1
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Janoš J, Vinklárek IS, Rakovský J, Mukhopadhyay DP, Curchod BFE, Fárník M, Slavíček P. On the Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of the Atmospheric Molecule CF 3COCl. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2275-2286. [PMID: 38026808 PMCID: PMC10658617 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength control of photochemistry usually results from ultrafast dynamics following the excitation of different electronic states. Here, we investigate the CF3COCl molecule, exhibiting wavelength-dependent photochemistry both via (i) depositing increasing internal energy into a single state and (ii) populating different electronic states. We reveal the mechanism behind the photon-energy dependence by combining nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics techniques with the velocity map imaging experiment. We describe a consecutive mechanism of photodissociation where an immediate release of Cl taking place in an excited electronic state is followed by a slower ground-state dissociation of the CO fragment. The CO release is subject to an activation barrier and is controlled by excess internal energy via the excitation wavelength. Therefore, a selective release of CO along with Cl can be achieved. The mechanism is fully supported by both the measured kinetic energy distributions and anisotropies of the angular distributions. Interestingly, the kinetic energy of the released Cl atom is sensitively modified by accounting for spin-orbit coupling. Given the atmospheric importance of CF3COCl, we discuss the consequences of our findings for atmospheric photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo S. Vinklárek
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rakovský
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deb Pratim Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Basile F. E. Curchod
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Michal Fárník
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
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2
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Abstract
The careful mapping of photoinduced reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP) is a prerequisite for their applications in soft matter materials design. Here, we probe the wavelength-dependent behavior of photochemically induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using nanosecond pulsed-laser polymerization (PLP). The photochemical reactivities at identical photon fluxes of methyl acrylate in terms of conversion, number-average molecular weight, and dispersity of the resulting polymers are mapped against the absorption spectrum of the copper(II) catalyst in the range of 305-550 nm. We observe a red shift of the action spectrum relative to the absorption spectrum of the copper(II) catalyst. Both the number-average molecular weight and the dispersity show a wavelength dependence, while the molecular weight and conversion remain linearly correlated. The reported data allow the judicious selection of optimum wavelengths for photoATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nardi
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Organic Chemistry Institute and Centre for Advanced Materials, University of Heidelberg, In Neuenheimer Feld 270 and 225, 69219 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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3
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Irshadeen IM, Walden SL, Wegener M, Truong VX, Frisch H, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Action Plots in Action: In-Depth Insights into Photochemical Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21113-21126. [PMID: 34859671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Predicting wavelength-dependent photochemical reactivity is challenging. Herein, we revive the well-established tool of measuring action spectra and adapt the technique to map wavelength-resolved covalent bond formation and cleavage in what we term "photochemical action plots". Underpinned by tunable lasers, which allow excitation of molecules with near-perfect wavelength precision, the photoinduced reactivity of several reaction classes have been mapped in detail. These include photoinduced cycloadditions and bond formation based on photochemically generated o-quinodimethanes and 1,3-dipoles such as nitrile imines as well as radical photoinitiator cleavage. Organized by reaction class, these data demonstrate that UV/vis spectra fail to act as a predictor for photochemical reactivity at a given wavelength in most of the examined reactions, with the photochemical reactivity being strongly red shifted in comparison to the absorption spectrum. We provide an encompassing perspective of the power of photochemical action plots for bond-forming reactions and their emerging applications in the design of wavelength-selective photoresists and photoresponsive soft-matter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrath Mohamed Irshadeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Kuntze K, Viljakka J, Titov E, Ahmed Z, Kalenius E, Saalfrank P, Priimagi A. Towards low-energy-light-driven bistable photoswitches: ortho-fluoroaminoazobenzenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:159-173. [PMID: 34888753 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermally stable photoswitches that are driven with low-energy light are rare, yet crucial for extending the applicability of photoresponsive molecules and materials towards, e.g., living systems. Combined ortho-fluorination and -amination couples high visible light absorptivity of o-aminoazobenzenes with the extraordinary bistability of o-fluoroazobenzenes. Herein, we report a library of easily accessible o-aminofluoroazobenzenes and establish structure-property relationships regarding spectral qualities, visible light isomerization efficiency and thermal stability of the cis-isomer with respect to the degree of o-substitution and choice of amino substituent. We rationalize the experimental results with quantum chemical calculations, revealing the nature of low-lying excited states and providing insight into thermal isomerization. The synthesized azobenzenes absorb at up to 600 nm and their thermal cis-lifetimes range from milliseconds to months. The most unique example can be driven from trans to cis with any wavelength from UV up to 595 nm, while still exhibiting a thermal cis-lifetime of 81 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jani Viljakka
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Evgenii Titov
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Kalenius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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5
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Michalek L, Krappitz T, Mundsinger K, Walden SL, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. Mapping Photochemical Reactivity Profiles on Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21651-21655. [PMID: 33337866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a comprehensive methodology to map the reactivity of photochemical systems on surfaces. The reactivity of photoreactive groups in solution often departs from their corresponding solution absorption spectra. On surfaces, the relationship between the surface absorption spectra and reactivity remains unexplored. Thus, herein, the reactivity of an o-methylbenzaldehyde and a tetrazole, as ligation partners for maleimide functionalized polymers, was investigated when the reactive moieties are tethered to a surface. The ligation reaction of tetrazole functionalized surfaces was found to proceed rapidly leading to high grafting densities, while o-methylbenzaldehyde functionalized substrates required longer irradiation times and resulted in lower surface coverage at the same wavelength (330 nm). Critically, wavelength resolved reactivity profiles were found to closely match the surface absorption spectra, contrary to previously reported red shifts in solution for the same chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tim Krappitz
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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7
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Lai H, Zhu D, Xiao P. Yellow Triazine as an Efficient Photoinitiator for Polymerization and 3D Printing under LEDs. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Lai
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Di Zhu
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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8
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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9
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Contemporary Photoligation Chemistry: The Visible Light Challenge. Chemistry 2018; 25:3700-3709. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Zhang J, Lalevée J, Hill NS, Launay K, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Stenzel MH, Coote ML, Xiao P. Disubstituted Aminoanthraquinone-Based Multicolor Photoinitiators: Photoinitiation Mechanism and Ability of Cationic Polymerization under Blue, Green, Yellow, and Red LEDs. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Zhang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J. Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N. S. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of
Excellence for Electromaterials Science
| | - K. Launay
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - F. Morlet-Savary
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - B. Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. H. Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M. L. Coote
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of
Excellence for Electromaterials Science
| | - P. Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Marschner DE, Frisch H, Offenloch JT, Tuten BT, Becer CR, Walther A, Goldmann AS, Tzvetkova P, Barner-Kowollik C. Visible Light [2 + 2] Cycloadditions for Reversible Polymer Ligation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Marschner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Janin T. Offenloch
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryan T. Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavleta Tzvetkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 − Magnetic Resonance, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Eibel A, Radebner J, Haas M, Fast DE, Freißmuth H, Stadler E, Faschauner P, Torvisco A, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Stueger H, Gescheidt G. From mono- to tetraacylgermanes: extending the scope of visible light photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a comparative study of the photoinitiating efficiency of selected acylgermanes, focusing on wavelength-dependent photobleaching, decomposition quantum yields and radical reactivity.
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13
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Suchan J, Hollas D, Curchod BFE, Slavíček P. On the importance of initial conditions for excited-state dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2018; 212:307-330. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of ab initio excited-state simulations are performed within semiclassical, trajectory-based approaches. Apart from the underlying electronic-structure theory, the reliability of the simulations is controlled by a selection of initial conditions for the classical trajectories. We discuss appropriate choices of initial conditions for simulations of different experimental arrangements: dynamics initiated by continuum-wave (CW) laser fields or triggered by ultrashort laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague
- 16628 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hollas
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague
- 16628 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague
- 16628 Prague
- Czech Republic
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14
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Lauer A, Steinkoenig J, Jöckle P, Kelterer AM, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Installing lactone chain termini during photoinduced polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the Thorpe–Ingold effect as a spontaneous end group transformation method during photo-induced polymerization of methacrylates using the functional (2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropio-phenone) species as radical photoinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauer
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Philipp Jöckle
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Andreas N. Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
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15
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Eibel A, Fast DE, Gescheidt G. Choosing the ideal photoinitiator for free radical photopolymerizations: predictions based on simulations using established data. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A modelling toolbox for classifying and predicting photoinitiator efficiencies is presented, considering absorption properties, dissociation quantum yields, light intensities, irradiation wavelengths, kinetics of monomer addition and side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - David E. Fast
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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