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Ye Z, Zhang H, Riggleman RA. Local dynamics and failure of inhomogeneous polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4734-4743. [PMID: 38836817 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous crosslinked polymers are powerful platforms for materials design, because they can be synthesized from materials that provide complimentary properties to the resulting gel. For example, a membrane with both glassy and rubbery domains will be mechanically robust while enabling transport. The dynamics, and mechanical and failure properties of rubbery/glassy conetworks are only beginning to be studied, and there is likely to be strong heterogeneities in the dynamics and mechanical response. In this study, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to generate microphase separated rubbery/glassy polymer networks with a bicontinuous morphology via in silico crosslinking. We study the effect of phase boundary on the local mobility gradient, and our simulation results reveal an asymmetric shift in the local mobility gradient across the interface that extends deeper into the phase with a lower Tg when the system temperature is between the glass transition temperatures of the two phases. Moreover, by employing a model that allows bond breaking, we examine the microscopic mechanism for failure in these networks as a function of the molecular weight of polymer strands between crosslinks and the number fraction of the glassy domain. Under uniaxial extension, we find that the stress is initially larger in the glassy domain. As the deformation proceeds, the segmental dynamics of the two phases homogenize, and subsequently bond breaking begins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Xiao Y, Bai P, Guo Y. Modulus alteration of thin polystyrene films by their neighboring PDMS: Soft and hard confinement. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:211105. [PMID: 38832730 DOI: 10.1063/5.0209251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
It is highly demanded to understand the confinement effect on nanoconfined polymers. Recent studies reported a strong perturbation of local dynamics and substantial alteration of glass transition temperature Tg at nanoscale. However, how confinement affects the mechanical properties of polymers is not fully understood. Here, we show that the modulus of thin polymer films could be remarkedly altered through a polymer-polymer interface. The modulus of a thin polystyrene (PS) film next to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was determined from the PS-PDMS bilayer bulging test. A series of experiments show that the modulus of PS can be increased up to 37%, when the modulus of the neighboring PDMS varies from 1.04 to 4.88 MPa. The results demonstrate a strong sensitivity of mechanical properties of thin polymers to the hard/soft environment, which we attribute to the change of high-mobility layer by the polymer-polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Xiao
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei Bai
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Roth CB. Forming denser glasses on soft substrates. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:587-588. [PMID: 38702546 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Luo P, Wolf SE, Govind S, Stephens RB, Kim DH, Chen CY, Nguyen T, Wąsik P, Zhernenkov M, Mcclimon B, Fakhraai Z. High-density stable glasses formed on soft substrates. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:688-694. [PMID: 38413812 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Enabled by surface-mediated equilibration, physical vapour deposition can create high-density stable glasses comparable with liquid-quenched glasses aged for millions of years. Deposition is often performed at various rates and temperatures on rigid substrates to control the glass properties. Here we demonstrate that on soft, rubbery substrates, surface-mediated equilibration is enhanced up to 170 nm away from the interface, forming stable glasses with densities up to 2.5% higher than liquid-quenched glasses within 2.5 h of deposition. Gaining similar properties on rigid substrates would require 10 million times slower deposition, taking ~3,000 years. Controlling the modulus of the rubbery substrate provides control over the glass structure and density at constant deposition conditions. These results underscore the significance of substrate elasticity in manipulating the properties of the mobile surface layer and thus the glass structure and properties, allowing access to deeper states of the energy landscape without prohibitively slow deposition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Shivajee Govind
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard B Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dong Hyup Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cindy Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Truc Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Mcclimon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Tsujioka T, Yamabayashi K, Kotani K. Surface Glass Transition Temperature Region of Diarylethene Films Determined by Nano-Marangoni Effect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306145. [PMID: 37847904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, research has addressed whether the glass transition temperature and the molecular motions on the surface of organic films are significantly different from those inside the bulk glasses. It is reported that the surface of the photochromic diarylethene film prepared by vacuum deposition has fluidity and the vacuum deposition of small amount of rubrene molecules induces surface tension fluctuations, generating dents due to the Marangoni flow in nanoscale. The depth of the dents increases in proportion to these radii for the colorless diarylethene film with a bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) close to room temperature. On the other hand, in the colored diarylethene obtained by UV irradiation to the colorless film, the depth becomes constant at a certain level. The Tg distribution in the depth direction is clarified based on an analysis of the dent depth. By approximating the obtained Tg depth distribution with an exponential function, the outermost surface Tg is about 100 K lower than the bulk Tg in the case of photoisomerized diarylethene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamabayashi
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kotani
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
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6
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Phan AD, Schweizer KS. Effect of the nature of the solid substrate on spatially heterogeneous activated dynamics in glass forming supported films. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074902. [PMID: 38364012 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We extend the force-level elastically collective nonlinear Langevin equation theory to treat the spatial gradients of the alpha relaxation time and glass transition temperature, and the corresponding film-averaged quantities, to the geometrically asymmetric case of finite thickness supported films with variable fluid-substrate coupling. The latter typically nonuniversally slows down motion near the solid-liquid interface as modeled via modification of the surface dynamic free energy caging constraints that are spatially transferred into the film and which compete with the accelerated relaxation gradient induced by the vapor interface. Quantitative applications to the foundational hard sphere fluid and a polymer melt are presented. The strength of the effective fluid-substrate coupling has very large consequences for the dynamical gradients and film-averaged quantities in a film thickness and thermodynamic state dependent manner. The interference of the dynamical gradients of opposite nature emanating from the vapor and solid interfaces is determined, including the conditions for the disappearance of a bulk-like region in the film center. The relative importance of surface-induced modification of local caging vs the generic truncation of the long range collective elastic component of the activation barrier is studied. The conditions for the accuracy and failure of a simple superposition approximation for dynamical gradients in thin films are also determined. The emergence of near substrate dead layers, large gradient effects on film-averaged response functions, and a weak non-monotonic evolution of dynamic gradients in thick and cold films are briefly discussed. The connection of our theoretical results to simulations and experiments is briefly discussed, as is the extension to treat more complex glass-forming systems under nanoconfinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh D Phan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Kenneth S Schweizer
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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7
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Gagnon YJ, Burton JC, Roth CB. Development of broad modulus profile upon polymer-polymer interface formation between immiscible glassy-rubbery domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312533120. [PMID: 38147561 PMCID: PMC10769838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312533120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfaces of glassy materials such as thin films, blends, and composites create strong unidirectional gradients to the local heterogeneous dynamics that can be used to elucidate the length scales and mechanisms associated with the dynamic heterogeneity of glasses. We focus on bilayer films of two different polymers with very different glass transition temperatures ([Formula: see text]) where previous work has demonstrated a long-range (∼200 nm) profile in local [Formula: see text] is established between immiscible glassy and rubbery polymer domains when the polymer-polymer interface is formed to equilibrium. Here, we demonstrate that an equally long-ranged gradient in local modulus [Formula: see text] is established when the polymer-polymer interface ([Formula: see text]5 nm) is formed between domains of glassy polystyrene (PS) and rubbery poly(butadiene) (PB), consistent with previous reports of a broad [Formula: see text] profile in this system. A continuum physics model for the shear wave propagation caused by a quartz crystal microbalance across a PB/PS bilayer film is used to measure the viscoelastic properties of the bilayer during the evolution of the PB/PS interface showing the development of a broad gradient in local modulus [Formula: see text] spanning [Formula: see text]180 nm between the glassy and rubbery domains of PS and PB. We suggest these broad profiles in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] arise from a coupling of the spectrum of vibrational modes across the polymer-polymer interface as a result of acoustic impedance matching of sound waves with [Formula: see text] nm during interface broadening that can then trigger density fluctuations in the neighboring domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
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8
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Goswami M, Iyiola OO, Lu W, Hong K, Zolnierczuk P, Stingaciu LR, Heller WT, Taleb O, Sumpter BG, Hallinan DT. Understanding Interfacial Block Copolymer Structure and Dynamics. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monojoy Goswami
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Oluwagbenga Oare Iyiola
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
- Aero-Propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Piotr Zolnierczuk
- Juelich Center for Neutron Science, Outstation at the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, United States
| | - Laura-Roxana Stingaciu
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - William T. Heller
- Neutron Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Omar Taleb
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
- Aero-Propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
- Aero-Propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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9
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Chen H, Li Y, Cheng J, Luo Y, Lian Q. Directly Using Paraffin as the Toughening Agent of Epoxy Composites: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:979-988. [PMID: 36622385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge in studying the toughening mechanism by well combining the experimental and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study. This article directly introduced eicosane (C20, model compound of paraffin) into the epoxy matrix (DGEBA) by using a special epoxy resin with alkyl side chains (D12) as a compatibilizer, which was synthesized through thiol-ene click chemistry. The toughening mechanism of the ternary DGEBA/D12/C20 (EPDA-X) systems was systematically investigated by experimental and MD simulation methods. Though C20 can be well dispersed in the curing mixture, the huge polarity difference between C20 and DGEBA can be the driving force for C20 to stay away from DGEBA, demonstrating the self-assembly effect of C20 around the alkyl side chains of D12 because of the good compatibility of D12 and C20. The soft alkyl chains of D12 and C20 as well as the self-assembly effect of C20 around the D12 molecules can simultaneously improve the strength, modulus, and toughness of the EPDA-2.5 system. This article not only provides a brand new toughening strategy by directly using nonfunctional alkyl derivatives as the toughening agent of epoxy composites with superior mechanical properties but also provides a systematic MD simulation method to evaluate whether there is the interaction or not and the strength of interaction between different molecular chains so as to provide a theoretical basis for the cause of the microphase separation structure and related toughening mechanism in cross-linking networks on the atomic and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan030051, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Application Research, AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing100024, China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Qingsong Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan030051, China
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10
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Sun X, Shi K, Mo S, Mei J, Rong J, Wang S, Zheng X, Li Z. A sustainable reinforced-concrete-structured sponge for highly-recyclable oil adsorption. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Yan J, Xu J, Weng LT, Wang F, Wang X, Yuan H, Wang T, Tsui OKC. Glass Transition of the Surface Monolayer of Polystyrene Films with Different Film Thicknesses and Supporting Surfaces. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Yan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Lu-Tao Weng
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Facility (GZ), Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou511400, Guangdong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Hailin Yuan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3120, United States
| | - Ophelia K. C. Tsui
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
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12
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Ghanekarade A, Simmons DS. Combined Mixing and Dynamical Origins of Tg Alterations Near Polymer–Polymer Interfaces. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Ghanekarade
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida33544, United States
| | - David S. Simmons
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida33544, United States
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13
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Wang T, Hu S, Zhang S, Peera A, Reffner J, Torkelson JM. Eliminating the Tg-Confinement Effect in Polystyrene Films: Extraordinary Impact of a 2 mol % 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Comonomer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sumeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sipei Zhang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - Asghar Peera
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John Reffner
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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14
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Lian Q, Chen H, Luo Y, Li Y, Cheng J, Liu Y. Toughening mechanism based on the physical entanglement of branched epoxy resin in the non-phase-separated inhomogeneous crosslinking network: An experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Gagnon YJ, Burton JC, Roth CB. Physically intuitive continuum mechanics model for quartz crystal microbalance: Viscoelasticity of rubbery polymers at
MHz
frequencies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
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16
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Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Roth CB. Polymers under nanoconfinement: where are we now in understanding local property changes? Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8050-8066. [PMID: 34086025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly being used in applications with nanostructured morphologies where almost all polymer molecules are within a few tens to hundreds of nanometers from some interface. From nearly three decades of study on polymers in simplified nanoconfined systems such as thin films, we have come to understand property changes in these systems as arising from interfacial effects where local dynamical perturbations are propagated deeper into the material. This review provides a summary of local glass transition temperature Tg changes near interfaces, comparing across different types of interfaces: free surface, substrate, liquid, and polymer-polymer. Local versus film-average properties in thin films are discussed, making connections to other related property changes, while highlighting several historically important studies. By experimental necessity, most studies are on high enough molecule weight chains to be well entangled, although aspects that connect to lower molecule weight materials are described. Emphasis is made to identify observations and open questions that have yet to be fully understood such as the evidence of long-ranged interfacial effects, finite domain size, interfacial breadth, and chain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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18
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Zhang S, Galuska LA, Gu X. Water‐assisted
mechanical testing of polymeric
thin‐films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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