl C, Peng Z, Nguyen TD, Best W, Wozniak KL, Rice CV. Neutralizing Staphylococcus aureus PAMPs that Trigger Cytokine Release from THP-1 Monocytes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10967-10978. [PMID: 38463252 PMCID: PMC10918781 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity has considerable specificity and can discriminate between individual species of microbes. In this regard, pathogens are "seen" as dangerous to the host and elicit an inflammatory response capable of destroying the microbes. This immune discrimination is achieved by toll-like receptors on host cells recognizing pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and microbe-specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA). PAMPs impede wound healing by lengthening the inflammatory phase of healing and contributing to the development of chronic wounds. Preventing PAMPs from triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines will counteract the dysregulation of inflammation. Here, we use ELISA to evaluate the use of cationic molecules branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), PEGylated BPEI (PEG-BPEI), and polymyxin-B to neutralize anionic LTA and lower levels of TNF-α cytokine release from human THP-1 monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional data collected with qPCR shows that BPEI and PEG-BPEI reduce the expression profile of the TNF-α gene. Similar effects are observed for the neutralization of whole-cell S. aureus bacteria. In vitro cytotoxicity data demonstrate that PEGylation lowers the toxicity of PEG-BPEI (IC50 = 2661 μm) compared to BPEI (IC50 = 853 μM) and that both compounds are orders of magnitude less toxic than the cationic antibiotic polymyxin-B (IC50 = 79 μM). Additionally, the LTA neutralization ability of polymyxin-B is less effective than BPEI or PEG-BPEI. These properties of BPEI and PEG-BPEI expand their utility beyond disabling antibiotic resistance mechanisms and disrupting S. aureus biofilms, providing additional justification for developing these agents as wound healing therapeutics. The multiple mechanisms of action for BPEI and PEG-BPEI are superior to current wound treatment strategies that have a single modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Heydarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Maya Ferrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ayesha S. Nair
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Sciences East, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Chase Roedl
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zongkai Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Tra D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - William Best
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Sciences East, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Charles V. Rice
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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5
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Bai W, Hu Y, Zhao J, Shi L, Ge C, Zhu Z, Rao J. Precision Dosing of Antibiotics and Potentiators by Hypoxia-Responsive Nanoparticles for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1193-1200. [PMID: 37590266 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The stalling development of antibiotics, especially against intrinsically resistant Gram-negative pathogens associated with outer membranes, leads to an emerging antibiotic crisis across the globe. To breathe life into existing drugs, we herein report a hypoxia-responsive nanoparticle (NP) that encapsulates a hydrophobic antibiotic, rifampicin, and a cationic potentiator, polysulfonium. The simultaneous release of antibiotics and potentiators can be promoted and inhibited in response to the severity of bacterial-induced hypoxia, leading to antimicrobial dosing in a precision manner. Under the synergism of polysulfoniums with membrane-disruption capability, the NPs can intensively decrease the antibiotic dose by up to 66-95% in eliminating planktonic Gram-negative P. aeruginosa bacteria and achieve an 8-log reduction of bacteria in mature biofilms at rifampicin MIC. The NP formulation demonstrates that precision dosing of antibiotics and potentiators regulated by hypoxia provides a promising strategy to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity in treating Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Yongjin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Liuqi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Chunhua Ge
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Taizhou Research Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318001, PR China
| | - Jingyi Rao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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6
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Wouters CL, Heydarian N, Pusavat J, Panlilio H, Lam AK, Moen EL, Brennan RE, Rice CV. Breaking membrane barriers to neutralize E. coli and K. pneumoniae virulence with PEGylated branched polyethylenimine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184172. [PMID: 37201561 PMCID: PMC10330601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens, such as those in the family Enterobacteriaceae, are among the most difficult to treat because effective therapeutic options are either very limited or non-existent. This raises serious concern regarding the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in the community setting; and thus, creates the need for discovery efforts and/or early-stage development of novel therapies for infections. Our work is directed towards branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a strategy for targeting virulence from Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Here, we neutralize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a barrier to the influx of antibiotics. Data demonstrate that the β-lactam antibiotic oxacillin, generally regarded as ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, can be potentiated by 600 Da BPEI to kill some Escherichia coli and some Klebsiella pneumoniae. Modification of 600 Da BPEI with polyethylene glycol (PEG) could increase drug safety and improves potentiation activity. The ability to use the Gram-positive agent, oxacillin, against Gram-negative pathogens could expand the capability to deliver effective treatments that simplify, reduce, or eliminate some complicated treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Erika L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America
| | - Robert E Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, United States of America
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States of America.
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Moen EL, Lam AK, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Panlilio H, Heydarian N, Peng Z, Lan Y, Rice CV. Dimerization of 600 Da branched polyethylenimine improves β-lactam antibiotic potentiation against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:489-499. [PMID: 34923750 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in the medical field. Drug-susceptible infections are often treated with β-lactam antibiotics, which bind to enzymes known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). When the PBPs are disabled, the integrity of the cell wall is compromised, leading to cell lysis. Resistance renders β-lactam antibiotics ineffective, and clinicians turn to be more effective, but often more toxic, antibiotics. An alternative approach is combining antibiotics with compounds that disable resistance mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that low-molecular-weight 600 Da branched polyethylenimine restores β-lactam susceptibility to Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with antibiotic resistance. In this study, this approach is extended to the homodimers of 600 Da BPEI that have improved potentiation properties compared to monomers of 600 Da BPEI and 1200 Da BPEI. The homodimers are synthesized by linking two 600 Da BPEI molecules with methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). The resulting product was characterized with FTIR spectroscopy, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, checkerboard microbroth dilution assays, and cell toxicity assays. These data show that the 600 Da BPEI homodimer is more effective than 1200 Da BPEI toward the potentiation of oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and the potentiation of piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zongkai Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yunpeng Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Li WR, Zhang ZQ, Liao K, Wang BB, Liu HZ, Shi QS, Huang XB, Xie XB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa heteroresistance to levofloxacin caused by upregulated expression of essential genes for DNA replication and repair. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1105921. [PMID: 36620018 PMCID: PMC9816134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a common cause of severe chronic infections, has developed heteroresistance to several antibiotics, thus hindering successful treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms underlying levofloxacin (LVX) heteroresistance in P. aeruginosa PAS71 and PAS81 clinical isolates using a combination of physiological and biochemical methods, bacterial genomics, transcriptomics, and qRT-PCR. The six P. aeruginosa strains, namely PAS71, PAS72, PAS81, PAS82, ATCC27853, and PAO1, were studied. The Kirby-Bauer (K-B), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and population analysis profile (PAP) experimental results showed that PAS71, PAS81, ATCC27853, and PAO1 were heteroresistant to LVX, with MIC of 0.25, 1, 0.5, and 2 μg/ml, respectively; PAS72 and PAS82 were susceptible to LVX with a MIC of 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The resistance of PAS71 and PAS81 heteroresistant subpopulations was unstable and had a growth fitness cost. Genomic and transcriptomic results proved that the unstable heteroresistance of PAS71 and PAS81 was caused by elevated expression of essential genes involved in DNA replication and repair, and homologous recombination, rather than their genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (InDel) mutations. Additionally, PAS71 and PAS81 enhanced virulence and physiological metabolism, including bacterial secretion systems and biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides, in response to LVX stress. Our results suggest that the upregulation of key genes involved in DNA replication and repair, and homologous recombination causes unstable heteroresistance in P. aeruginosa against LVX. This finding provides novel insights into the occurrence and molecular regulation pathway of P. aeruginosa heteroresistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Bin Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Xu-Bin Huang,
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Bao Xie,
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9
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Panlilio H, Neel A, Heydarian N, Best W, Atkins I, Boris A, Bui M, Dick C, Ferrell M, Gu T, Haight T, Roedl CC, Rice CV. Antibiofilm Activity of PEGylated Branched Polyethylenimine. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44825-44835. [PMID: 36530285 PMCID: PMC9753512 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an adaptive resistance mechanism that pathogens employ to survive in the presence of antimicrobials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an infectious Gram-negative bacterium whose biofilm allows it to withstand antimicrobial attack and threaten human health. Chronic wound healing is often impeded by P. aeruginosa infections and the associated biofilms. Previous findings demonstrate that 600 Da branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) can restore β-lactam potency against P. aeruginosa and disrupt its biofilms. Toxicity concerns of 600 Da BPEI are mitigated by covalent linkage with low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), and, in this study, PEGylated BPEI (PEG350-BPEI) was found exhibit superior antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. The antibiofilm activity of both 600 Da BPEI and its PEG derivative was characterized with fluorescence studies and microscopy imaging. We also describe a variation of the colony biofilm model that was employed to evaluate the biofilm disruption activity of BPEI and PEG-BPEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Panlilio
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Andrew Neel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - William Best
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Isaac Atkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Andrew Boris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Maggie Bui
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Catherine Dick
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Maya Ferrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Tingting Gu
- Department
of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Tristan Haight
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Chase C. Roedl
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
| | - Charles V. Rice
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73069, United States
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10
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Wesseling CJ, Martin NI. Synergy by Perturbing the Gram-Negative Outer Membrane: Opening the Door for Gram-Positive Specific Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1731-1757. [PMID: 35946799 PMCID: PMC9469101 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
New approaches to target antibacterial agents toward Gram-negative bacteria are key, given the rise of antibiotic resistance. Since the discovery of polymyxin B nonapeptide as a potent Gram-negative outer membrane (OM)-permeabilizing synergist in the early 1980s, a vast amount of literature on such synergists has been published. This Review addresses a range of peptide-based and small organic compounds that disrupt the OM to elicit a synergistic effect with antibiotics that are otherwise inactive toward Gram-negative bacteria, with synergy defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of <0.5. Another requirement for the inclusion of the synergists here covered is their potentiation of a specific set of clinically used antibiotics: erythromycin, rifampicin, novobiocin, or vancomycin. In addition, we have focused on those synergists with reported activity against Gram-negative members of the ESKAPE family of pathogens namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and/or Acinetobacter baumannii. In cases where the FICI values were not directly reported in the primary literature but could be calculated from the published data, we have done so, allowing for more direct comparison of potency with other synergists. We also address the hemolytic activity of the various OM-disrupting synergists reported in the literature, an effect that is often downplayed but is of key importance in assessing the selectivity of such compounds for Gram-negative bacteria.
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11
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Repurposing Non-antibiotic Drugs Auranofin and Pentamidine in Combination to Combat Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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New potentiators of ineffective antibiotics: Targeting the Gram-negative outer membrane to overcome intrinsic resistance. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 66:102099. [PMID: 34808425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of the rise in antibiotic resistance and the dwindling pipeline of effective antibiotics, it is imperative to explore avenues that breathe new life into existing drugs. This is particularly important for intrinsically resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which are exceedingly difficult to treat. The Gram-negative outer membrane (OM) prevents the entry of a plethora of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, despite the presence of the targets of these drugs. Uncovering molecules that increase the permeability of the OM to sensitize Gram-negative bacteria to otherwise ineffective antibiotics is an approach that has recently garnered increased attention in the field. In this review, we survey chemical matter which has been shown to potentiate antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria by perturbing the OM. These include peptides, nanoparticles, macromolecules, antibiotic conjugates, and small molecules.
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13
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Is It Possible to Create Antimicrobial Peptides Based on the Amyloidogenic Sequence of Ribosomal S1 Protein of P. aeruginosa? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189776. [PMID: 34575940 PMCID: PMC8469417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and testing of new antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an important milestone toward the development of new antimicrobial drugs that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and multidrug-resistant microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-negative bacteria. Most AMPs achieve these goals through mechanisms that disrupt the normal permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately leads to the death of the pathogenic cell. Here, we developed a unique combination of a membrane penetrating peptide and peptides prone to amyloidogenesis to create hybrid peptide: "cell penetrating peptide + linker + amyloidogenic peptide". We evaluated the antimicrobial effects of two peptides that were developed from sequences with different propensities for amyloid formation. Among the two hybrid peptides, one was found with antibacterial activity comparable to antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. Our peptides showed no toxicity to eukaryotic cells. In addition, we evaluated the effect on the antimicrobial properties of amino acid substitutions in the non-amyloidogenic region of peptides. We compared the results with data on the predicted secondary structure, hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial properties of the original and modified peptides. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the promise of hybrid peptides based on amyloidogenic regions of the ribosomal S1 protein for the development of new antimicrobial drugs against P. aeruginosa.
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14
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Dey R, Mukherjee S, Barman S, Haldar J. Macromolecular Nanotherapeutics and Antibiotic Adjuvants to Tackle Bacterial and Fungal Infections. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100182. [PMID: 34351064 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The escalating rise in the population of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens coupled with their biofilm forming ability has struck the global health as nightmare. Alongwith the threat of aforementioned menace, the sluggish development of new antibiotics and the continuous deterioration of the antibiotic pipeline has stimulated the scientific community toward the search of smart and innovative alternatives. In near future, membrane targeting antimicrobial polymers, inspired from antimicrobial peptides, can stand out significantly to combat against the MDR superbugs. Many of these amphiphilic polymers can form nanoaggregates through self-assembly with superior and selective antimicrobial efficacy. Additionally, these macromolecular nanoaggregrates can be utilized to engineer smart antibiotic-delivery system for on-demand drug-release, exploiting the infection site's micoenvironment. This strategy substantially increases the local concentration of antibiotics and reduces the associated off-target toxicity. Furthermore, amphiphilc macromolecules can be utilized to rejuvinate obsolete antibiotics to tackle the drug-resistant infections. This review article highlights the recent developments in macromolecular architecture to design numerous nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, their application in fabricating smart drug delivery systems and their efficacy as antibiotic adjuvants to circumvent antimicrobial resistance. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects are briefly discussed for further exploration and their practical application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dey
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Swagatam Barman
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.,Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
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15
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Panlilio H, Lam AK, Heydarian N, Haight T, Wouters CL, Moen EL, Rice CV. Dual-Function Potentiation by PEG-BPEI Restores Activity of Carbapenems and Penicillins against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1657-1665. [PMID: 33945257 PMCID: PMC8689638 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rise of life-threatening carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections has become a critical medical threat. Some of the most dangerous CRE bacteria can produce enzymes that degrade a wide range of antibiotics, including carbapenems and β-lactams. Infections by CRE have a high mortality rate, and survivors can have severe morbidity from treatment with toxic last-resort antibiotics. CRE have mobile genetic elements that transfer resistance genes to other species. These bacteria also circulate throughout the healthcare system. The mobility and spread of CRE need to be curtailed, but these goals are impeded by having few agents that target a limited range of pathogenic CRE species. Against CRE possessing the metallo-β-lactamase NDM-1, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-2146 and Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-2452, the potentiation of meropenem and imipenem is possible with low-molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (600 Da BPEI) and its poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylated derivative (PEG-BPEI) that has a low in vivo toxicity. The mechanism of action is elucidated with fluorescence assays of drug influx and isothermal calorimetry data showing the chelation of essential Zn2+ ions. These results suggested that 600 Da BPEI and PEG-BPEI may also improve the uptake of antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors. Indeed, the CRE E. coli strain is rendered susceptible to the combination of piperacillin and tazobactam. These results expand the possible utility of 600 Da BPEI potentiators, where previously we have demonstrated the ability to improve antibiotic efficacy against antibiotic resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Tristan Haight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Erika L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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16
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Septama AW, Rahmi EP, Antika LD, Dewi RT, Jaisi A. A synergy interaction of artocarpin and tetracycline against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its mechanism of action on membrane permeability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 77:57-63. [PMID: 34105319 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibacterial resistance has significantly increased. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with nosocomial infection and difficult to control. Artocarpin, a flavonoid from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. exhibits several pharmacological properties including antibacterial. The study was performed to evaluate interaction between artocarpin and antibiotics including tetracycline against P. aeruginosa. Its mechanism of action on membrane permeability was also investigated. Broth microdilution was conducted for the susceptibility assay. The interaction of artocarpin and antibiotics was evaluated using checkerboard method, the effect on alteration of membrane cell was investigated using bacteriolysis and the released of 260 nm materials. Artocarpin showed moderate to weak activity against the Gram-negative bacteria including P. aeruginosa with MIC values in the range of 31.25-250 μg/mL. A synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa was produced by the combination of artocarpin (31.25 μg/mL) and tetracycline (1.95 μg/mL) with FICI of 0.37. The time-killing assay showed that artocarpin enhance the antibacterial activity of tetracycline against P. aeruginosa by completely inhibiting the bacterial growth. Additionally, the mixture of artocarpin (31.25 μg/mL) and tetracycline (1.95 μg/mL) disrupted membrane permeability and lead to cell death. These results proposed that the combination of artocarpin and tetracycline may be used to overcome P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Eldiza Puji Rahmi
- Faculty of Medicine, UPN Veteran Jakarta, Jl. Rs. Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, Jakarta Selatan, 12450, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Dwi Antika
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Rizna Triana Dewi
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Amit Jaisi
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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17
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Lam AK, Moen EL, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Panlilio H, Ferrell MJ, Houck MB, Glatzhofer DT, Rice CV. PEGylation of Polyethylenimine Lowers Acute Toxicity while Retaining Anti-Biofilm and β-Lactam Potentiation Properties against Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26262-26270. [PMID: 33073153 PMCID: PMC7557992 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms, often impenetrable to antibiotic medications, are a leading cause of poor wound healing. The prognosis is worse for wounds with biofilms of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). Resistance hinders initial treatment of standard-of-care antibiotics. The persistence of MRSA, MRSE, and/or MDR-PA often allows acute infections to become chronic wound infections. The water-soluble hydrophilic properties of low-molecular-weight (600 Da) branched polyethylenimine (600 Da BPEI) enable easy drug delivery to directly attack AMR and biofilms in the wound environment as a topical agent for wound treatment. To mitigate toxicity issues, we have modified 600 Da BPEI with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a straightforward one-step reaction. The PEG-BPEI molecules disable β-lactam resistance in MRSA, MRSE, and MDR-PA while also having the ability to dissolve established biofilms. PEG-BPEI accomplishes these tasks independently, resulting in a multifunction potentiation agent. We envision wound treatment with antibiotics given topically, orally, or intravenously in which external application of PEG-BPEIs disables biofilms and resistance mechanisms. In the absence of a robust pipeline of new drugs, existing drugs and regimens must be re-evaluated as combination(s) with potentiators. The PEGylation of 600 Da BPEI provides new opportunities to meet this goal with a single compound whose multifunction properties are retained while lowering acute toxicity.
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18
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Hedayati Ch M, Abolhassani Targhi A, Shamsi F, Heidari F, Salehi Moghadam Z, Mirzaie A, Behdad R, Moghtaderi M, Akbarzadeh I. Niosome-encapsulated tobramycin reduced antibiotic resistance and enhanced antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:966-980. [PMID: 32865883 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, niosome-encapsulated tobramycin based on Span 60 and Tween 60 was synthesized and its biological efficacies including anti-bacterial, anti-efflux, and anti-biofilm activities were investigated against multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The niosomal formulations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurement. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be 69.54% ±; 0.67. The prepared niosomal formulations had a high storage stability to 60 days with small changes in size and drug entrapment, which indicates that it is a suitable candidate for pharmaceutical applications. The results of biological study showed the anti-bacterial activity via reduction of antibiotic resistance, enhanced anti-efflux and anti-biofilm activities by more folds in comparison to free tobramycin. In addition, niosome encapsulated tobramycin down-regulated the MexAB-OprM efflux genes, pslA and pelA biofilm related genes in MDR P. aeruginosa strains. The anti-proliferative activity of formulation was evaluated against HEK293 cell lines, which exhibited negligible cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells. The finding of our study shows that encapsulation of tobramycin in niosome enhanced the antibacterial activity and reduced antibiotic resistance in MDR strains of P. aeruginosa comparing to free tobramycin and it can be considered as a favorable drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- Department of Microbiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Shamsi
- Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Mirzaie
- Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Behdad
- Department of Biology, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Maryam Moghtaderi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Lam AK, Panlilio H, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Moen EL, Brennan RE, Rice CV. Expanding the Spectrum of Antibiotics Capable of Killing Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1421-1428. [PMID: 32497366 PMCID: PMC7485129 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections from antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a serious threat because reduced antibiotic efficacy complicates treatment decisions and prolongs the disease state in many patients. To expand the arsenal of treatments against antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens, 600-Da branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) can overcome antibiotic resistance mechanisms and potentiate β-lactam antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria. BPEI binds cell-wall teichoic acids and disables resistance factors from penicillin binding proteins PBP2a and PBP4. This study describes a new mechanism of action for BPEI potentiation of antibiotics generally regarded as agents effective against Gram-positive pathogens but not Gram-negative bacteria. 600-Da BPEI is able to reduce the barriers to drug influx and facilitate the uptake of a non-β-lactam co-drug, erythromycin, which targets the intracellular machinery. Also, BPEI can suppress production of the cytokine interleukin IL-8 by human epithelial keratinocytes. This enables BPEI to function as a broad-spectrum antibiotic potentiator, and expands the opportunities to improve drug design, antibiotic development, and therapeutic approaches against pathogenic bacteria, especially for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Erika L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Robert E Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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