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Karatrantos AV, Couture O, Hesse C, Schmidt DF. Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1373. [PMID: 38794566 PMCID: PMC11125108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Olivier Couture
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Channya Hesse
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
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2
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Nian S, Patil S, Zhang S, Kim M, Chen Q, Zhernenkov M, Ge T, Cheng S, Cai LH. Dynamics of Associative Polymers with High Density of Reversible Bonds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:228101. [PMID: 37327427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.228101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An associative polymer carries many stickers that can form reversible associations. For more than 30 years, the understanding has been that reversible associations change the shape of linear viscoelastic spectra by adding a rubbery plateau in the intermediate frequency range, at which associations have not yet relaxed and thus effectively act as crosslinks. Here, we design and synthesize new classes of unentangled associative polymers carrying unprecedentedly high fractions of stickers, up to eight per Kuhn segment, that can form strong pairwise hydrogen bonding of ∼20k_{B}T without microphase separation. We experimentally show that reversible bonds significantly slow down the polymer dynamics but nearly do not change the shape of linear viscoelastic spectra. This behavior can be explained by a renormalized Rouse model that highlights an unexpected influence of reversible bonds on the structural relaxation of associative polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Shalin Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Siteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Myoeum Kim
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Lab Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Renmin St. 5625, Changchun 130022, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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3
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Mei B, Lin TW, Sheridan GS, Evans CM, Sing CE, Schweizer KS. How Segmental Dynamics and Mesh Confinement Determine the Selective Diffusivity of Molecules in Cross-Linked Dense Polymer Networks. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:508-518. [PMID: 36968535 PMCID: PMC10037493 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of molecules ("penetrants") of variable size, shape, and chemistry through dense cross-linked polymer networks is a fundamental scientific problem broadly relevant in materials, polymer, physical, and biological chemistry. Relevant applications include separation membranes, barrier materials, drug delivery, and nanofiltration. A major open question is the relationship between transport, thermodynamic state, and penetrant and polymer chemical structure. Here we combine experiment, simulation, and theory to unravel these competing effects on penetrant transport in rubbery and supercooled polymer permanent networks over a wide range of cross-link densities, size ratios, and temperatures. The crucial importance of the coupling of local penetrant hopping to polymer structural relaxation and the secondary importance of mesh confinement effects are established. Network cross-links strongly slow down nm-scale polymer relaxation, which greatly retards the activated penetrant diffusion. The demonstrated good agreement between experiment, simulation, and theory provides strong support for the size ratio (penetrant diameter to the polymer Kuhn length) as a key variable and the usefulness of coarse-grained simulation and theoretical models that average over Angstrom scale structure. The developed theory provides an understanding of the physical processes underlying the behaviors observed in experiment and simulation and suggests new strategies for enhancing selective polymer membrane design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Mei
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsai-Wei Lin
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Grant S. Sheridan
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Ge S, Carden GP, Samanta S, Li B, Popov I, Cao PF, Sokolov AP. Associating Polymers in the Strong Interaction Regime: Validation of the Bond Lifetime Renormalization Model. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Ge
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gregory Peyton Carden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ivan Popov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Soman B, Schweizer KS, Evans CM. Fragile Glass Formation and Non-Arrhenius Upturns in Ethylene Vitrimers Revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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Cai P, Su B, Zou L, Webber MJ, Heilshorn SC, Spakowitz AJ. Rheological Characterization and Theoretical Modeling Establish Molecular Design Rules for Tailored Dynamically Associating Polymers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1318-1327. [PMID: 36188349 PMCID: PMC9523779 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically associating polymers have long been of interest due to their highly tunable viscoelastic behavior. Many applications leverage this tunability to create materials that have specific rheological properties, but designing such materials is an arduous, iterative process. Current models for dynamically associating polymers are phenomenological, assuming a structure for the relationship between association kinetics and network relaxation. We present the Brachiation model, a molecular-level theory of a polymer network with dynamic associations that is rooted in experimentally controllable design parameters, replacing the iterative experimental process with a predictive model for how experimental modifications to the polymer will impact rheological behavior. We synthesize hyaluronic acid chains modified with supramolecular host-guest motifs to serve as a prototypical dynamic network exhibiting tunable physical properties through control of polymer concentration and association rates. We use dynamic light scattering microrheology to measure the linear viscoelasticity of these polymers across six decades in frequency and fit our theory parameters to the measured data. The parameters are then altered by a magnitude corresponding to changes made to the experimental parameters and used to obtain new rheological predictions that match the experimental results well, demonstrating the ability for this theory to inform the design process of dynamically associating polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela
C. Cai
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bo Su
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lei Zou
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Matthew J. Webber
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Andrew J. Spakowitz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Rovigatti L, Sciortino F. Designing Enhanced Entropy Binding in Single-Chain Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:047801. [PMID: 35939033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.047801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are a new class of bio- and soft-matter polymeric objects in which a fraction of the monomers are able to form equivalently intra- or interpolymer bonds. Here we numerically show that a fully entropic gas-liquid phase separation can take place in SCNP systems. Control over the discontinuous (first-order) change-from a phase of independent diluted (fully-bonded) polymers to a phase in which polymers entropically bind to each other to form a (fully-bonded) polymer network-can be achieved by a judicious design of the patterns of reactive monomers along the polymer chain. Such a sensitivity arises from a delicate balance between the distinct entropic contributions controlling the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rovigatti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, IT-00185 Roma, Italy and CNR-ISC Uos Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 2, IT-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sciortino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, IT-00185 Roma, Italy
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9
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Ghosh A, Samanta S, Ge S, Sokolov AP, Schweizer KS. Influence of Attractive Functional Groups on the Segmental Dynamics and Glass Transition in Associating Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sirui Ge
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Mordvinkin A, Döhler D, Binder WH, Colby RH, Saalwächter K. Rheology, Sticky Chain, and Sticker Dynamics of Supramolecular Elastomers Based on Cluster-Forming Telechelic Linear and Star Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Mordvinkin
- Institut für Physik─NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Döhler
- Institut für Chemie─Makromolekulare Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Institut für Chemie─Makromolekulare Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralph H. Colby
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik─NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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