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Moragues T, Giannakakis G, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Bugaev A, de Mello AJ, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Droplet-Based Microfluidics Reveals Insights into Cross-Coupling Mechanisms over Single-Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401056. [PMID: 38472115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) hold promise as sustainable alternatives to metal complexes in organic transformations. However, their working structure and dynamics remain poorly understood, hindering advances in their design. Exploiting the unique features of droplet-based microfluidics, we present the first in-situ assessment of a palladium SAC based on exfoliated carbon nitride in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results confirm a surface-catalyzed mechanism, revealing the distinct electronic structure of active Pd centers compared to homogeneous systems, and providing insights into the stabilizing role of ligands and bases. This study establishes a valuable framework for advancing mechanistic understanding of organic syntheses catalyzed by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moragues
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona, 43002, Spain
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Aram Bugaev
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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Kurdadze T, Lamadie F, Nehme KA, Teychené S, Biscans B, Rodriguez-Ruiz I. On-Chip Photonic Detection Techniques for Non-Invasive In Situ Characterizations at the Microfluidic Scale. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1529. [PMID: 38475065 DOI: 10.3390/s24051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a robust technology for diverse applications, ranging from bio-medical diagnostics to chemical analysis. Among the different characterization techniques that can be used to analyze samples at the microfluidic scale, the coupling of photonic detection techniques and on-chip configurations is particularly advantageous due to its non-invasive nature, which permits sensitive, real-time, high throughput, and rapid analyses, taking advantage of the microfluidic special environments and reduced sample volumes. Putting a special emphasis on integrated detection schemes, this review article explores the most relevant advances in the on-chip implementation of UV-vis, near-infrared, terahertz, and X-ray-based techniques for different characterizations, ranging from punctual spectroscopic or scattering-based measurements to different types of mapping/imaging. The principles of the techniques and their interest are discussed through their application to different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kurdadze
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, Marcoule, France
| | - Fabrice Lamadie
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, Marcoule, France
| | - Karen A Nehme
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Teychené
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Biscans
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Isaac Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, UMR 5503, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31432 Toulouse, France
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3
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Yasuura M, Tan ZL, Horiguchi Y, Ashiba H, Fukuda T. Improvement of Sensitivity and Speed of Virus Sensing Technologies Using nm- and μm-Scale Components. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6830. [PMID: 37571612 PMCID: PMC10422600 DOI: 10.3390/s23156830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Various viral diseases can be widespread and cause severe disruption to global society. Highly sensitive virus detection methods are needed to take effective measures to prevent the spread of viral infection. This required the development of rapid virus detection technology to detect viruses at low concentrations, even in the biological fluid of patients in the early stages of the disease or environmental samples. This review describes an overview of various virus detection technologies and then refers to typical technologies such as beads-based assay, digital assay, and pore-based sensing, which are the three modern approaches to improve the performance of viral sensing in terms of speed and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasuura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (Z.L.T.); (Y.H.); (H.A.); (T.F.)
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Cao X, Buryska T, Yang T, Wang J, Fischer P, Streets A, Stavrakis S, deMello A. Towards an active droplet-based microfluidic platform for programmable fluid handling. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2029-2038. [PMID: 37000567 PMCID: PMC10091362 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems have emerged as powerful alternatives to conventional high throughput screening platforms, due to their operational flexibility, high-throughput nature and ability to efficiently process small fluid volumes. However, the challenges associated with performing bespoke operations on user-defined droplets often limit their utility in screening applications that involve complex workflows. To this end, the marriage of droplet- and valve-based microfluidic technologies offers the prospect of balancing the controllability of droplet manipulations and analytical throughput. In this spirit, we present a microfluidic platform that combines the capabilities of integrated microvalve technology with droplet-based sample compartmentalization to realize a highly adaptable programmable fluid handling functionality. The microfluidic device consists of a programmable formulator linked to an automated droplet generation device and storage array. The formulator leverages multiple inputs coupled to a mixing ring to produce combinatorial solution mixtures, with a peristaltic pump enabling titration of reagents into the ring with picoliter resolution. The platform allows for the execution of user-defined reaction protocols within an array of storage chambers by consecutively merging programmable sequences of pL-volume droplets containing specified reagents. The precision in formulating solutions with small differences in concentration is perfectly suited for the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters. The utility of our platform is showcased through the performance of enzymatic kinetic measurements of beta-galactosidase and horseradish peroxidase with fluorogenic substrates. The presented platform provides for a range of automated manipulations and paves the way for a more diverse range of droplet-based biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cao
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Tomas Buryska
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Tianjin Yang
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- IFNH Food Process Engineering Group, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Streets
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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5
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Boodaghidizaji M, Milind Athalye S, Thakur S, Esmaili E, Verma MS, Ardekani AM. Characterizing viral samples using machine learning for Raman and absorption spectroscopy. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1336. [PMID: 36479629 PMCID: PMC9721089 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning methods can be used as robust techniques to provide invaluable information for analyzing biological samples in pharmaceutical industries, such as predicting the concentration of viral particles of interest in biological samples. Here, we utilized both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and random forests (RFs) to predict the concentration of the samples containing measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster viruses (ProQuad®) based on Raman and absorption spectroscopy. We prepared Raman and absorption spectra data sets with known concentration values, then used the Raman and absorption signals individually and together to train RFs and CNNs. We demonstrated that both RFs and CNNs can make predictions with R2 values as high as 95%. We proposed two different networks to jointly use the Raman and absorption spectra, where our results demonstrated that concatenating the Raman and absorption data increases the prediction accuracy compared to using either Raman or absorption spectrum alone. Additionally, we further verified the advantage of using joint Raman-absorption with principal component analysis. Furthermore, our method can be extended to characterize properties other than concentration, such as the type of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreya Milind Athalye
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Sukirt Thakur
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ehsan Esmaili
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA,Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Arezoo M. Ardekani
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Microfluidic Nanomaterial Synthesis and In Situ SAXS, WAXS, or SANS Characterization: Manipulation of Size Characteristics and Online Elucidation of Dynamic Structural Transitions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144602. [PMID: 35889473 PMCID: PMC9323596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ability to cross biological barriers, encapsulate and efficiently deliver drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics, and protect the loaded cargos from degradation, different soft polymer and lipid nanoparticles (including liposomes, cubosomes, and hexosomes) have received considerable interest in the last three decades as versatile platforms for drug delivery applications and for the design of vaccines. Hard nanocrystals (including gold nanoparticles and quantum dots) are also attractive for use in various biomedical applications. Here, microfluidics provides unique opportunities for the continuous synthesis of these hard and soft nanomaterials with controllable shapes and sizes, and their in situ characterization through manipulation of the flow conditions and coupling to synchrotron small-angle X-ray (SAXS), wide-angle scattering (WAXS), or neutron (SANS) scattering techniques, respectively. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic devices are attractive not only for the continuous production of monodispersed nanomaterials, but also for improving our understanding of the involved nucleation and growth mechanisms during the formation of hard nanocrystals under confined geometry conditions. They allow further gaining insight into the involved dynamic structural transitions, mechanisms, and kinetics during the generation of self-assembled nanostructures (including drug nanocarriers) at different reaction times (ranging from fractions of seconds to minutes). This review provides an overview of recently developed 2D and 3D microfluidic platforms for the continuous production of nanomaterials, and their simultaneous use in in situ characterization investigations through coupling to nanostructural characterization techniques (e.g., SAXS, WAXS, and SANS).
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Brenker J, Henzler K, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Alan T. X-ray compatible microfluidics for in situ studies of chemical state, transport and reaction of light elements in an aqueous environment using synchrotron radiation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1214-1230. [PMID: 35170605 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an X-ray compatible microfluidic platform for in situ characterization of chemical reactions at synchrotron light sources. We demonstrate easy to implement techniques to probe reacting solutions as they first come into contact, and study the very first milliseconds of their reaction in real-time through X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The devices use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels sandwiched between ultrathin, X-ray transparent silicon nitride observation windows and rigid substrates. The new approach has three key advantages: i) owing to the assembly techniques employed, the devices are suitable for both high energy and tender (1-5 keV) X-rays; ii) they can operate in a vacuum environment (a must for low energy X-rays) and iii) they are robust enough to survive a full 8 hour shift of continuous scanning with a micro-focused beam, providing higher spatial and thus greater time resolution than previous studies. The combination of these opens new opportunities for in situ studies. This has so far not been possible with Kapton or glass-based flow cells due to increased attenuation of the low energy beam passing through these materials. The devices provide a well-defined mixing region to collect spatial maps of spatially stable concentration profiles, and XAS point spectra to elucidate the chemical structure and characterize the chemical reactions. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated through in situ XAS measurements on the mixing of two reactants in a microfluidic laminar flow device, as well as a segmented droplet based system for time resolved analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Katja Henzler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Carvalho BG, Ceccato BT, Michelon M, Han SW, de la Torre LG. Advanced Microfluidic Technologies for Lipid Nano-Microsystems from Synthesis to Biological Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35057037 PMCID: PMC8781930 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging technology that can be employed as a powerful tool for designing lipid nano-microsized structures for biological applications. Those lipid structures can be used as carrying vehicles for a wide range of drugs and genetic materials. Microfluidic technology also allows the design of sustainable processes with less financial demand, while it can be scaled up using parallelization to increase production. From this perspective, this article reviews the recent advances in the synthesis of lipid-based nanostructures through microfluidics (liposomes, lipoplexes, lipid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanovesicles). Besides that, this review describes the recent microfluidic approaches to produce lipid micro-sized structures as giant unilamellar vesicles. New strategies are also described for the controlled release of the lipid payloads using microgels and droplet-based microfluidics. To address the importance of microfluidics for lipid-nanoparticle screening, an overview of how microfluidic systems can be used to mimic the cellular environment is also presented. Future trends and perspectives in designing novel nano and micro scales are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G. Carvalho
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Bruno T. Ceccato
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
| | - Mariano Michelon
- School of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Sang W. Han
- Center for Cell Therapy and Molecular, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil;
| | - Lucimara G. de la Torre
- Department of Material and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-852, Brazil; (B.G.C.); (B.T.C.)
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Micheal Raj P, Barbe L, Andersson M, De Albuquerque Moreira M, Haase D, Wootton J, Nehzati S, Terry AE, Friel RJ, Tenje M, Sigfridsson Clauss KGV. Fabrication and characterisation of a silicon-borosilicate glass microfluidic device for synchrotron-based hard X-ray spectroscopy studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29859-29869. [PMID: 35479529 PMCID: PMC9040903 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most fundamental chemical building blocks of life on Earth are the metal elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an element-specific technique that can analyse the local atomic and electronic structure of, for example, the active sites in catalysts and energy materials and allow the metal sites in biological samples to be identified and understood. A microfluidic device capable of withstanding the intense hard X-ray beams of a 4th generation synchrotron and harsh chemical sample conditions is presented in this work. The device is evaluated at the K-edges of iron and bromine and the L 3-edge of lead, in both transmission and fluorescence mode detection and in a wide range of sample concentrations, as low as 0.001 M. The device is fabricated in silicon and glass with plasma etched microchannels defined in the silicon wafer before anodic bonding of the glass wafer into a complete device. The device is supported with a well-designed printed chip holder that made the microfluidic device portable and easy to handle. The chip holder plays a pivotal role in mounting the delicate microfluidic device on the beamline stage. Testing validated that the device was sufficiently robust to contain and flow through harsh acids and toxic samples. There was also no significant radiation damage to the device observed, despite focusing with intense X-ray beams for multiple hours. The quality of X-ray spectra collected is comparable to that from standard methods; hence we present a robust microfluidic device to analyse liquid samples using synchrotron XAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Barbe
- Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann E Terry
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Ross J Friel
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University Halmstad Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Minteer SD. ACS Measurement Science Au: The First Issue Exemplifies Diversity of Scope and Excellence in Measurement Science Research. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:1-2. [PMID: 36785733 PMCID: PMC9836068 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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