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Adeli Y, Raman Venkatesan T, Mezzenga R, Nüesch FA, Opris DM. Synthesis of Bottlebrush Polymers with Spontaneous Self-Assembly for Dielectric Generators. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:4999-5010. [PMID: 38752017 PMCID: PMC11091855 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linked bottlebrush polymers received significant attention as dielectrics in transducers due to their unique softness and strain stiffening caused by their structure. Despite some progress, there is still a great challenge in increasing their dielectric permittivity beyond 3.5 and cross-linking them to defect-free ultrathin films efficiently under ambient conditions. Here, we report the synthesis of bottlebrush copolymers based on ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) starting from a 5-norbornene-2-carbonitrile and a norbornene modified with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chain as a macromonomer. The resulting copolymer was subjected to a postpolymerization modification, whereby the double bonds were used both for functionalization with thiopropionitrile and subsequent cross-linking via a thiol-ene reaction. The solutions of both bottlebrush copolymers formed free-standing elastic films by simple casting. DMA and broadband impedance spectroscopy revealed two glass transition temperatures uncommon for a random copolymer. The self-segregation of the nonpolar PDMS chains and the polynorbornane backbone is responsible for this and is supported by the interfacial polarization observed in broadband impedance spectroscopy and the scattering peaks observed in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Additionally, the modified bottlebrush copolymer was cross-linked to an elastomer that exhibits increased dielectric permittivity and good mechanical properties with significant strain stiffening, an attractive property of dielectric elastomer generators. It has a relative permittivity of 5.24, strain at break of 290%, elastic modulus at 10% strain of 380 kPa, a breakdown field of 62 V μm-1, and a small actuation of 5% at high electric fields of 48.5 V μm-1. All of these characteristics are attractive for dielectric elastomer generator applications. The current work is a milestone in designing functional elastomers based on bottlebrush polymers for transducer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeerlan Adeli
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich,
Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank A. Nüesch
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M. Opris
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Costa LC, Shieh P, Zafar H, Thiabaud G, Bobylev EO, Jasanoff A, Johnson JA. Hydrogen Peroxide-Triggered Disassembly of Boronic Ester-Cross-Linked Brush-Arm Star Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1179-1184. [PMID: 37540838 PMCID: PMC10466143 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., H2O2, are often elevated in diseased tissue microenvironments. Therefore, the selective detection of ROS could enable new diagnostic methods or tools for chemical biology. Here, we report the synthesis of boronic ester-bis-norbornene core-cross-linked brush-arm star polymers (BASPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG-branch-spirocyclohexyl nitroxide (chex) shells. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that these BASPs have narrowly dispersed molar masses and average hydrodynamic diameters of 23 ± 2 nm, respectively. Moreover, due to their core-shell structures, these BASPs disassemble into bottlebrush fragments with improved selectivity for H2O2 over ROS such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and hypochlorite (-OCl). Finally, H2O2 induced disassembly of chex-containing BASPs induces a change in transverse magnetic relaxivity that can be detected via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Chex-BASPs may represent a valuable new diagnostic tool for H2O2 sensing.
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Uhlik F, Rud OV, Borisov OV, Zhulina EB. Hairy Gels: A Computational Study. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120793. [PMID: 36547317 PMCID: PMC9777993 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results of MD and MC simulations of the equilibrium properties of swelling gels with comb-like or bottlebrush subchains and compare them to scaling-theory predictions. In accordance with theory, the simulation results demonstrate that swelling coefficient of the gel increases as a function of the polymerization degree of the main chains and exhibits a very weak maximum (or is virtually constant) as a function of the polymerization degree and grafting density of side chains. The bulk osmotic modulus passes through a shallow minimum as the polymerization degree of the side chains increases. This minimum is attributed to the onset of overlap of side chains belonging to different bottlebrush strands in the swollen gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Uhlik
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (F.U.); (O.V.R.); (O.V.B.); (E.B.Z.)
| | - Oleg V. Rud
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (F.U.); (O.V.R.); (O.V.B.); (E.B.Z.)
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, CEDEX 9, 64053 Pau, France
- Correspondence: (F.U.); (O.V.R.); (O.V.B.); (E.B.Z.)
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (F.U.); (O.V.R.); (O.V.B.); (E.B.Z.)
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4
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Zhulina EB, Sheiko SS, Borisov OV. Theoretical advances in molecular bottlebrushes and comblike (co)polymers: solutions, gels, and self-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8714-8732. [PMID: 36373559 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of state-of-the-art theory of (i) conformational properties of molecular bottlebrushes in solution, (ii) self-assembly of di- and triblock copolymers comprising comb-shaped and bottlebrush blocks in solutions and melts, and (iii) cross-linked and self-assembled gels with bottlebrush subchains. We demonstrate how theoretical models enable quantitative prediction and interpretation of experimental results and provide rational guidance for design of new materials with physical properties tunable by architecture of constituent bottlebrush blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina B Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France.
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5
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Sun Z, Kobori K, Nomura K, Asano MS. Star-Shaped ROMP Polymers Coated with Oligothiophenes That Exhibit Unique Emission. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13270-13279. [PMID: 35474816 PMCID: PMC9026110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of oligo(thiophene)-modified "soluble" star-shaped ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymers were prepared by sequential living ROMP of norbornene and a cross-linking agent using a molybdenum-alkylidene catalyst, followed by Wittig-type coupling for termination with oligo(thiophene) carboxaldehydes. The resultant star-shaped ROMP polymers displayed unique emission properties affected by the core size and arm repeat units as well as the kind of oligothiophene coated. The effects of the thiophene groups on photophysical properties of star-shaped/linear polymers were studied via time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence lifetimes were determined in THF as 400, 640, 730, and 820 ps for Star 3TPh, Linear 3TPh, Star 4T, and Linear 4T, respectively. A significant enhancement of the nonradiative rate constants k nr in the star-shaped polymers results in relatively lower fluorescence quantum yields and shorter fluorescence lifetimes compared to the corresponding linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Kobori
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoko S. Asano
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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6
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Zhou C, Hou C, Chen W, Wang L, Cheng J. Progress of Application of Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) in the Synthesis of Star Polymers. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Panchal SS, Vasava DV. Fabricating approaches for synthesis of miktoarm star-shaped polymers having tailored biodegradability. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1981319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S. Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip V. Vasava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Zhang J, Jin B, Tang G, Luo Y, Li X. Core–Shell Copolymers with Brush-on-Hyperbranched Arm Architecture: Synthesis, Dual Thermoresponsive Behaviors, and Nanocarriers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bixin Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Zhang T, Sui X, Gutekunst WR. Convergent Synthesis of Branched Metathesis Polymers with Enyne Reagents. Macromolecules 2021; 54:8435-8442. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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10
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Cushman K, Keith A, Tanaka J, Sheiko SS, You W. Investigating the Stress–Strain Behavior in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization-Based Brush Elastomers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Cushman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew Keith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joji Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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Liu Y, Bai S, Wu T, Chen CC, Liu Y, Chao X, Bai Y. Dendronized Arm Snowflake Polymer as a Highly Branched Scaffold for Cellular Imaging and Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3791-3799. [PMID: 34339173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of branched structures is a major pathway to build macromolecules with desired three-dimensional (3D) structures, which are of high importance in the rational design of functional polymeric scaffolds. Dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers have been extensively studied for this purpose, but proper gain-of-function for these structures usually requires large enough molecular weights and a highly branched interior so that a spherical 3D core-shell architecture can be obtained, yet it is generally challenging to achieve precise control over the structure, high molecular weight, and high degree of branching (DoB) simultaneously. In this article, we present a set of snowflake-shaped star polymers with functional cores and dendronized arms, which ensure a high DoB and an overall globular conformation, thus facilitating the introduction of functional moieties onto the easily achieved scaffold without the need for high-generation dendrons. Using a polyglycerol dendron (PGD) as a proof of concept, we propose that this dendronized arm snowflake polymer (DASP) structure can serve as a better performing alternative to high-generation PGDs. DASPs with molecular weights of 750, 1220, 2120, and 3740 kDa were prepared with >85% yields in all cases, and we show that these DASPs have high encapsulating efficiency of Nile Red due to their high DoB and high biocompatibility due to their hydroxyl-rich nature after ketal removal, as well as high cell permeability that is molecular-weight-dependent. Introduced fluorophores such as fluorescein and difluoroboron 1,3-diphenylaminophenyl β-diketonate with suitable excitation wavelengths may turn the DASPs into stable, endosome-staining fluorophores with ultra-large Stokes shifts, narrowed emission bands, and suitability for long-term cellular tracing. Moreover, the scaffold can encapsulate antibiotic molecules and deliver them into phagolysosomes for efficient elimination of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, which is insensitive toward many antibiotics but is a key target for the clinical success of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection treatment. Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus could be improved to >99.9% for chloramphenicol at 32 μg/mL with 450 μg/mL DASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Silei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiangyu Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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12
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Zhou C, Hou C, Wang L, Chen W, Cheng J. Synthesis and micellar property of amphiphilic brush-arm star copolymers via living ROMP. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Bačová P, Mintis DG, Gkolfi E, Harmandaris V. Mikto-Arm Stars as Soft-Patchy Particles: From Building Blocks to Mesoscopic Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1114. [PMID: 33915849 PMCID: PMC8037958 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an atomistic molecular dynamics study of self-assembled mikto-arm stars, which resemble patchy-like particles. By increasing the number of stars in the system, we propose a systematic way of examining the mutual orientation of these fully penetrable patchy-like objects. The individual stars maintain their patchy-like morphology when creating a mesoscopic (macromolecular) self-assembled object of more than three stars. The self-assembly of mikto-arm stars does not lead to a deformation of the stars, and their shape remains spherical. We identified characteristic sub-units in the self-assembled structure, differing by the mutual orientation of the nearest neighbor stars. The current work aims to elucidate the possible arrangements of the realistic, fully penetrable patchy particles in polymer matrix and to serve as a model system for further studies of nanostructured materials or all-polymer nanocomposites using the mikto-arm stars as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bačová
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Dimitris G. Mintis
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Eirini Gkolfi
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vagelis Harmandaris
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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15
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Sun Z, Unruean P, Aoki H, Kitiyanan B, Nomura K. Phenoxide-Modified Half-Titanocenes Supported on Star-Shaped ROMP Polymers as Catalyst Precursors for Ethylene Copolymerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Palawat Unruean
- The Petroleum and Petrochemicals College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hirotaka Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Boonyarach Kitiyanan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemicals College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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16
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Nguyen HVT, Detappe A, Harvey P, Gallagher N, Mathieu C, Agius MP, Zavidij O, Wang W, Jiang Y, Rajca A, Jasanoff A, Ghobrial IM, Ghoroghchian PP, Johnson JA. Pro-organic radical contrast agents ("pro-ORCAs") for real-time MRI of pro-drug activation in biological systems. Polym Chem 2020; 11:4768-4779. [PMID: 33790990 PMCID: PMC8009311 DOI: 10.1039/d0py00558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide-based organic-radical contrast agents (ORCAs) are promising as safe, next-generation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tools. Nevertheless, stimuli-responsive ORCAs that enable MRI monitoring of prodrug activation have not been reported; such systems could open new avenues for prodrug validation and image-guided drug delivery. Here, we introduce a novel "pro-ORCA" concept that addresses this challenge. By covalent conjugation of nitroxides and drug molecules (doxorubicin, DOX) to the same brush-arm star polymer (BASP) through chemically identical cleavable linkers, we demonstrate that pro-ORCA and prodrug activation, i.e., ORCA and DOX release, leads to significant changes in MRI contrast that correlate with cytotoxicity. This approach is shown to be general for a range of commonly used linker cleavage mechanisms (e.g., photolysis and hydrolysis) and release rates. Pro-ORCAs could find applications as research tools or clinically viable "reporter theranostics" for in vitro and in vivo MRI-correlated prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Alexandre Detappe
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Centre Paul Strauss, 3 Rue de la Porte de l’Hopital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Nolan Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
| | - Clelia Mathieu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael P. Agius
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Oksana Zavidij
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wencong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, MIT
| | - Irene M. Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - P. Peter Ghoroghchian
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Self-assembled nanostructures from amphiphilic block copolymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Xu B, Qian H, Lin S. Self-Assembly and Photoinduced Spindle-Toroid Morphology Transition of Macromolecular Double-Brushes with Azobenzene Pendants. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:404-409. [PMID: 35648535 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric macromolecular double-brushes (MDBs) are composed of two different side chains grafted on a linear backbone, possessing distinct assembly behaviors in comparison with conventional amphiphiles, owing to the Janus architecture and combined effects of backbone and hetero double-brushes. Additionally, the introduction of unique functionalities and responsiveness into the self-assembly system of MDBs endows extra opportunities to pursue morphologic diversity and intriguing properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of Janus-like MDBs of polyacrylate-g-poly(6-(4-butyl-4'-oxyazobenzene) hexyl acrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PA-g-PAzo/PEO), in which hydrophilic PEO and hydrophobic PAzo brushes were grafted using the combination of concurrent ATRP and click reaction. Due to the special Janus topology and inter/intramolecular association of pendant azobenzene groups, amphiphilic PA-g-PAzo/PEO self-assembled into multimolecular rod and spindle-like aggregates. It is interesting that a transition of spindle-toroid-spindle was observed upon the alternative irradiation between UV and visible light, which is ascribed to the trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene molecular brushes. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that azobenzene-containing MDBs enable the fabrication of distinctive self-assembled morphologies and photoinduced toroid formation. The controlled synthesis of MDBs with unique functionalities and subsequent development of their structure-property relationships would shed light on the design and optimization of bottlebrush-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongyu Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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19
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Levi AE, Fu L, Lequieu J, Horne JD, Blankenship J, Mukherjee S, Zhang T, Fredrickson GH, Gutekunst WR, Bates CM. Efficient Synthesis of Asymmetric Miktoarm Star Polymers. Macromolecules 2020; 53:702-710. [PMID: 32489220 PMCID: PMC7266137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric miktoarm star polymers comprising an unequal number of chemically-distinct blocks connected at a common junction produce unique material properties, yet existing synthetic strategies are beleaguered by complicated reaction schemes that are restricted in both monomer scope and yield. Here, we introduce a new synthetic approach coined "μSTAR" - Miktoarm Synthesis by Termination After Ring-opening metathesis polymerization - that circumvents these traditional synthetic limitations by constructing the block-block junction in a scalable, one-pot process involving (1) grafting-through polymerization of a macromonomer followed by (2) in-situ enyne-mediated termination to install a single mikto-arm with exceptional efficiency. This modular μSTAR platform cleanly generates AB n and A(BA') n miktoarm star polymers with unprecedented versatility in the selection of A and B chemistries as demonstrated using many common polymer building blocks: poly(siloxane), poly(acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(ether), poly(ester), and poly(styrene). The average number of B or BA' arms (n) is easily controlled by the molar equivalents of macromonomer relative to Grubbs catalyst in the initial ring-opening metathesis polymerization step. While these materials are characterized by dispersity in n that arises from polymerization statistics, they self-assemble into mesophases that are identical to those predicted for precise miktoarm stars as evidenced by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and self-consistent field theory simulations. In summary, the μSTAR technique provides a significant boost in design flexibility and synthetic simplicity while retaining the salient phase behavior of precise miktoarm star materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. Levi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joshua Lequieu
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob D. Horne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob Blankenship
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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20
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Teo YC, Lai HWH, Xia Y. Arm-degradable star polymers with crosslinked ladder-motif cores as a route to soluble microporous nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Star polymers were synthesized via cores crosslinking of (macro)molecular ladder motifs and converted to microporous polymer particles after arm degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Chin Teo
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | | | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
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21
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Li R, Li X, Zhang Y, Delawder AO, Colley ND, Whiting EA, Barnes JC. Diblock brush-arm star copolymers via a core-first/graft-from approach using γ-cyclodextrin and ROMP: a modular platform for drug delivery. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble diblock brush-arm star copolymers using γ-CD-based core-first ring-opening metathesis polymerization, allowing for anticancer drug delivery via host–guest interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Yipei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Colley
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Emma A. Whiting
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry
- One Brookings Drive
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
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22
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Shieh P, Nguyen HVT, Johnson JA. Tailored silyl ether monomers enable backbone-degradable polynorbornene-based linear, bottlebrush and star copolymers through ROMP. Nat Chem 2019; 11:1124-1132. [PMID: 31659310 PMCID: PMC6874888 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene-based (macro)monomers is a powerful approach for the synthesis of macromolecules with diverse compositions and complex architectures. Nevertheless, a fundamental limitation of polymers prepared by this strategy is their lack of facile degradability, limiting their utility in a range of applications. Here we describe a class of readily available bifunctional silyl ether-based cyclic olefins that copolymerize efficiently with norbornene-based (macro)monomers to provide copolymers with backbone degradability under mildly acidic aqueous conditions and degradation rates that can be tuned over several orders of magnitude, depending on the silyl ether substituents. These monomers can be used to manipulate the in vivo biodistribution and clearance rate of polyethylene glycol-based bottlebrush polymers, as well as to synthesize linear, bottlebrush and brush-arm star copolymers with degradable segments. We expect that this work will enable preparation of degradable polymers by ROMP for biomedical applications, responsive self-assembly and improved sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hung V-T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Zhulina EB, Sheiko SS, Borisov OV. Theory of Microphase Segregation in the Melts of Copolymers with Dendritically Branched, Bottlebrush, or Cycled Blocks. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1075-1079. [PMID: 35619443 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theory of microphase segregation in the melt of diblock copolymers comprising two strongly incompatible blocks of similar or different topologies is developed. The spectrum of considered architectures include copolymers with arbitrary combinations of bottlebrush-like, dendritic, cycled blocks, and so on. Our theory provides quantitative predictions of how the morphology of the microphase segregated structures can be controlled not only by the volume fractions of the incompatible blocks, but also by their architecture. These predictions open perspectives for developing new materials, for example, photonic crystals, with independently adjustable volume fractions and morphology of the domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS
UPPA, 64053 Pau, France
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24
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Song K, Kim K, Hong D, Kim J, Heo CE, Kim HI, Hong SH. Highly active ruthenium metathesis catalysts enabling ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclopentadiene at low temperatures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3860. [PMID: 31455772 PMCID: PMC6712042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of versatile ruthenium olefin-metathesis catalysts with high activity, stability, and selectivity is a continuous challenge. Here we report highly controllable ruthenium catalysts using readily accessible and versatile N-vinylsulfonamides as carbene precursors. Catalyst initiation rates were controlled in a straightforward manner, from latent to fast initiating, through the facile modulation of the N-vinylsulfonamide ligands. Trifluoromethanesulfonamide-based catalysts initiated ultrarapidly even at temperatures as low as -60 °C and continuously propagated rapidly, enabling the enthalpically and entropically less-favored ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of low-strained functionalized cyclopentene derivatives, some of which are not accessible with previous olefin-metathesis catalysts. To our surprise, the developed catalysts facilitated the polymerization of cyclopentadiene (CPD), a feedstock that is easily and commonly obtainable through the steam cracking of naphtha, which has, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously achieved due to its low ring strain and facile dimerization even at low temperatures (below 0 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitaek Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugh I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Alvaradejo GG, Nguyen HVT, Harvey P, Gallagher NM, Le D, Ottaviani MF, Jasanoff A, Delaittre G, Johnson JA. Polyoxazoline-Based Bottlebrush and Brush-Arm Star Polymers via ROMP: Syntheses and Applications as Organic Radical Contrast Agents. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:473-478. [PMID: 31289694 PMCID: PMC6615754 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of functional poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) (PAOx) copolymers with complex nanoarchitectures using a graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) approach is described. First, well-defined norbornene-terminated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) macromonomers (MM) were prepared by cationic ringopening polymerization. ROMP of these MMs produced bottlebrush copolymers with PEtOx side chains. In addition, PEtOx-based branched MMs bearing a terminal alkyne group were prepared and conjugated to an azide-containing bis-spirocyclohexyl nitroxide via Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). ROMP of this branched MM, followed by in situ cross-linking, provided PEtOx-based brush-arm star polymers (BASPs) with nitroxide radicals localized at the core-shell interface. These PEtOx-based nitroxide-containing BASPs displayed relaxivity values on par with state-of-the-art polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nitroxide materials, making them promising as organic radical contrast agents for metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Harvey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nolan M. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76134 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Levi AE, Lequieu J, Horne JD, Bates MW, Ren JM, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH, Bates CM. Miktoarm Stars via Grafting-Through Copolymerization: Self-Assembly and the Star-to-Bottlebrush Transition. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Choinopoulos I. Grubbs' and Schrock's Catalysts, Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Molecular Brushes-Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E298. [PMID: 30960282 PMCID: PMC6419171 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, molecular brushes and other macromolecular architectures bearing a bottlebrush segment where the main chain is synthesized by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) mediated by Mo or Ru metal complexes are considered. A brief review of metathesis and ROMP is presented in order to understand the problems and the solutions provided through the years. The synthetic strategies towards bottlebrush copolymers are demonstrated and each one discussed separately. The initiators/catalysts for the synthesis of the backbone with ROMP are discussed. Syntheses of molecular brushes are presented. The most interesting properties of the bottlebrushes are detailed. Finally, the applications studied by different groups are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Choinopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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28
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Uyar Z, Genli N, Cay B, Arslan U, Durgun M, Degirmenci M. Synthesis and characterization of an A2B2-type miktoarm star copolymer based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(cyclohexene oxide). Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Zhang X, Dai Y. Recent development of brush polymers via polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)-based macromonomers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)-based macromonomers is a facile and versatile synthetic method to generate well-defined brush polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Yu Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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30
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Li F, Cao M, Feng Y, Liang R, Fu X, Zhong M. Site-Specifically Initiated Controlled/Living Branching Radical Polymerization: A Synthetic Route toward Hierarchically Branched Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:794-799. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mengxue Cao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yujun Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiqi Liang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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31
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Synthesis of Soluble Star-Shaped Polymers via In and Out Approach by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of Norbornene: Factors Affecting the Synthesis. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The methods for one-pot synthesis of ‘soluble’ star-shaped polymers by sequential living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) and cross-linking (CL) reagent using Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)(OtBu)2 have been explored. The method (called the “in and out” or core-first approach) basically consists of (i) the living ROMP of NBE (formation of arm), (ii) reaction with CL (formation of core), (iii) additional living ROMP of NBE (propagating arms from the core, formation of star), (iv) end-modification via Wittig-type cleavage of metal–carbon double bonds containing polymer chain with aldehyde. Two different approaches in the core formation step (reaction with CL mixed with/without NBE) for synthesis of the high molecular weight star-shaped ROMP polymers with more branching, unimodal molecular weight distributions have been explored in detail. The method (reacting CL with NBE in the core formation step) under highly diluted conditions afforded the high molecular weight polymers with unimodal molecular weight distributions.
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32
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Golder MR, Nguyen HVT, Oldenhuis NJ, Grundler J, Park EJ, Johnson JA. Brush-First and ROMP-Out with Functional (Macro)monomers: Method Development, Structural Investigations, and Applications of an Expanded Brush-Arm Star Polymer Platform. Macromolecules 2018; 51:9861-9870. [PMID: 31303680 PMCID: PMC6625813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of complex functional polymeric nanomaterials is often challenging. Ru-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of multivalent macromonomers followed by cross-linking to form brush-arm star (BASP) polymers enables access to well-defined nano-structures with diverse functionality. This "brush-first" method leaves active Ru in the BASP microgel core, which could potentially be used in a subsequent "ROMP-out" (RO) step to introduce further modifications to the BASP structure via the addition of (macro)monomers. Here, we study this RO approach in depth. The efficiency of RO is assessed for a variety of BASP compositions using a combination of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gel permeation chromatography. To demonstrate the modularity of the RO process, arylboronic acid-functionalized BASPs were prepared; uptake of these RO-BASPs into hypersialylated cancer cells was enhanced relative to non-functionalized BASPs as determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the self-assembly of miktoarm BASPs prepared via brush-first and RO with different macromonomers is demonstrated. The combination of brush-first ROMP with RO provides a simple, modular strategy for access to a wide array of functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Golder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan J. Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julian Grundler
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue, Winter Park, Florida 32789, United States
| | - Ellane J. Park
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue, Winter Park, Florida 32789, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Shibuya Y, Tatara R, Jiang Y, Shao‐Horn Y, Johnson JA. Brush‐First ROMP of poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomers of varied length: impact of polymer architecture on thermal behavior and Li
+
conductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shibuya
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ryoichi Tatara
- Research Laboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yang Shao‐Horn
- Research Laboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
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35
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Jiang ZQ, Zhao SQ, Su YX, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Combination of RAFT and Pd(II)-Initiated Isocyanide Polymerizations: A Versatile Method for Facile Synthesis of Helical Poly(phenyl isocyanide) Block and Star Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009 Anhui Province, China
| | - Song-Qing Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009 Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi-Xu Su
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009 Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009 Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory
of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009 Anhui Province, China
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36
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Sun Z, Nomura K. One-pot synthesis of end-functionalised soluble star-shaped polymers by living ring-opening metathesis polymerisation using a molybdenum-alkylidene catalyst. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27703-27708. [PMID: 35542730 PMCID: PMC9084289 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise synthesis of soluble star-shaped polymers has been achieved by adopting living ring-opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) using a molybdenum-alkylidene catalyst with sequential addition of norbornene and cross-linking agent; the method provides efficient one-pot synthesis of high molecular weight end-functionalised star-shaped polymers (Mn = >1.37 × 105) with more arms (branching) with rather low PDI values (Mw/Mn = 1.17–1.37) under the optimised conditions. Precise synthesis of star-shaped polymers has been achieved by living ROMP using a molybdenum catalyst with sequential addition of norbornene and cross-linker.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Hachioji
- Japan
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37
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Magurudeniya HD, Ringstrand BS, Seifert S, Firestone MA. Reversible hierarchical structure induced by solvation and temperature modulation in an ionic liquid-based random bottlebrush copolymer. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Discoidal bottlebrush poly(ionic liquid)s are reversibly stacked into 1-D rod like assembles by temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D. Magurudeniya
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
| | - Bryan S. Ringstrand
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
| | - Sönke Seifert
- X-ray Sciences Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA 60439
| | - Millicent A. Firestone
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
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