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Yang Y, Cho Y, Choi TL. Designing Degradable Polymers from Tricycloalkenes via Complete Cascade Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400235. [PMID: 38456570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cascade metathesis polymerization has been developed as a promising method to synthesize complex but well-defined polymers from monomers containing multiple reactive functional groups. However, this approach has been limited to the monomers involving simple alkene/alkyne moieties or produced mainly non-degradable polymers. In this study, we demonstrate a complete cascade ring-opening/ring-closing metathesis polymerization (RORCMP) using various tricycloalkenes and two strategies for the efficient degradation. Through rational design of tricycloalkene monomers, the structure and reactivity relationship was explored. For example, tricycloalkenes with trans configuration in the central ring enabled faster and better selective cascade RORCMP than the corresponding cis isomers. Also, a 4-substituted cyclopentene moiety in the monomers significantly enhanced the overall cascade RORCMP performance, with the maximum turnover number (TON) reaching almost 10,000 and molecular weight up to 170 kg/mol using an amide-containing monomer. Furthermore, we achieved one-shot cascade multiple olefin metathesis polymerization using tricycloalkenes and a diacrylate, to produce new highly A,B-alternating copolymers with full degradability. Lastly, we successfully designed xylose-based tricycloalkenes to give well-defined polymers that underwent ultra-fast and complete degradation under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhyeong Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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An T, Ryu H, Choi TL. Living Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of 2,3-Dihydrofuran to Provide Completely Degradable Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309632. [PMID: 37789610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydrofuran (DHF) has recently been gaining significant attention as a comonomer in metathesis polymerization, thanks to its ability to provide the resultant polymer backbones with stimuli-responsive degradability. In this report, we present living alternating copolymerization of DHF with less reactive endo-tricyclo[4.2.2.02,5 ]deca-3,9-dienes (TDs) and endo-oxonorbornenes (oxoNBs). By carefully controlling the reactivity of both the Ru initiators and the monomers, we have achieved outstanding A, B-alternation (up to 98 %) under near stoichiometric DHF loading conditions. Notably, we have also found that the use of a more sterically hindered Ru initiator helps to attain polymer backbones with higher DHF incorporation and superior A, B-alternation. While preserving the living characteristics of DHF copolymerization, as evidenced by controlled molecular weights (up to 73.9 kDa), narrow dispersities (down to 1.05), and block copolymer formation, our DHF copolymers could be broken down to a single repeat unit level under acidic conditions. 1 H NMR analysis of the model copolymer revealed that after 24 hours of degradation, up to 80 % of the initial polymer was transformed into a single small molecule product, and after purification, up to 66 % of the degradation product was retrieved. This study provides a versatile approach to improve the alternation and degradability of DHF copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyang An
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Tashiro K, Akiyama M, Kashiwagi K, Okazoe T. The Fluorocarbene Exploit: Enforcing Alternation in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2941-2950. [PMID: 36701256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkenes are known to be notoriously reluctant substrates for olefin metathesis due to the generation of thermodynamically stable Fischer-type fluorocarbene intermediates, which invariably fail to undergo further reaction. In the present disclosure, we find that fluorine substitution on the sp2 carbon also strictly suppresses homopolymerization of norbornene derivatives (NBEs), and this can be harnessed to achieve alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with an appropriately electron-rich comonomer. Dihydrofuran (DHF) is thereby shown to undergo alternating ROMP with fluorinated norbornenes, the perfectly alternating structure of the resulting copolymer having been unambiguously elucidated by 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR analyses. Furthermore, we find that the degradability of the resultant copolymers in acidic media via hydrolysis of enol ether moieties in the backbone can be predictably modulated by the number of fluorine atoms present in the NBE comonomer, affording an opportunity to engage with the desirable physical properties of fluorinated polymers while limiting their attendant environmental degradability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Midori Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Kashiwagi
- AGC Inc., Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,AGC Inc., Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Mandal I, Mandal A, Kilbinger AFM. Macrochain Transfer Agents for Catalytic Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1384-1389. [PMID: 36455213 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A monosubstituted 1,3-diene derivative attached to a polymer is demonstrated to act as a macrochain transfer agent in catalytic ring-opening metathesis polymerization. PEG- and PLA-based macrochain transfer agents were synthesized in a few steps and were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. Poly(l-lactide) based diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-based diblock, and triblock (ABA type) copolymers of varied chain lengths were prepared catalytically in a one-pot approach via metathesis polymerization. Block copolymers were characterized by SEC and showed monomodal molecular weight distributions. Moreover, DOSY NMR spectroscopy further proved the block microstructures of the synthesized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Leguizamon SC, Lyons K, Monk NT, Hochrein MT, Jones BH, Foster JC. Additive Manufacturing of Degradable Materials via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51301-51306. [PMID: 36318511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset materials comprise a significant proportion of high-performance plastics due to their shape permanence and excellent thermal and mechanical properties. However, these properties come at the expense of degradability. Here, we show for the first time that the industrial thermoset polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) can be additively manufactured (AM) with degradable 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF) linkages using a photochemical approach. Treatment of the manufactured objects with acid results in rapid degradation to soluble byproducts. This work highlights the potential of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) chemistry to create degradable materials amenable to advanced manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Lyons
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Nicolas T Monk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Madison T Hochrein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Brad H Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Foster
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185, United States
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Mandal I, Mandal A, Rahman MA, Kilbinger AFM. Chain transfer agents for the catalytic ring opening metathesis polymerization of norbornenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12469-12478. [PMID: 36382288 PMCID: PMC9629056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a detailed study of the metathesis activity of conjugated 1,3 diene derivatives in ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using Grubbs' 3rd generation catalyst (G3). A comprehensive screening of those derivatives revealed that monosubstituted 1,3 dienes show similar reactivities towards G3-alkylidenes as norbornene derivatives. Therefore, they represent perfect candidates for chain transfer agents in a kinetically controlled catalytic ROMP. This unprecedented reactivity allowed us to catalytically synthesize mono-end-functional poly(norborneneimide)s on the gram scale. Much more complex architectures such as star-shaped polymers could also be synthesized catalytically for the very first time via ROMP. This inexpensive and greener route to produce telechelic ROMP polymers was further utilized to synthesize ROMP block copolymers using bifunctional ROMP and ATRP/NCL initiators. Finally, the regioselective reaction of G3 with 1,3 diene derivatives was also exploited in the synthesis of a ROMP-PEG diblock copolymer initiated from a PEG macroinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Md Atiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Catalytic Syntheses of Degradable Polymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization Using Vinyl Ethers as Chain Transfer Agents. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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